KCN-1 is known to reduce tumor growth 6-fold in mice implanted with LN229 glioma cells. Although this inhibitor is effective, the mechanism of action for KCN-1 is not well understood. Based on preliminary studies, KCN-1 reduces tumor growth by disrupting the HIF 1 (hypoxia-induced factor-1) pathway. The binding target of KCN-1 needs to be investigated in order to develop KCN-1 or its analogs for therapeutic applications. In this research, a molecule was designed and synthesized for the identification of the binding target of KCN-1. Specifically, this molecule contains the inhibitor (KCN-1), a photocleavable linker, beads, and the affinity label (L DOPA). When UV light shines on the linker, the trans-alkene isomerizes to cis-alkene and undergoes intramolecular ring-closing reaction, which helps cleave the immobilized bead from the linker. The immobilized bead is used to separate the binding fragment attached to the photocleavable linker from the solution after enzyme digestion. The affinity label (L-DOPA) reacts with a nucleophile from the binding target and creates a covalent bond. If the design is successful, this method is able to analyze the mass of the peptide sequence and determine the binding target of KCN-1.

Marking proteins for degradation by the proteasome is a classical function of ubiquitination. This process of covalent attachment of a chain of ubiquitin molecules to target proteins is governed by the ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) and the ubiquitin ligase (E3). The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor protein forms an E3 ubiquitin ligase, ECV (Elongins BC/Cul2/VHL), which targets the alpha subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) for ubiquitin-mediated destruction under normal oxygen tension. Tumour hypoxia promotes accumulation of HIFalpha, whose expression is associated with cancer progression, poor prognosis and resistance to conventional therapies, thus establishing HIF as a therapeutic target. Notably, VHL is functionally inactivated in VHL disease, a hereditary cancer syndrome characterized by the formation of tumours in multiple organs, as well as in the majority of sporadic clear-cell renal cell carcinomas (CCRCC) and haemangioblastomas. Recently, certain VHL mutations have been shown to cause the congenital disorder Chuvash polycythemia. Work contained in this thesis describes the temporally coordinated activation of the ECV, whereby oxygen-dependent recognition of HIFalpha by VHL triggers Cul2 modification by the ubiquitin-like molecule NEDD8, which enhances ECV ubiquitin ligase activity by recruiting the E2. In addition, the feasibility of ‘bio-tailored’ enzymes in the treatment of cancer is introduced by creating a bioengineered VHL capable of targeting HIFalpha for degradation irrespective of oxygen tension, which leads to the dramatic inhibition of CCRCC tumour growth and angiogenesis in a xenograft model. Furthermore, a ubiquitin ligase composed of two F-box proteins, VHL and suppressor of cytokine signalling 1 (SOCS1), was identified and shown to be paramount for the negative regulation of erythropoiesis by targeting phosphorylated Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) for ubiquitin-mediated destruction. The malfunction of this ubiquitin ligase explains the excessive erythrocytosis observed in Chuvash polycythemia patients and reveals a novel genetic link between the seemingly distinct genes VHL and JAK2 in the development of polycythemia.

Cancer is responsible for one fourth of the total deaths and is the second leading cause of death, behind heart disease, in the United States. However, there are as many approaches to curing cancer as there are types of cancer. One important issue in solid tumors is hypoxia, a lack of oxygen, which promotes angiogenesis and anaerobic metabolism, which can increase cancer progression and metastasis. The HIF transcription factor is responsible for the mediation of many processes involved during hypoxia and is linked to poor patient prognosis, increased cancer progression, and invasiveness of tumors. With this in mind, the HIF pathway has become an attractive target for small molecule inhibition. Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of small molecules that inhibit the HIF pathway. These compounds are based off an initial “hit” compound, KCN-1, from screening of a 10,000 compound library. KCN1 is both highly effective and has a low toxicity profile. Over 200 compounds have been synthesized by the Wang lab, with the best compound IVSR64b having an IC50 of 0.28 μM. Of special interest is that these compounds do not appear to have any inherent toxicity toward healthy tissues, but only affect cancer cells. Moreover, x-ray crystal structures for both KCN-1 and IVSR64b were obtained and used as the basis for computational modeling, which is still in progress.

Žmogaus organizme širdies ir kraujagyslių sistema, kraujodaros organai bei kvėpavimo organų sistema leidžia organizmui palaikyti deguonies pusiausvyrą. Širdies ligos, vėžys, smegenų kraujagyslių ligos ir chroniška obstrukcinė plaučių liga- tai susirgimai, nuo kurių dažniausiai miršta žmonės visame pasaulyje. Visų šių ligų viena iš priežasčių yra deguonies pusiausvyros sutrikimas (Semenza, 2001). Ląstelės atsakas į stresines situacijas, tokias kaip deguonies trūkumas ląstelėje, seniai domino mokslininkus. Specifinis atsakas į deguonies koncentraciją ląstelėje buvo nustatytas bakterijose ir mielėse, bet ilgai buvo neaptinkamas aukštesniuose organizmuose. Atlikus visą eilę tyrimų, buvo aptikta sąsaja tarp deguonies kiekio ląstelėje kitimo ir transkripcijos įvykių kaskados, reguliuojančios aukštesniųjų organizmų ląstelių atsaką į hipoksiją. Vieno iš ryškiausių homeostazės atsako į hipoksiją- hematopoetinio augimo faktoriaus eritropoetino molekulinė analizė leido aptikti hipoksijos indukuojamą transkripcijos faktorių (HIF). Dabar jau nustatyta, kad ši sistema funkcionuoja visose žinduolių ląstelėse. (Schofield and Ratcliffe, 2004). HIF faktoriai- tai visa šeima baltymų, vaidinančių nemažą vaidmenį vėžinių auglių vystymesi žmogaus organizme. Tai daro šių faktorių raiškos reguliacijos tyrimus labai svarbiais, nes gauti rezultatai tiesiogiai turi ir praktinės reiksmės vėžinių auglių diagnostikoje bei gydyme. / Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a heterodimeric protein that consist of two proteins- HIF-1α and HIF-1β. HIF-1 activates the transcription of many genes that code for proteins that are involved in angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, cell proliferation/survival and invasion/metastasis. HIF-1α protein degradation is regulated by O2-dependent prolyl hydroxylation, whitch targets the protein for ubiquitylation by E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases. These ligases contain the von Hippel-Lindau tumour-suppressor protein (VHL), whitch binds specifically to hydroxylated HIF-1α and ubiqutinates it. Ubiquitylated HIF-1α is rapidly degraded by the proteosome. HIF-1α interacts with the molecular chaperone Hsp90. Hsp90 plays a pivotal role in mediating the proper folding and subsequent activation of its numerous “client” proteins. Hsp90 also cooperates with the proteosomal pathway to eliminate misfolded cellular proteins. The antibiotic geldanamycin (GA) binds to Hsp90 and modulates its chaperone function, thereby accelerating the degradative activity associated with Hsp90. However, whether Hsp90 modulates HIF-1α activity by stabilization of the protein or by another mechanism is not clear. We tested the hypothesis weather and how inactivation (i.e. with geldanamycin) of Hsp90 protein function influences HIF-1α protein expression levels. Our obtained results shows that Hsp90 is required to HIF-1α protein under normoxia as well as hypoxia and is... [to full text]

Increased glucose metabolism may occur in malignant tumours due to altered gene expression or a response to hypoxia. It has been shown that tumours with high levels of glycolysis, indicated by elevated lactate, are less responsive to radiotherapy. It is not clear whether this effect is caused by lactate itself or rather that high lactate is a surrogate for a radioresistant property such as hypoxia. Furthermore, we are not aware of studies that examine the manipulation of lactate production in tumours to alter radiation response. We propose a novel approach of metabolic targeting of HIF-1 to address these issues. HIF-1 is a major regulator of glycolysis and its inhibition would decrease malignant cell metabolism and could lead to a decrease in lactate production. The goal of this pre-clinical study was to evaluate metabolic targeting as a strategy of enhancing radiation response by inhibiting the HIF-1 transcription factor.

Increased glucose metabolism may occur in malignant tumours due to altered gene expression or a response to hypoxia. It has been shown that tumours with high levels of glycolysis, indicated by elevated lactate, are less responsive to radiotherapy. It is not clear whether this effect is caused by lactate itself or rather that high lactate is a surrogate for a radioresistant property such as hypoxia. Furthermore, we are not aware of studies that examine the manipulation of lactate production in tumours to alter radiation response. We propose a novel approach of metabolic targeting of HIF-1 to address these issues. HIF-1 is a major regulator of glycolysis and its inhibition would decrease malignant cell metabolism and could lead to a decrease in lactate production. The goal of this pre-clinical study was to evaluate metabolic targeting as a strategy of enhancing radiation response by inhibiting the HIF-1 transcription factor.

La production de cytokines et chimiokines par les polymorphonucléaires (PMN) est une fonction importante dans la réponse inflammatoire. La phagocytose et la migration, ainsi que d’autres fonctions des PMN changent en milieu hypoxique. II est bien connu que la régulation par l’hypoxie dépend principalement de l'activation du facteur de transcription HIF, cependant, l’effet de l’hypoxie sur la production des cytokines n’est pas encore établi. Notre hypothèse est que l’hypoxie change le profil de production des cytokines et chimiokines dans les neutrophiles humains en réponse aux agonistes en impliquant HIF. Dans ce travail, nous avons tout d’abord démontré que les PMN expriment constitutivement HIF-2? et HIF-3?. De plus, les agonistes G-CSF, GM-CSF, TNF? ou LPS augmentent l’expression de HIF-1? en hypoxie. D’autre part, nous avons démontré que l’hypoxie seule induit la sécrétion de TNF? et MIP-3a et modifie les niveaux des MIP-1?/1?, IL-8 et MIP-3? produites en réponse au GM-CSF, LPS et PGN. Ceci suggère que l'hypoxie oriente la production des cytokines dans les PMN de façon dépendante du stimulus et témoigne d’une mobilisation des voies de signalisation et des facteurs de transcription différente de celle connue en normoxie. Par la suite, nous avons étudié les mécanismes qui pourraient être à l’origine de ces modifications tels que la voie des MAPK p42/p44, STAT3, ERK, JNK et C/EBP-?. D’autre part, nous avons montré que la production inédite d’IL-8 par G-CSF en hypoxie dépend de STAT3 et p38 et que cette production met en jeu l'action autocrine des cytokines endogènes IL-18, IL-1ra et TNF?. De plus, l’utilisation d’une lignée cellulaire PLB-985 différenciée en PMN portant une mutation sur les sites consensus du NF-?B ou HIF, nous a permis de démontrer que non seulement l’hypoxie seule ou associé au G-CSF, GMCSF, TNF? ou au LPS régule l’activité de ce promoteur, mais le HIF régule aussi cette activité en normoxie. Finalement, les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire démontrent que l’hypoxie modifie l’expression et la production des cytokines par les neutrophiles humains de façon différente de la normoxie. Si le rôle crucial des neutrophiles dans l’inflammation physiologique et pathologique basé sur leur production des cytokines a été largement documenté en normoxie, il est primordial de réaliser des études pour approfondir ce rôle en considérant l’effet de l’hypoxie. [symboles non conformes]

No description available.

Loss of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from the pancreatic beta-cells is one of the earliest detectable defects in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. However, despite its relevance, the mechanisms that govern GSIS are still not completely understood. ARNT/HIF-1β is a member of the bHLH-PAS family of transcription factors, with a prominent role in the transcriptional regulation of enzymes required for the metabolism of xenobiotics as well as regulation of genes that are critical for cellular responses to hypoxia. Recent research has uncovered a previously unknown function for ARNT/HIF-1β in the pancreatic beta-cells, where the gene was found to be 90% down-regulated in human type 2 diabetic islets and loss of ARNT/HIF-1β protein leads to defective GSIS in pancreatic beta-cells of mice. The main focus of this thesis was to understand the mechanisms by which ARNT/HIF-1β maintains normal GSIS from pancreatic beta-cells and understand how loss of ARNT/HIF-1β leads to beta-cell dysfunction and type 2 diabetes in mice. ARNT/HIF-1β was found to positively regulate GSIS in both INS-1 derived 832/13 cell line and mice islets. In the 832/13 cells, loss of ARNT/HIF-1β leads to a reduction in glycolysis without affecting the glucose oxidation and the ATP/ADP ratio suggesting that the regulation of GSIS takes place in a manner that is independent of the KATP channels. In order to further assess the mechanism of lowered GSIS in the absence of ARNT/HIF-1β in the 832/13 cells, a metabolite profiling was performed which revealed a significant reduction in the metabolite levels of glycolysis and the TCA cycle intermediates and glucose-induced fatty acid production, suggesting the involvement of ARNT/HIF-1β in regulating glucose-stimulated anaplerosis, which is believed to play a key role in the regulation of GSIS from the pancreatic beta-cells. The changes in metabolite levels in the absence of ARNT/HIF-1β were associated with corresponding changes in the gene expression pattern of key enzymes regulating glycolysis, the TCA cycle and fatty acid synthesis in beta-cells. In an attempt to understand how loss of ARNT/HIF-1β leads to beta-cell dysfunction and type 2 diabetes in mice, a pancreatic beta-cell specific ARNT/HIF-1β knock out mouse (β-ARNT KO) was generated using the Cre-loxP technology. Functional characterization of islets from both male and female β-ARNT KO mice revealed a significant impairment in GSIS, which was attributed due to a small, but significant reduction in rise in intracellular calcium upon glucose stimulation. Further analysis revealed reduced secretory response to glucose in the presence of KCl and diazoxide indicating a defect in the amplifying pathway of GSIS in β-ARNT KO islets. Expression of pyruvate carboxylase (PC) was significantly reduced in β-ARNT KO islets suggesting possible impairments in anaplerosis and consistent with this, defect in GSIS in β-ARNT KO islets could be almost completely rescued by treatment with membrane permeable TCA intermediates. Surprisingly, both male and female β-ARNT KO mice have normal glucose homeostasis. In an attempt to assess how β-ARNT KO mice maintained normal blood glucose levels, indirect calorimetry was used to understand changes in whole-body energy expenditure. This investigation revealed that β-ARNT KO mice exhibited a small but significant increase in respiratory exchange ratio (RER), suggesting a preference in utilizing carbohydrates as a fuel source, possibly leading to improved glucose uptake from the blood stream. Response to exogenous insulin was completely normal in β-ARNT KO mice suggesting intact functioning of the skeletal muscles. To conclude, based on our in vitro data, we believe that ARNT/HIF-1β plays an indispensable role in maintaining normal beta-cell secretory function, however, results from β-ARNT KO mice indicates that these mice are protected from the adverse effects of hyperglycemia. Although loss of ARNT/HIF-1β alone is not sufficient for the genesis of type 2 diabetes, it creates a perfect storm in the pancreatic beta-cells that may eventually lead to an imbalance in the whole body glucose homeostasis. Our study provides significant information to the scientific community that engages in assessing the pharmacological potential of gene targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative motor disorder, whose clinical features are rest tremor, bradykinesia, muscular rigidity and postural instability. Although most reported cases are sporadic, a handful of familial cases and their causative genes have been identified. Loss-of-function mutations in DJ-1, one of these genes, are responsible for 1% of familial PD cases. Our laboratory has previously reported that DJ-1- lacking neurons are sensitive to oxidative stress, induced by hydrogen peroxide or the neurotoxin MPTP. To investigate the possible mechanisms through which DJ-1 protects against oxidative stress, we performed a proteomic screen and identified Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) and Paraoxonase2 (PON2) as potential DJ-1 interacting partners. VHL is an E3 ubiquitin ligase which, in normal conditions, poly-ubiquitinates HIF-1 , a subunit of a master hypoxic/oxidative stress transcription factor, whose function is protective in oxidative and hypoxic stresses. In the present study, we provided further evidence of interaction of DJ-1 with VHL. We also demonstrated that HIF-1 protein level, as an indicator of VHL activity, is lower in cells lacking DJ-1, suggesting the inhibitory role of DJ-1 on VHL. Our in vitro studies also showed that DJ-1 inhibits ubiquitin ligase activity of VHL on HIF-1 by reducing the VHL-HIF-1 interaction. Importantly, accumulation of HIF-1 protects embryonic cortical neurons against MPP+ induced neuronal death. Finally, we confirmed the impairment of HIF-1 response to oxidative stress in human lymphoblastoids of DJ-1-linked PD cases. In the second part of this study, we demonstrated the interaction of DJ-1 and PON2. Interestingly, PON2 lactonase activity is reduced in DJ-1 deficient cells which could be rescued by re-introduction of DJ-1, suggesting a modulating role of DJ-1 on PON2 activity. In addition, PON2 deficiency, like DJ-1 deficiency, hypersensitizes neurons to MPP+, which could be rescued by over-expression of PON2 in both cases. Taken together, our data provide evidence that DJ-1 exerts its protective role by inhibiting VHL activity, enhancing HIF-1 stability, and increasing PON2 pro-survival function in PD models.