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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Imputation HLA et analyse génomique de la coinfection VIH/VHC / HLA imputation and genomic analysis of HIV/HCV coinfection

Jeanmougin, Marc 21 December 2017 (has links)
La génomique d'association cherche à déterminer des liens entre le génome et des traits ou phénotypes, notamment dans le contexte de maladies. Aujourd'hui, les études les plus fréquentes en génomique d’association sont les études génome entier, qui analysent autant de variants du génomes (SNPs) que possible, sans avoir de préjugé a priori sur leur fonction biologique. Cependant, les méthodes de génotypage utilisées pour ces études ne permettent pas toujours d'obtenir des informations précises dans une région hypervariable comme la région HLA, qui joue un rôle crucial dans l'immunité, et les variants génétiques de ces régions sont souvent prédits par des approches bioinformatiques. J'ai durant ma thèse créé un nouvel outil, HLA-Check, permettant d'évaluer, à partir des génotypes obtenus par puce de génotypage, la plausibilité de données d'allèles HLA d'un même individu, et démontré que cette technique permettait d'identifier plus précisément les individus dont les allèles HLA avaient été mal caractérisés afin de les retyper ou de les écarter de l'étude. Un article documentant cet outil a été publié dans BMC Bioinformatics. J'ai également effectué une étude d'association génome entier sur le déclenchement de la cirrhose chez les patients co-infectés par le VIH (virus de l'immunodéficience humaine) et le VHC (virus de l'hépatite C). La coinfection par ces deux maladies est fréquente en raison de modes d’infection similaires, et l'infection par le VIH stimule l'activité du VHC et accélère la fibrose du foie puis sa cirrhose, causant la mort des patients co-infectés. Mon étude porte sur 306 patients co-infectés issus de la cohorte ANRS CO-13 HEPAVIH. J'ai ainsi pu mettre en évidence trois signaux associés avec le déclenchement de la cirrhose, dont deux ont un lien pertinent avec les maladies hépatiques (gene CTNND2 et gene MIR7-3HG). L'identification de ces nouveaux variants devrait permettre une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires de la cirrhose, et contribuer au développement de nouvelles stratégies diagnostiques ou thérapeutiques. L’article documentant cette étude est en cours de publication. / Association genomics aims at finding links between the genome and some traits or illnesses. Today, the most frequent studies in this field are genome wide association studies (GWAS), which analyze as many genome variants (mainly Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) as possible, without any a priori on their biological function. However, genotyping methods used in these studies may be insufficient to get reliable information in higly variable regions such as the HLA which plays a crucial role in immunity, and the genetic variants of such regions are often predicted using bioinformatics approaches. During my PhD, I have created a new tool, HLA-Check, that allows to rate the plausibility of HLA alleles from the genotypes obtained from genotyping chips. I also assesses its performances and showed that it was able to point out individuals with a wrong HLA typing, in order to retype them or remove them from the study. An article documenting this tool was published in BMC Bioinformatics. I have also performed a genome-wide association study on cirrhosis outbreak in individuals coinfected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and HCV (hepatitis C virus). Because of similar infection routes (blood-related), co-infection with those two viruses are frequent, and the infection by HIV enhances HCV activity and increases liver fibrosis leading to cirrhosis and death of co-infected patients. Our study has dealt with 306 co-infected patients from the ANRS CO-13 HEPAVIH cohort. I could point out three statistically significant signals, two of them being highly relevant for their involvement in liver diseases (gene CTNND2 and gene MIR7-3HG). The identification of these new variants should lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in cirrhosis, and should contribute to the rational developement of new diagnostic or therapeutic strategies. A publication is under way.
12

Lifestyle and Biological Risk Factors for Liver Fibrosis in the Miami Adult Studies on HIV (MASH) Cohort: An HIV Infected and HIV/HCV Co-infected Population

Stewart, Tiffanie S. 15 April 2016 (has links)
Liver disease is now a leading cause of non-AIDS related morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV (PLWH). The present study investigated the interplay between adverse lifestyle factors that are prevalent in PLWH, biological mediators of liver pathogenesis, and a non-invasive measure of liver fibrosis (FIB-4 index) in HIV mono- and HIV/HCV co-infected individuals. The results of this investigation in the Miami Adult Studies of HIV (MASH) cohort show that the odds of liver fibrosis progression significantly increased over two years for HIV mono-infected participants who drank alcohol hazardously (OR 3.038, P=0.048), and had BMI ≥ 28kg/m2 (OR 2.934, P=0.027). Cocaine use reduced the odds of advancing one stage of liver fibrosis (OR 0.228, P=0.038), but an interaction between high BMI and cocaine use slightly raised the odds by 4.8% of liver fibrosis progression (P=0.072). HIV/HCV co-infected participants showed interactions between cocaine use and high BMI with increased FIB-4 stage (OR 4.985, P= 0.034), however no lifestyle factors could independently predict FIB-4 stage in this group. Biological mediators previously associated with liver pathogenesis were associated with higher FIB-4 index over 2 years in a subset of (n=65) HIV mono-infected participants. Plasma measures of oxidative stress (% oxidized glutathione: OR 4.342, P= 0.046), hepatocyte-specific apoptosis (Cytokeratin-18 (CK-18): OR 1.008, P=0.021), and microbial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide (LPS): OR 1.098, P= 0.097) were associated with having higher odds of progressing at least one stage of FIB-4 over 2 years. The same biological mediators were also associated with liver fibrosis within HIV infected people who also had a harmful lifestyle characteristic. FIB-4 index was significantly associated with % oxidized glutathione in obese subjects (β=0.563, P=0.018), TGF-β1 in cocaine users (β=0.858, P=0.027), and CK-18 in HIV infected individuals without any adverse lifestyle factors (β=0.435, P=0.015). Taken together, the findings of these studies describe interrelationships between HIV disease status, lifestyle, and biological mediators of liver fibrosis. The results show interactions between lifestyle conditions and the mediators of liver fibrosis may account for higher rates of liver disease in HIV infection. Research is warranted to develop personalized therapeutics for PLWH to curb the burden of liver disease.
13

Interacció VHC-hoste: Estudi genètic i clínic en pacients coinfectats amb VHC-VIH

Matas Crespí, Marina 14 January 2013 (has links)
L’Organització Mundial de la Salut (OMS) estima que fins a un 3% de la població mundial ha estat infectada pel virus de l’hepatitis C i és la causa més important d’hepatitis crònica, cirrosi i de malaltia hepàtica terminal, que finalment acaba conduint a un transplantament de fetge. La relació entre la variabilitat en la seqüència del virus de l’hepatitis C i el desenvolupament de la malaltia hepàtica és de tipus multifactorial. La infecció crònica causa fibrosi hepàtica, fet que es veu accelerat per mecanismes desconeguts en el cas de pacients coinfectats amb VIH. La progressió de la malaltia produïda pel VHC en pacients coinfectats, està influenciada no només per factors demogràfics, epidemiològics o pels antecedents clínics dels pacients, si no també per diferències genètiques entre els diferents virus i els hostes.

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