Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marinagobbemoschetta_dissert.pdf: 2656918 bytes, checksum: d63acce15a1feb7170b4c9270fd920d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-16 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / Introduction: Mammary tumors are the most common type of tumor in dogs, with approximately half of these tumors are malignant. Hypoxia, characterized by oxygen levels below normal, is a known adverse factor to cancer treatment. The transcription factor HIF-1&#945; is the central regulator of pathophysiological response of mammalian cells to low oxygen levels, able to activate transcription of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which in turn promotes angiogenesis through its ability to stimulate growth, migration and invasion of endothelial cells, contributing to tumor growth. Objectives: To evaluate the serum concentration and the gene expression of VEGF and HIF-1&#945; linking them with clinicopathological parameters and survival of dogs with mammary tumors in order to infer the possible prognostic value of these factors. Material and Methods: We collected tumor fragments of 30 bitches with mammary tumors to verify protein expression of VEGF and HIF-1&#945; by immunohistochemistry and gene expression by RT-PCR. To determine the serum concentration of VEGF and HIF-1&#945; by ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent), serum was collected from 50 bitches control (healthy) and 30 bitches with mammary neoplasia (study group). The results were statistically related to clinicopathological features. Results: The comparison between immunohistochemical staining of the two proteins analyzed showed increased intensity of immunostaining of VEGF (p=0.03). By ELISA, we observed relationship between high serum levels of VEGF and abundant vascularization (p=0.02), metastasis (p=0.003), death rate (p=0.007) and low survival (p<0.0001). In addition, increased serum levels of VEGF in the study group compared to the control group (p=0.03). In contrast, the percentage of serum HIF-1&#945; bitches with mammary neoplasia was 20% lower than the control group of female dogs (p=0.0006). However, bitches with a history of recurrent tumor showed a 15% increase in the percentage of serum HIF-1&#945; (p=0.03). Regarding gene expression, there was a relationship between increased gene expression of VEGFA and tumor abundant vascularization (p=0.02), bitches with a history of recurrence (p=0.01) and death (p=0.02). Moreover, we observed a statistically significant increase in gene expression of HIF-1A with moderate vascularization (p=0.01) and bitches that remained alive during the follow-up period (p=0.003). Conclusions: Our results demonstrate a correlation between VEGF and features of poor prognosis, suggesting that this factor plays an important role in tumor progression and can be used as a potential prognostic marker in clinical practice and is useful in predicting tumor progression in dogs with mammary neoplasia. / Introdução: As neoplasias mamárias são o tipo mais comum de tumor na espécie canina, sendo aproximadamente metade desses tumores de caráter maligno. A hipóxia, caraterizada por níveis de oxigênio abaixo do normal, é um conhecido fator adverso ao tratamento do câncer. O fator de transcrição HIF -1&#945; é o regulador central da resposta fisiopatológica das células de mamíferos para baixos níveis de oxigênio, capaz de ativar a transcrição do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF), que por sua vez, promove a angiogênese através da sua capacidade de estimular o crescimento, migração e invasão de células endoteliais, contribuindo para o crescimento tumoral. Objetivos: Avaliar a concentração sérica e a expressão gênica do VEGF e do HIF-1&#945; relacionando-os com os parâmetros clínico-patológicos e a sobrevida de cadelas com neoplasia mamária a fim de inferir o possível valor prognóstico desses fatores. Material e Métodos: Foram coletados fragmentos tumorais de 30 cadelas com neoplasia mamária para verificar a expressão protéica do VEGF e do HIF-1&#945; por imuno-histoquímica e a expressão gênica por PCR em Tempo Real. Para determinar a concentração sérica do VEGF e do HIF-1&#945; pelo método de ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent), foram coletados soro sanguíneo de 50 cadelas controle (saudáveis) e 30 cadelas com neoplasia mamária (grupo de estudo). Os resultados encontrados foram estatisticamente relacionados às características clínico-patológicas. Resultados: A comparação entre a marcação imuno-histoquímica das duas proteínas analisadas demonstrou aumento da intensidade da imunomarcação do VEGF (p=0,03). Por meio da técnica de ELISA, foi possível observar relação entre altos níveis séricos de VEGF com vascularização abundante (p=0,02), metástase (p=0,003), óbito (p=0,007) e baixa taxa de sobrevida (p<0,0001). Além disso, houve aumento dos níveis séricos de VEGF no grupo de estudo quando comparados ao grupo controle (p=0,03). Ao contrário, o percentual sérico de HIF-1&#945; das cadelas com neoplasia mamária foi 20% menor do que das cadelas do grupo controle (p=0,0006). No entanto, cadelas com histórico de recidiva tumoral demonstraram aumento de 15% no percentual sérico de HIF-1&#945; (p=0,03). Quanto à expressão gênica, houve relação entre o aumento da expressão gênica do VEGFA e tumores com vascularização abundante (p=0,02), cadelas com histórico de recidiva tumoral (p=0,01) e óbito (p=0,02). Por outro lado, foi observado aumento estatisticamente significante da expressão gênica do HIF-1A com vascularização moderada (p=0,01) e cadelas que continuaram vivas durante o período de acompanhamento (p=0,003). Conclusões: Nossos resultados demostram correlação entre o VEGF e as características de pior prognóstico, sugerindo que este fator desempenha um importante papel na progressão tumoral, podendo ser utilizado como um potencial marcador prognóstico na rotina clínica, sendo útil na predição da progressão tumoral em cadelas com neoplasia mamária.

Au cours des dernières années, une nouvelle classe de composés anticancéreux à base de ruthénium, appelés RDCs (Ruthenium-Derived Compounds), a été développé pour dépasser les limitations des agents chimiothérapiques contenants du platine. Contrairement à ces derniers, l’activité anticancéreuse des RDCs est en partie indépendante de l'interaction avec l'ADN. L’objectif principal de ma thèse a été ainsi de comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires quiinter viennent dans l’action anticancéreuse et antimétastatique des RDCs au-delà du dommage à l’ADN.J’ai démontré que le RDC11, contrairement au cisplatine, affecte les voies de signalisation de HIF-1 et mTOR, deux voies qui jouent un rôle clé dans le métabolisme cellulaire et qui sont souvent altérées dans les cellules cancéreuses.En parallèle, j’ai effectué un analyse structure/activité pour sélectionner des nouveaux RDCs ayant meilleures propriétés chimiques et pharmacologiques que le RDC11. Cette étude a permis d’identifier deux nouveaux RDCs qui réduisent la croissance tumorale in vivo avec un dosage beaucoup plus faible que le RDC11 et qui induisent la mort des cellules cancéreuses par une surproduction d'espèces réactives de l'oxygène et par l'activation de la caspase8. En conclusion, mes travaux ont conduit à l’identification de nouveaux mécanismes à la base de l’activité anticancéreuse du RDC11 qui pourraient expliquer certaines différences entre le mode d’action du RDC11 et du cisplatine. De plus, ils ont permis de sélectionner deux nouveaux RDCs plus efficaces que le RDC11. Ces résultat sont un impact important pour le développement de nouvelles thérapies anticancéreuses ou antimétastatiques. / In recent years, a new class of anticancer ruthenium-based drugs, called RDCs (Ruthenium-Derived Compounds), has been developed to overcome the limitations of classic platinum chemotherapeutics. Unlike the latter, the anticancer activity of RDCs is in part independent of DNA interaction. Therefore, the main objective of my thesis work was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in RDCs anticancer and antimetastatic activity beyond DNA damage. I demonstrated that RDC11, unlike cisplatin, affects the HIF-1 and mTOR signaling pathways, two pathways that play a key role in cellular metabolism and that are frequently altered in cancer cells. In parallel, I performed a structure/activity analysis to select new RDCs endowed with better chemical and pharmacological properties than RDC11. This study allowed to identify two novel RDCs that reduce tumor growth in vivo at much lower doses than RDC11 and that induce cancer cell death by an overproduction of reactive oxygen species and activation of caspase 8. In conclusion, my work led to the identification of new mechanisms underlying the anticancer activity of RDC11 that could explain some of the differences between the mode of action of RDC11 and cisplatin. In addition, it allowed to select two novel RDCs which are more effective than RDC11. These results have a significant impact on the development of new anticancer or antimetastatic therapies.

L’intoxication tabagique, source d’oxydants, est un facteur de risque important de développement de l’emphysème pulmonaire et du pneumothorax spontané primitif. Les macrophages alvéolaires contribuent pour une large part à l’inflammation pulmonaire au cours de ces pathologies en produisant des métalloprotéases et des espèces réactives de l’oxygène à l’origine du déséquilibre des balances protéase/anti-protéase et oxydant/antioxydant. L'hème oxygénase-1 (HO-1), exprimée principalement par les macrophages, est une enzyme clé des défenses anti-oxydantes pulmonaires. Nous avons initialement étudié l’expression et la localisation cellulaire de l’HO-1 et de ses régulateurs potentiels (Nrf2, Keap1, Bach1 et HIF-1a) dans les macrophages alvéolaires au cours de l’emphysème pulmonaire post-tabagique et du pneumothorax spontané primitif. Les voies de régulation de l’expression de ces protéines ont été analysées in vitro sur des macrophages dérivés de la lignée THP-1 exposés ou non au condensat de fumée de cigarette et à l’hypoxieréoxygénation visant à mimer une partie des effets de l’atélectasie-réexpansion observée lors de la prise en charge thérapeutique des pneumothorax récidivants. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse nous ont permis de mettre en évidence une altération de l’expression de la voie Nrf2/Keap1-Bach1 associée à une diminution de l’expression des enzymes anti-oxydantes, dont l’HO-1, dans les macrophages alvéolaires au cours de l’emphysème pulmonaire sévère post-tabagique, malgré un stress oxydant important. In vitro, ces altérations pourraient être liées à une activation spécifique des MAPKinases ERK1/2 et JNK par le condensat de fumée de cigarette. Nous avons également montré que la stimulation du système de l’HO-1 était probablement orchestrée par la voie du facteur HIF-1a, et non par celle de Nrf2, dans les macrophages alvéolaires au cours du pneumothorax spontané primitif récidivant du sujet fumeur. Ces résultats pourraient contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de la physiopathologie de l’emphysème pulmonaire et permettre d’envisager de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques basées sur la préservation et/ou la restauration de l’équilibre Nrf2/Keap1-Bach1. Nos travaux suggèrent également que la physiopathologie du pneumothorax spontané primitif est différente chez les patients fumeurs et non fumeurs. Le pneumothorax du sujet fumeur est associé à un stress oxydant pulmonaire et à une induction de l’HO-1 probablement orchestrée par HIF-1a. Ces résultats, confirmés in vitro, mettent en évidence une interaction potentielle entre le stress oxydant et l’hypoxie-réoxygénation / Chronic cigarette smoking, a source of oxidants, is an important risk factor for lung emphysema and primary spontaneous pneumothorax development. Alveolar macrophages are mainly involved in lung inflammation observed in these pathologies through the production of metalloproteases and reactive oxygen species resulting to protease/anti-protease and oxidant/anti-oxidant imbalances. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), mainly expressed in macrophages, is a key enzyme in pulmonary anti-oxidant defences. Therefore, the first aim of our studies was to investigate the expression and cellular localisation of HO-1 and its potential regulators (Nrf2, Keap1, Bach1 and HIF-1a) in alveolar macrophages from smoking related lung emphysema and primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Regulation pathways involved in expression of these proteins were assessed in vitro in macrophage cell line THP-1 exposed or not to cigarette smoke condensate and with or without hypoxia-reoxygenation mimicking parts of events induced by atelectasia-reexpansion during recurrent pneumothorax constitution and treatment. In these studies, we showed an altered expression of Nrf2/Keap1- Bach1 pathway associated with a reduced expression of anti-oxidants enzymes, like HO-1, in alveolar macrophages from smoking related lung emphysema patients, despite an important oxidative stress. These alterations might be related to cigarette smoke condensate activated ERK1/2 and JNK MAPKinases as observed in THP-1 cells. Furthermore, we showed that HO- 1 system induction was mediated by HIF-1a instead of Nrf2 pathway in alveolar macrophages from smoking related recurrent primary spontaneous pneumothorax. These findings may contribute to a better knowledge of the pathophysiology of lung emphysema and could provide new therapeutic approaches based on preservation and/or restoration of Nrf2/Keap1-Bach1 equilibrium. Our results also suggest that the pathophysiology of primary spontaneous pneumothorax could be different in smokers and non smokers. Spontaneous pneumothorax in smokers is associated with lung oxidative stress and the orchestrated induction of HO-1 probably via HIF-1a. These results provide a new link between oxidative stress and hypoxia/reoxygenation

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(薬学) / 甲第23850号 / 薬博第857号 / 新制||薬||242(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院薬学研究科薬学専攻 / (主査)教授 掛谷 秀昭, 教授 高須 清誠, 教授 二木 史朗 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

La maladie de Crohn (MC) est une maladie inflammatoire chronique intestinale (MICI). Son incidence et sa prévalence ont augmenté en Europe au cours des dix dernières années (150 pour 100000 habitants) constituant ainsi un problème de santé majeur. L’inflammation chronique dans la MC favorise la mise en place d’une angiogenèse pathophysiologique. Inflammation et angiogenèse sont deux réponses cellulaires suspectées dans la survenue des cancers coliques associés au MICI. Même si les facteurs favorisant la mise en place de la MC restent non élucidés, la contribution des bactéries exogènes est fortement suspectée. Parmi ces bactéries, les E.coli adhérentes et invasives (AIEC), isolées à partir de la muqueuse iléale de patients porteurs de la MC, sont un bon candidat. Les objectifs de mon projet de thèse étaient de caractériser les mécanismes moléculaires induits par les AIEC et impliqués dans la mise en place des réponses pro inflammatoire et pro angiogénique des cellules intestinales épithéliales. Le facteur de transcription hypoxique (HIF-1) est au cœur de l’immunité innée et de l’angiogenèse. J’ai émis l’hypothèse que les AIEC pouvaient moduler le niveau d’expression de HIF-1α et ainsi contrôler les réponses pro inflammatoire et pro angiogénique. Dans mon premier article, j’ai montré que HIF-1α est maximalement exprimé au niveau de l’épithélium iléal des patients porteurs de la MC. Ensuite, j’ai montré sur un modèle murin compétent pour l’infection par les AIEC, les souris CEABAC10, que les bactéries induisent l’augmentation du niveau protéique de HIF-1 α ainsi que l’activation de la voie de signalisation du VEGF, le facteur angiogénique le plus puissant. / Non communiqué.

Energy production is a very important function for the cells to maintain homeostasis, survive and proliferate. Cellular energy can be produced either through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the presence of oxygen or glycolysis in its absence. Cancer cells, even in the presence of oxygen prefer to produce energy through glycolysis and this confers them a survival advantage. Energy metabolism has recently attracted the interest of several laboratories as targeting the pathways for energy production in cancer cells could be an efficient anticancer treatment. For that purpose the role of various transcription factors in determining the pathway of energy production has been investigated extensively and there is evidence to suggest that oncogenic transcription factors promote glycolysis whereas tumour suppressors demote it. In line with this notion, the master regulator of cellular response to hypoxia, the Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1) has been shown to induce the expression of a variety of genes encoding enzymes involved in glucose metabolism as well as OXPHOS favouring energy production through glucose metabolism in hypoxic cells. The tumour suppressor p53 on the other hand inhibits glycolysis and stimulates OXPHOS. One of the pathways through which p53 exerts these effects, is by inducing the inhibitor of glycolysis TIGAR and the cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor SCO2 gene expression under DNA damage conditions. However, the regulation of the expression of these genes in hypoxic conditions has been only partially elucidated. We hypothesised that under hypoxic conditions, TIGAR and SCO2 gene expression might be differentially regulated in cells bearing mutated p53 and in these cells the involvement of HIF-1 could be crucial. Indeed under hypoxia mimicking conditions, the TIGAR and SCO2 protein and mRNA levels were found to be modulated differentially in p53 wild type and mutant cell lines. The bioinformatics analysis revealed the presence of hypoxia responsive elements (HREs) within the regulatory region of the promoters of TIGAR and SCO2 genes. Firefly reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays have indicated that HIF-1 plays a crucial role in the regulation of TIGAR gene expression. The direct involvement of HIF-1 in the regulation of SCO2 gene expression requires further investigation. We and others have recently reported that PCAF is a common cofactor for p53 and HIF-1α, regulating the protein stability and transcription target selectivity of both transcription factors thereby orchestrating the balance between life and death in cancer cells. We hypothesised that PCAF plays a similar role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism by differentially targeting HIF-1α and p53 to the promoter of TIGAR and SCO2 genes. In this study we present evidence to support the notion that PCAF plays an import role in the regulation of TIGAR and SCO2 gene expression under hypoxic mimicking conditions. This conclusion was supported by assessing the functional consequences of PCAFwt and PCAFΔHAT overexpression on the intracellular lactate production, cellular oxygen consumption, NAD+/NADH ratio and ROS generation in cells under hypoxia mimicking conditions.

We can meet pathological hypoxia in the cases of hearth attack, ischemic stroke, but also during tumor invasion, thanks to insufficient angiogenesis. The activation of HIF- 1 factor during hypoxic conditions is crucial for the cell survival. This factor modulates energetic metabolism in favor of fast progressing glycolysis (with the contribution of glutaminolysis) which provides to cell enough ATP and "building blocks", while suppressing Krebs cycle and respiration because of shortage of oxygen. The thesis studies energetic metabolism of HepG2 cells (derived from liver carcinoma) which are cultivated in the media with various energetic substrates, i. e. glucose or galactose (always together with glutamine and pyruvate) under the hypoxic conditions (5% O2). HepG2 cells use particularly oxidative metabolism for ATP and "building blocks" production under the normoxic conditions while hypoxic environment causes metabolic shift in glycemic condition. Interestingly, cells cultured in galactose (glutamine) didn't switch the energy metabolism from oxidative to aerobic glycolysis such as cells cultivated in glucose, although HIF-1 factor was stabilized. We found that enhanced activity and integrity of mitochondria, enhanced maximal capacity and reserve capacity of respiration chain correlates with...

Maternal diabetes mellitus negatively affects embryonic development and increases the risk for congenital malformations. Besides direct teratogenicity, diabetic intrauterine milieu can predispose an individual to chronic diseases later in life, including cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and diabetes mellitus, in a process termed fetal programing. Molecular mechanisms of embryonic and fetal responses to maternal diabetes are still not fully elucidated. Using mouse model, we show that maternal diabetes induces gene expression changes in the hearts of developing embryos. The most significant changes in the expression of 11 selected genes were detected at the developmental stage associated with completion of cardiac septation, myocardial mass expansion, and increased insulin production in the embryonic pancreas. These affected genes encode products involved in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a crucial process in heart development. Using immunohistochemistry, we detected increased hypoxia in the diabetes-exposed hearts at the critical stage of cardiac development. Correspondingly to increased hypoxia, the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor A was increased in the heart of diabetes-exposed embryos. Based on our results indicating the...

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Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α in Renal Cell Carcinoma Departments of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology; Radiation Sciences, Oncology; Medical Biosciences, Pathology; and Medical Biosciences, Clinical Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for approximately 2-3% of all human cancers. A distinguished feature of RCC is vascularisation and among the three dominating RCC types conventional RCC (cRCC) generally is more vascularised than papillary RCC (pRCC) and chromophobe RCC (chRCC). Angiogenesis is a critical step in tumour progression controlled by a balance involving molecules that have positive and negative regulatory activity. A balance distorted by metabolic stress such as hypoxia, acidosis, and inflammation. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α (HIF-1α) is a key transcription factor in angiogenesis and tumour progression, targeting more than a 100 genes involved in vascular growth and regulation, iron metabolism and erythropoesis, collagen matrix formation, regulation of extracellular pH, glucose uptake and metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and cell viability. Methods: Tumour tissue and corresponding kidney cortex from nephrectomised RCC patients was used in order to characterize HIF-1α expression and one of its target genes, Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT-1). All tumour samples were thoroughly described regarding tumour type, TNM stage, nuclear grade, tumour size, vein invasion, and patient survival. Utilizing RT-PCR, Westen Blot and Tissue micro array (TMA) we studied HIF-1α mRNA and protein expression as well as GLUT-1 protein expression, correlating them to each other and clinicopathological parameters. Results: Using Western Blot, HIF-1α protein expression differed significantly between the different RCC types and kidney cortex. In cRCC, high expression of HIF-1α was an independent prognostic factor for favourable prognosis. TMA is a useful method to analyze HIF-1α protein expression in RCC. HIF-1α levels were significantly lower in locally aggressive cRCC and patients with high levels of HIF-1 tended to have a better prognosis. GLUT-1 levels were higher in cRCC than in other RCC types and for cRCC a correlation to HIF-1α was seen. HIF-1α mRNA levels were significantly lower in cRCC compared to other RCC types and kidney cortex. An inverse correlation between HIF-1α protein expression and mRNA levels was observed. Summary: These results demonstrate a discrepancy between RCC types, highlighting the need to separately evaluate biological events in different RCC types. Overexpression of HIF-1α protein is not necessarily all bad and translational regulation appears more critical than anticipated. Further studies are encouraged to clarify angiogenic pathways in RCC.