A tuberculose (Tb) é uma doença infecciosa crônica ocasionada pelo bacilo Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). No espaço alveolar, o bacilo entra em contato com células do sistema imune inato como as células dendríticas (DCs), assim como células epiteliais (AEC). Na Tb, o fator de transcrição HIF-1? (Fator Induzido por Hipóxia 1 alfa) se encontra elevado em macrófagos infectados e células epiteliais alveolares adjacentes. Por isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o papel de HIF-1? na resposta pró- inflamatória de AEC do tipo II (AEC-II) e na modulação da função de DCs em contato com AEC-II durante a infecção por Mtb. Células MLE-15 foram infectadas com Mtb H37Rv (MOI10) para avaliação da permissividade à infecção (microscopia eletrônica), crescimento dos bacilos (CFU) e ativação através da análise de citocinas (ELISA), nitrito (ensaio de Griess), TLR2, TLR9 e HIF-1? (qPCR e/ou Western blotting). A modulação DCs derivadas da medula óssea (BMDCs) por AEC-II, foi analisada de forma direta (contato) ou indireta (meio condicionado - CM) de MLE-15 não infectadas (CM - NIC) ou infectadas (CM - IC). Foram determinadas citocinas (ELISA), nitrito (Ensaio de Griess), expressão de HIF-1?, enzimas glicolíticas, moléculas co-estimuladoras e CCR7 (citometria de fluxo). Ensaio de migração foi realizando em câmera de boyden. A proliferação de células T CD4+ naive em co-cultura com BMDCs e a manutenção da Th17 foram avaliadas por citometria de fluxo. Eventualmente, BMDCs foram previamente infectadas com Mtb (MOI2) e, em seguida, estimuladas com CM-NIC ou CM-IC. Células MLE-15 mostraram-se permissivas à infecção, não conseguindo controlar o crescimento dos bacilos. A infecção induziu aumento da produção de IL-6, NO2-,CCL5, S100A9 e IFN- ?. Apesar do acúmulo inicial de HIF-1?, a expressão gênica caiu com o passar do tempo. A expressão gênica de TLR2 e TLR9 também estava aumentada. A regulação positiva10 de HIF-1? em células epiteliais induziu uma redução de IL-6 e NO, sem, no entanto, interferir significativamente no número de CFU. BMDCs estimuladas com CM - IC mostraram maior produção de IL-1?, IL-12, IL-6 e IL-10, maior expressão gênica de GLUT1 e HK2, além do acúmulo inicial de HIF-1?, que foi degradado em 24 horas, acompanhado de baixa expressão de iNOS. A expressão MHC-II, CD80, CD86 e CCR7 estava aumentada em BMDCs submetidas ao CM - IC, enquanto a indução do acúmulo de HIF-1? através do seu estabilizador, DMOG, foi capaz de reverter negativamente essa resposta. A maior maturação de BMDCs ocasionou maior proliferação de células TCD4+ naive, desfavorecendo a indução de células T CD4+ IFN?+. Entretanto, as citocinas produzidas favorecerem a manutenção de células TCD4+ produtoras de IL-17. No entanto, o fenótipo de maior maturação foi perdido em BMDCs infectadas estimuladas com CM - IC, aliado à baixa produção de TNF e alta produção de IL-10. Em conclusão, HIF-1? mostrou uma função anti-inflamatória, reduzindo a produção de moléculas pró- inflamatórias por AEC-II e regulando negativamente a maturação e a migração de DCs. Além disso, apesar de AEC-II infectadas por Mtb favorecerem a maturação e migração de DCs, o Mtb é capaz de subverter essa resposta / Tuberculosis (Tb) is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In the alveolar space, the bacillus contacts cells from the immune system, such as dendritic cells (DCs), as well as alveolar epithelial cells (AEC). In Tb, the transcription factor HIF-1? (Hypoxia-inducible factor 1- alpha) is accumulated in infected macrophages and adjacent alveolar epithelial cells. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the role of HIF-1? in the proinflammatory response of type II AEC (AEC-II) and modulation of DCs function upon contact with AEC-II during Mtb infection. MLE-15 cells were infected with Mtb H37Rv (MOI10) to evaluate the permissiveness to infection (electron microscopy), killing ability (CFU) and cell activation through cytokine analysis (ELISA), nitrite (Griess assay), TLR2, TLR9 and HIF-1? (qPCR and / or Western blotting). Bone marrow derived DCs (BMDCs) modulation by AEC-II, were analyzed directly (contact) or indirectly (conditioned medium - CM) of uninfected (CM-NIC) or infected (CMIC) MLE-15. We determined cytokines (ELISA), nitrite (Griess Assay), HIF-1? expression, glycolytic enzymes, co-stimulatory molecules and CCR7 (flow cytometry). Chemotaxie assay was performed on Boyden camera. Proliferation of naive CD4 + T cells in co-culture with BMDCs and maintenance of Th17 were assessed by flow cytometry. Eventually, BMDCs were previously infected with Mtb (MOI2) and then stimulated with CM-NIC or CM-IC. MLE-15 cells were permissive to infection, failing to control the bacilli growth. Infection induced increased production of IL-6, NO2-, CCL5, S100A9 and IFN-?. Despite the initial accumulation of HIF-1?, gene expression dropped over time. The gene expression of TLR2 and TLR9 was also increased. Positive regulation of HIF-1? in epithelial cells induced a reduction of IL-6 and NO, but did not significantly interfere with the number of CFU. BMDCs stimulated with CM-IC showed higher production of IL-1?, IL-12, IL-6, and IL-10, greater GLUT1 and HK2 gene expression, in addition to the initial12 accumulation of HIF-1?, which was degraded within 24 hours, accompanied by low iNOS expression. The expression of MHC-II, CD80, CD86 and CCR7 was increased in BMDCs undergoing CM-IC, while the induction of HIF-1? accumulation through its stabilizer, DMOG, was able to negatively revert this response. The higher maturation of BMDCs resulted in a greater proliferation of naive CD4 + T cells, but hampered induction of CD4 + IFN? + T cells. However, cytokines produced favor the maintenance of IL-17 producing CD4 + cells. The phenotype of higher maturation was lost in Mtb-infected BMDC, accompanied by low TNF production and high IL-10 production. In conclusion, HIF-1? showed an anti-inflammatory function, reducing the production of proinflammatory molecules by AEC-II and negatively regulating the maturation and migration of DCs. In addition, although Mtb-infected AEC-II favor maturation and migration of DCs, Mtbinfection of DCs is capable of subverting this response

La polyglobulie (PG) a un arrière plan clinique et physiopathologique varié, et dont la connaissance a beaucoup évolué depuis 5 ans. Elle a pour caractéristique nécessaire et commune une augmentation du volume globulaire total qui peut résulter de mécanismes moléculaires différents. L'érythrocytose est une forme de la PG ou` seule la lignée érythroïde semble être augmentée. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes intéressés à la mutation JAK2 (Val617Phe) et aux gênes EPOR, VHL, PHD2 chez des patients présentant une érythrocytose d'origine inconnue (98 familles). Nous avons trouvé 3 nouvelles mutations délétionnelles et d'autres mutations faux-sens et silencieuses sur EPOR. Les cellules FDCP-1 et 32D transfectées, qui expriment les récepteurs tronqués ont montré une hypersensibilité à l'EPO à concentration basse. Les analyses EPO-dose-réponse pour une mutation faux-sens étaient semblables à celles du type sauvage. La mutation JAK2(Val617Phe) était présente avec une faible fréquence dans la série de patients étudiés. La recherche des mutations dans le gêne PHD2 nous a permis de trouver 3 nouvelles mutations frame-shift et non-sens, les seules connues à ce jour: Elles entraînent la perte d'une partie ou de l'ensemble du site catalytique de PHD2 dans l'hypothèse où elles seraient synthétisées. Ainsi, ces mutations et les deux autres mutations faux-sens décrites démontrent l'importance de PHD2 dans la régulation de la voie de HIF-a, et qu'une perturbation de cette régulation pourrait conduire à une PG. La majorité des patients reste sans défaut moléculaire identifié, et des recherches complémentaires sont nécessaires. Nous avons également étudié deux Hbs augmentant l'affinité pour l'oxygène: les Hbs Nantes et La Coruña. Enfin, nous avons cherché des mutations dans les 3 exons de DPGM chez 4 patients avec un taux de 2,3-DPG bas. Une seule mutation a été trouvée dans la région 5`, dans l'exon 1 non traduit, elle nécessite des études complémentaires. / Polycythemia has a varied clinical and physiopathological background, of which our knowledge has greatly evaluated since 5 years. It is characterised by augmentation of the red cell mass which can be resulted from different molecular mechanisms. Erythrocytosis is a form of polycythemia where only the erythrocytes are augmented. In this context, we looked for the mutation JAK2 (Val617Phe), and other mutations in the genes of EPOR, VHL, PHD2 in a series of patients with erythrocytosis of unknown origin (98 families). We found 3 new frame-shift mutations and other missense and silent mutations in the EPOR. Transfected FDCP-1 and 32D cell lines expressing a truncated EpoR showed increased sensitivity at low concentration of Epo. However, in the case of a missense EPOR mutation, the Epo-dose response assays were similar to that of the wild type. The mutation JAK2 (Val617Phe) was found at a low frequency in the studied patients. Looking for mutations in the PHD2 gene allowed us to find 3 new frame-shift and nonsense mutations, the only reported to date. The encoded PHD2, if synthesized, would lose its active site or a part of it. These mutations with the other two missense mutations reported provide the evidence of the importance of PHD2 in the regulation of HIF-a pathway, and that disturbing the oxygen-sensing pathway might be a cause of polycythemia. The molecular basis of polycythemia in the majority of patients is still to be identified, and complementary studies are necessary. We studied then two examples of Hbs with a high oxygen affinity: Hb Nantes et La Coruña. Finally, we looked for mutations in the 3 exons of DPGM in a series of 4 patients. One mutation in exon 1 in the 5`region was found, and needs further studies.

The primary function of erythrocytes is transport of oxygen from lungs to various tissues of the body. Red blood cell mass, due to this important role, must be controlled at precise levels. The number of erythrocytes is primarilly increased by the glycoprotein hormon erythropoietin, which expression is controlled by HIF (hypoxia inducible factor). Transcriptional factor HIF consists of the two subunits, HIFα and HIFβ. Under normoxic conditions, alfa subunit of HIF is hydroxylated by PHD protein. This hydroxylation provides a recognition motif for the VHL protein, a part of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that targets hydroxylated HIF for proteasomal degradation. Under hypoxic conditions, the degradation is inhibited. The alfa subunit is translocated to the nucleus, where binds the beta subunit and regulates gene expression. HIF pathway regulates a broad spectrum of cellular functions - energy metabolism, angiogenesis, apoptosis and many others. This diploma thesis is focused on HIF2α and its role in erythropoiesis. In this present study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 technology and created HEL (human erythroleukemia) cell line with knock-out of the gene for HIF2α (EPAS1). To reveal the role of HIF2α, we used specific HIF2α inhibitor in order to block its function in HEL cell line. We also tested this...

A temperatura é um fator abiótico fundamental que influencia diretamente o comportamento e a sobrevivência dos organismos, incluindo peixes. Por serem ectotérmicos, peixes respondem diretamente à variação de temperatura. Eles possuem mecanismos celulares de termoestabilidade, com diferentes expressões, ajustados evolutivamente às condições do meio. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar os efeitos do aumento gradual da temperatura (2°C/h) a partir da temperatura ambiente de inverno (22°C) até 26, 30, 32, 34 e 36°C e temperatura crítica de sobrevivência (TCS) em peixes pampo, Trachinotus carolinus. Analisou-se o comportamento a partir de vídeos; a expressão das proteínas relacionadas à hipóxia tecidual HIF-1~a e VEGF em músculo e fígado através da técnica de imuno-histoquímica; e análises celulares através da quantificação de mitocôndrias e mensuração de sua área. Os resultados mostraram que o comportamento dos pampos é alterado com o aumento da temperatura, apresentando um padrão definido. As maiores expressões proteicas foram em temperaturas elevadas, a 34°C no caso do VEGF e a 36°C no caso do HIF-1 ~a. Houve aumento no número de mitocôndrias e queda em sua área conforme o aumento da temperatura. Portanto, a temperatura tem influência em todos os níveis de organização estudados, ou seja, celular, tecidual e do organismo / Temperature is an important abiotic factor that influences directly the behavior and survival of organisms, including fish. Fishes are ectothermic, and respond directly to temperature variation. They have cellular mechanisms of thermostability that were adjusted during evolution to environmental conditions. The present work aims to study the effects of the gradual increase in temperature (2°C / h) from the winter temperature (22°C) to 26, 30, 32, 34 and 36°C and critical survival temperature (TCS) in fish pompano, Trachinotus carolinus. We analyzed the behavior out of vídeos; the expression of proteins related to tissue hypoxia HIF-1 ~a and VEGF in muscle and liver through the technique of immunohistochemistry; and determined the number and the área of cellular mitochondria. The results showed that the behavior of pampano changes with increasing temperature, in a gradual scale pattern. The protein expressions were higher at elevated temperatures, at 34°C in the case of VEGF and at 36°C in the case of HIF-1 ~a. An increase in the number of mitochondria, and a decrease in their area were observed with increasing temperature. Therefore, temperature had measurable effects at all levels of organization studied, i.e., cellular, tissular and organismic

A temperatura é um fator abiótico fundamental que influencia diretamente o comportamento e a sobrevivência dos organismos, incluindo peixes. Por serem ectotérmicos, peixes respondem diretamente à variação de temperatura. Eles possuem mecanismos celulares de termoestabilidade, com diferentes expressões, ajustados evolutivamente às condições do meio. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar os efeitos do aumento gradual da temperatura (2°C/h) a partir da temperatura ambiente de inverno (22°C) até 26, 30, 32, 34 e 36°C e temperatura crítica de sobrevivência (TCS) em peixes pampo, Trachinotus carolinus. Analisou-se o comportamento a partir de vídeos; a expressão das proteínas relacionadas à hipóxia tecidual HIF-1~a e VEGF em músculo e fígado através da técnica de imuno-histoquímica; e análises celulares através da quantificação de mitocôndrias e mensuração de sua área. Os resultados mostraram que o comportamento dos pampos é alterado com o aumento da temperatura, apresentando um padrão definido. As maiores expressões proteicas foram em temperaturas elevadas, a 34°C no caso do VEGF e a 36°C no caso do HIF-1 ~a. Houve aumento no número de mitocôndrias e queda em sua área conforme o aumento da temperatura. Portanto, a temperatura tem influência em todos os níveis de organização estudados, ou seja, celular, tecidual e do organismo / Temperature is an important abiotic factor that influences directly the behavior and survival of organisms, including fish. Fishes are ectothermic, and respond directly to temperature variation. They have cellular mechanisms of thermostability that were adjusted during evolution to environmental conditions. The present work aims to study the effects of the gradual increase in temperature (2°C / h) from the winter temperature (22°C) to 26, 30, 32, 34 and 36°C and critical survival temperature (TCS) in fish pompano, Trachinotus carolinus. We analyzed the behavior out of vídeos; the expression of proteins related to tissue hypoxia HIF-1 ~a and VEGF in muscle and liver through the technique of immunohistochemistry; and determined the number and the área of cellular mitochondria. The results showed that the behavior of pampano changes with increasing temperature, in a gradual scale pattern. The protein expressions were higher at elevated temperatures, at 34°C in the case of VEGF and at 36°C in the case of HIF-1 ~a. An increase in the number of mitochondria, and a decrease in their area were observed with increasing temperature. Therefore, temperature had measurable effects at all levels of organization studied, i.e., cellular, tissular and organismic

Factor inhibiting HIF (FIH) negatively regulates hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) transcriptional activity, selectively controlling certain HIF-1 target genes, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and prolyl hydroxylase domain 3 (PHD3), but not others. PHD3 and VEGF are important for placental development and function and are overexpressed in preeclampsia (PE). The purpose of this study was to examine FIH in both normal and pathological human placentae. I hypothesized that FIH regulates VEGF and PHD3 in the placenta and that this rheostat is altered in PE. Results show that FIH suppresses PHD3 and VEGF in JEG-3 cells; this effect was abrogated by FIH gene silencing. Moreover, my data indicate that seven in absentia homologue-1 (Siah-1) targets FIH for degradation in the placenta; this degradation is enhanced in PE and likely contributes to aberrant VEGF and PHD3 expression. Overall, my data suggest an important role for FIH in the pathogenesis of PE.

Factor inhibiting HIF (FIH) negatively regulates hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) transcriptional activity, selectively controlling certain HIF-1 target genes, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and prolyl hydroxylase domain 3 (PHD3), but not others. PHD3 and VEGF are important for placental development and function and are overexpressed in preeclampsia (PE). The purpose of this study was to examine FIH in both normal and pathological human placentae. I hypothesized that FIH regulates VEGF and PHD3 in the placenta and that this rheostat is altered in PE. Results show that FIH suppresses PHD3 and VEGF in JEG-3 cells; this effect was abrogated by FIH gene silencing. Moreover, my data indicate that seven in absentia homologue-1 (Siah-1) targets FIH for degradation in the placenta; this degradation is enhanced in PE and likely contributes to aberrant VEGF and PHD3 expression. Overall, my data suggest an important role for FIH in the pathogenesis of PE.

No description available.

No description available.

L’irinotecan est un agent anticancéreux majeur utilisé dans le traitement du cancer du côlon où il agit à la fois comme un agent causant des dommages à l’ADN et un inhibiteur de l’angiogenèse. L’activité de l’irinotécan dans les cancers colorectaux est limitée par le développement d’une résistance acquise au médicament. Le but de ce travail est de caractériser l’influence d’une exposition prolongée à l’irinotécan sur la biologie des cellules cancéreuses colorectales in vivo et in vitro. Résultats majeurs : Nous avons exposé les cellules de cancer colorectal, HT-29 (LOH) et HCT-116 (MSI), au SN-38 (le métabolite actif de l'irinotécan) pendant un an. Ceci a permis de sélectionner des cellules résistances à l’irinotécan et ceci de manière stable. Une caractérisation plus approfondie a révélé que la résistance acquise à l’irinotécan était accompagnée d’altérations multiples, y compris la diminution de la formation de complexes clivables et de cassures double brins. Nos études ont montré des changements inattendus dans la distribution du cycle cellulaire et la vitesse de croissance des deux lignées résistantes. La pertinence in vivo de nos modèles cellulaires a ensuite été confirmée dans des modèles de xénogreffe.D’autres résultats basé sur l’inhibition de l’angiogenèse montrent que l'exposition prolongée à l’irinotécan est accompagnée d’une modification majeure de la voie HIF, VEGF / VEGFR dans les cellules tumorales. Ces travaux ont permis d’identifier des modifications biologiques dans les cellules résistantes susceptibles de les rendre plus résistantes ou sensibles à d’autres classes d’agents anticancéreux afin de proposer de nouvelles combinaisons thérapeutiques.Ce travail est financé par l’Institut National du Cancer / Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common tumors and a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Until recently, fluorouracil in combination with leucovorin was the only effective systemic treatment for CRC. During the last few years, four new treatments have been approved for advanced CRC including the topoisomerase I (topo I) inhibitor irinotecan, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-directed monoclonal antibody cetuximab and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-directed monoclonal antibody bevacizumab. Unfortunetly their clinical activity is often limited by the development of resistance. Several lines of experimental evidence suggest a functional interaction between topo I and EGFR. Furthermore, topo I can regulate hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1alpha), a key regulator of cellular response to hypoxia, leading to VEGF production.We propose to study the EGFR-signaling pathway on the cellular response to cytotoxic agents with the topo I inhibitor irinotecan/SN-38 as model.Resistant cells were obtained by culturing HT-29 and HCT-116 cells in increasing concentrations of irinotecan. After obtaining, their drug resistance was 5 to 25 times increased compared to the parental cells. We first showed that the proliferation of the two resistant cell lines was slower than the sensitive ones. We were able to confirm it with different in vitro and in vivo experiment. It is interesting to notice that topo I expression was unchanged in our resistant cell lines. We then demonstrated that the resistant cells are less affected by the formation of DNA strand breaks (led by SN38) than the sensitive ones. Moreover, the EGFR expression is increased in the resistant cell lines. We also shown by western blot and ELISA that resistance development comes along with an increase of VEGF.Our data should provide important clues on the irinotecan acquired resistant cells and should help to set up new combinations for colorecal cancer treatment.