La thérapie génique est une approche thérapeutique proposant d’utiliser des acides nucléiques (ADN,ARN, oligonucléotides) comme médicament. Les poly(éthylènimine)s linéaire (lPEI) et branchée (bPEI) sont des vecteurs de références pour le transfert de gènes, dans le domaines des polymères cationiques. L’objectif de ces travaux est de modifier la lPEI par des dérivés de la L-histidine-N-acryloyle, la L-arginine-Nacryloyleou le 1-adamantane méthylamine-N-acryloyle, en utilisant la réaction de Michaël. Les études physico-chimiques de ces polymères mettent en évidence le comportement de ces vecteurs en solution aqueuse et tamponnée, dont les effets peuvent avoir une influence non négligeable sur la complexation de l’ADN et le transfert de gène. La poly(éthylènimine-co-éthylènimine-N-éthylamide-N-2(3(3H-imidazol-4-yl) propionate de sodium) (lPEI-N-his) comportant 10 à 20% de greffons histidine a permis d’obtenir d’excellents résultats en transfection in vitro. Ces polymères ont montrés une très faible cytotoxicité sur les différentes lignées cellulaires utilisées pour cette étude. / Gene therapy is a therapeutic approach aiming at introducing corrective genetic materials into a cellin order to alleviate the symptoms of a disease. The linear (lPEI) and branched (bPEI) poly(ethylenimine) arethe gold standard among the polymeric vectors. The aim of this work is to modify the lPEI by N-acryloyl-Lhistidine,N-acryloyl-L-arginine and N-acryloyl-1 adamantane methylamine residue using the Michaelreaction to improve the transfection efficiency of cationic polymers. The physicochemical studies of thesepolymers are undertaken in aqueous and buffer solutions, and a higher buffering property of these polymersis emphasized. The polyplexes formation is found to be influenced by the behaviour of the macromolecules in the buffer solution. Transfection experiments are conducted in vitro, His-lPEI bearing 10 to 20% histidine residues allowed remarkable transfection efficiency (up to 95%) compared to unmodified lPEI. Moreremarkably, this new kind of cationic polymers showed very low cytotoxicity on cell lines.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-154). Also available online through Digital Dissertations.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin, 1967. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Jesus Aparecido Ferro / Coorientador: Marcelo Luiz de Laia / Banca: Agda Paula Facincani / Banca: José Belasque Junior / Banca: Haroldo Alves Pereira Junior / Banca: Eliana Gertrudes de Macedo Lemos / Resumo: O cancro cítrico é uma das principais doenças da cultura do citros, provocando lesões nas folhas, ramos e frutos, tendo como consequência a queda dos frutos e folhas, o que leva à perdas significativas na produção. A partir do sequenciamento completo do genoma da bactéria gram-negativa Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xac), agente causal do cancro cítrico, abriu-se a possibilidade da utilização de estratégias de análise genômica funcional no estudo da função de genes da bactéria relacionados com a infecção na planta e com o desenvolvimento da doença. Uma das estratégias utilizadas foi a obtenção de mutantes de Xac contendo genes relacionados à patogenicidade e virulência interrompidos pelo método de mutagênese insercional aleatória utilizando o transposon Tn5 (LAIA et al., 2009). No presente trabalho a técnica de microarranjos de DNA foi utilizada para avaliar a expressão global de genes de dois mutantes de Xac 72 h após a infecção in planta. Em um dos mutantes (8B7) o gene interrompido foi o xrvA, um regulador de virulência, e no outro mutante (18D6) o gene interrompido codifica uma histidina quinase híbrida sensora que faz parte de um sistema de transdução de sinal de dois componentes. Os resultados das hibridizações revelaram um total de 553 genes diferencialmente expressos para os dois mutantes estudados quando comparado com o genótipo selvagem (Xac 306), sendo 323 no mutante 8B7 e 230 no mutante 18D6. Esses genes foram divididos em diferentes categorias funcionais e uma análise funcional comparativa revelou que eles podem desempenhar um papel importante no processo de patogenicidade / Abstract: Citrus canker is a major disease affecting citrus crops worldwide, causing lesions on leaves, branches and fruits that results in the falling of fruit and leaves, leading to significant losses in orange production. The complete genome sequencing of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xac), a Gram-negative bacteria and the causal agent of citrus canker, allowed the possibility of using functional genomic strategies to study the function of genes related to plant infection and disease development in this bacteria. One strategy was to produce mutants for phatogenicity and virulence genes by random insertional mutagenesis using Tn5 Transposon (LAIA et al., 2009). In the present work DNA microarray analysis was used to evaluate the global gene expression profile of two Xac mutants after 72 hours of plant infection. One mutant (8B7) carry a mutation in the xrvA gene (XAC1495), a virulence regulator, and the other (18D6) carry a mutation in a hybrid histidine quinase sensor of a two-component signal transduction system. The results revealed a total of 553 differentially expressed genes for the two mutant strains compared with Xac wild type, with 323 in the mutant 8B7, and 230 in the mutant 18D6. These genes were allocated into several functional categories and a comparative functional analysis showed that they can play an important role in the pathogenicity and virulence of Xac / Doutor

L- Histidine is a very important amino acid and is widely distributed in living systems. In the growth and multiplication of animal cells, it was found that L-histidine is one of the amino acids that must be present. From the kinetic studies of certain enzymes such as chymotrypsin and ribonuclease, it has been proposed that the imidazolyl group of the histidine residue may serve as the basic electron donor, and that the histidine residue in some cases may be the active site of the enzyme. The interactions of L-histidine with heavy metal ions, including Ni (II) (1), Zn (II) (1, 2), Fe (II) (1), Cu (II) (3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10), Mn (II) (6), Cd (II) (3, 4) and Co (II) (1, 11, 12), have been investigated.

This document only includes an excerpt of the corresponding thesis or dissertation. To request a digital scan of the full text, please contact the Ruth Lilly Medical Library's Interlibrary Loan Department (rlmlill@iu.edu).

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[Truncated abstract] Protein phosphorylation, one of the most important forms of post-translational modification, has been demonstrated to play crucial roles in regulation of cell function. Phosphorylation of protein serine, threonine and tyrosine residues has been the most thoroughly investigated, taking advantage of the acid-stable character of these phosphohydroxyamino acids. Whereas, the cellular occurrence of acid-labile phosphoamino acids, such as phosphohistidine, phosphoarginine and phospholysine was often underestimated due to the acid treatments employed by most of the traditional phosphoamino acid analysis methods. The biological roles of histidine kinases (HKs) in prokaryotes are well understood in contrast to those of HKs in eukaryotes, especially in mammalian cells. However, the evidence has shown that phosphohistidine comprised 6% of phosphoamino acids of the basic nuclear proteins in eukaryotes (Matthews, 1995) and there was more phosphohistidine than phosphoserine in rat liver mitochondria (Bieber and Boyer, 1966). More significantly, phosphohistidine was revealed to be the major phosphoamino acid in phosphorylated histone H4 in regenerating liver in vivo (Chen et al., 1974) and the Walker-256 carcinosarcoma cells in vitro (Smith et al., 1974). Recently, the histone H4 histidine kinase (HHK) activity of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumour tissue was measured to be 400 times higher than the normal liver tissue surrounding the tumour. HepG2 cells (HCC cell line) and PIL-2 cells (a p53 knockout mouse tumorigenic liver progenitor cell line) also displayed high HHK activity (Tan et al., 2004). The above observations suggested that HKs and HHKs are playing important roles in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including mammals. One major obstacle in the study of HHK study has been the lack of knowledge of the amino acid sequence of an HHK. Attempts at purifying and identifying the HHK from yeast led to the partial purification of a yeast HHK protein(s) at 32kDa (Huang et al., 1991). However, the amino acid sequence of the HHK has not yet been established. ... The success of the separation was demonstrated by the MALDI-TOF-MS and/or ESI-MS spectra of the RP-HPLC fractions. These achievements suggested that it is possible to detect phosphohistidyl histone H4 in vivo using MS under experimental conditions where phosphohistidine is relatively stable. The study in this thesis represents the progression of HHK research in various aspects, including the yeast HHK purification and identification, mammalian HHK partial purification and the methodological developments in detecting histone H4 histidine phosphorylation using MS. Furthermore, new information regarding the physical characteristics of yeast HHKs and its potential role in cellular biology have been documented. It is anticipated that knowledge generated in these studies will contribute to the insight and the understanding of the biological significance of HHK in yeast and mammalian cells.

Pendant ma thèse de doctorat, j’ai eu la grande chance de travailler sur le développement de nouvelles méthodes de deux techniques spectroscopiques complétement différentes : la Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire (RMN) et la Spectroscopie de Masse par Résonance Cyclotronique Ionique à Transformée de Fourier (FT-ICR/MS). En tant que méthodologiste, mon but principal a été d’améliorer les méthodes existantes et la théorie. En RMN, l’outil fantastique de la manipulation des spins permet la mise en place des séquences d’impulsions, et en FT-ICR, les rapports masse sur charge (m/z) des ions et des fragments d’ions obtenus par différents chemins de fragmentation peuvent être appliqués à des problèmes en chimie, biochimie et médecine. Le manuscrit de ma thèse de doctorat comporte deux parties. Les sujets abordés étant différents, ce manuscrit a été rédigé pour que chaque chapitre puisse être lu indépendamment. La première partie aborde la RMN dans le chapitre I. Dans ce chapitre, nous avons amélioré une méthode développée précédemment dans l’equipe pour l’étude de l’échange rapide des protons par RMN. Nous avons adapté la méthode à l’étude de l’acide aminé histidine, système en apparence simple mais qui s’est avéré très compliqué à l’étude. La deuxième partie de ma thèse de doctorat aborde la spectroscopie de masse et comprend deux chapitres. Dans le chapitre II, nous avons essayé de faire revivre et de mettre en œuvre une méthode longtemps oubliée ; il s’agit de la méthode d’isolement d’ions par éjection sélective (‘notch ejection’) par spectroscopie de masse FT-ICR. Un autre sujet abordé pendant ma thèse, qui est décrit dans le chapitre III, concerne l’utilisation de trois impulsions rf dans une expérience à deux dimensions (2D) ICR. Notre objectif a été de mieux comprendre la complexité du comportement des ions pendant cette expérience 2D ICR, en particulier pour le cas d’impulsions courtes. / This thesis encompasses methodological developments in both nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The NMR section explores the effects of scalar relaxation on a coupled nucleus to measure fast exchange rates. In order to quantify these rates accurately, a precise knowledge of the chemical shifts of the labile protons and of the scalar couplings is normally required. We applied the method to histidine where no such information was available a priori, neither about the proton chemical shifts nor about the one-bond scalar coupling constants J(1H15N), since the protons were invisible due to fast exchange. We have measured the exchange rates of the protons of the imidazole ring and of amino protons in histidine by indirect detection via 15N. Not only the exchange rate constants, but also the elusive chemical shifts of the protons and the coupling constants could be determined. For the mass spectrometry section, the ion isolation project was initiated to study the effect of phase change of radiofrequency pulses. Excitation of ions in the ICR cell is a linear process, so that the pulse voltage required for ejecting ions must be inversely proportional to the pulse duration. A continuous sweep pulse propels the ion to a higher radius, whereas a phase reversal causes the ion to come to the centre. This represents the principle of ‘notch ejection’, wherein the ion for which the phase is reversed is retained in the ICR cell, while the remaining ions are ejected. The manuscript also contains a theoretical chapter, wherein the ion trajectories are plotted by solving the Lorentzian equation for the three-pulse scheme used for two-dimensional ICR. Through our simulations we mapped the ion trajectories for different pulse durations and for different phase relations.

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