Cette intervention a été construite par la méthode du « health belief model », en renforçant l’intervention de conseil post-test classiquement offerte au cours du dépistage prénatal du VIH, en prenant en compte le contexte conjugal de la femme. Une approche méthodologique en deux étapes a été adoptée. La première étape, encore appelée étape de preuve de concept, a consisté, à travers un essai d’intervention randomisé mené dans une structure de référence en zone urbaine (essai ANRS 12127- Prenahtest), à évaluer l’efficacité de la nouvelle intervention de COC pour améliorer le dépistage prénatal du VIH des partenaires, le conseil de couple de VIH, la communication conjugale autour du VIH. Outre les effets du COC, nous avons aussi documenté les autres facteurs associés à l’approche de couple de prévention du VIH. La deuxième étape a consisté en une phase de passage à l’échelle de la mise en oeuvre de l’intervention de COC, de façon à évaluer sa transférabilité dans la pratique des soins courants. A cet effet, une étude de type Avant/Après (le projet SIMECAM-FGSK) a été réalisée. Ce choix méthodologique a permis de prendre en compte l’architecture sanitaire du système de santé, en incluant le niveau périphérique qui comporte trois catégories de formations sanitaires (hôpital de district ; centre médical d’arrondissement ; centre de santé intégré). Il a aussi permis de prendre en compte les contraintes éthiques, liées à la connaissance de la supériorité de la nouvelle intervention de COC décrite en zone urbaine. Les résultats les plus importants de l’essai ANRS 12127/12236l en zone urbaine au Cameroun sont les suivants :- La réalisation d’un essai comparatif randomisé de puissance moyenne et sans biais majeur et qui a été bien mené jusqu’à la fin - La description de l’acceptabilité du conseil orienté vers le couple dans un contexte où la prévalence du VIH atteint les 12% ;- La description de l’efficacité du nouveau type de conseil orienté vers le couple pour améliorer en zone urbaine la fréquence du dépistage du VIH du partenaire jusqu’à atteindre 27% des femmes ayant reçu le COC (vs 16% pour les femmes du groupe classique) ; - La description de l’efficacité du nouveau type de conseil pour améliorer la fréquence du conseil et dépistage du VIH en couple autour de 13% des femmes ayant reçu le COC (vs 3% pour les femmes du groupe classique) ;- La description de l’efficacité du nouveau type de conseil pour améliorer la fréquence de la communication conjugale autour du VIH. En zone rurale, les principaux résultats préliminaires du projet SIMECAM-FGSK, après seulement six mois effectifs d’activités de passage à l’échelle sont : - Le taux de prévalence du VIH est de 20,5% ; - Le COC permet le dépistage du VIH de près de 18% des partenaires ; et ce dépistage est majoritairement effectué dans le cadre d’un conseil VIH en couple ; - Le taux de prévalence du VIH chez les partenaires est de 22% et 11,2% des couples sont sérodiscordants ; - Sur cinquante trois femmes dépistées positives pour le VIH, 94% ont bénéficié d’une prise en charge par les ARV pour la PTME, dont 28,3% suivant le protocole de l’option B+. Le travail réalisé dans le cadre de cette thèse a permis de montrer que les effets du COC sur l’approche de prévention du VIH en couple sont modestes mais réels. Les faibles proportions observées peuvent entre autres s’expliquer par un certain nombre de barrières individuelles (telles que la peur de découvrir son statut VIH en même temps que sa partenaire), de barrières programmatiques (telles que les délais d’attente et la qualité de l’accueil des hommes en prénatale), et des barrières culturelles (la considération de la prénatale comme un espace réservé aux femmes). Par ailleurs, il est important de relever un certain de limites au cours de ce travail de thèse. L’essai Prenahtest compte un taux de perdues de vue de près de 25%, ce qui ne permet pas d’exclure tous les biais. / It is a little above 30 years that the first cases of AIDS resulting from HIV infection were described in the United States of America. This disease remains a public health problem worldwide, with a great social and economic impact. In 2012, it was reported that the disease had already caused over 25 million deaths, and yet every year, more than 70% of the 2.3 million new HIV infections occurred in Africa, where there are only 12% of the world’s population. In Africa, there is a peculiar evolution of this infection overtime. After nearly two decades of promoting the ABC programs (abstinence, be faithful, condoms); promotion of counseling and testing; or more recently, introduction of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis, usage of antiretroviral therapy as treatment and prevention, the prevalence of HIV remained stable or decreased in the most at-risk populations but increased dramatically in the formerly low-risk populations. Recent data from South Africa, Botswana an Cameroon showed that the prevalence of HIV is twice as much in women as in men and was higher in the population age range of 30 to 45 years, which constitute the economic livelihood of the continent. Furthermore, in some countries like in Cameroon, HIV prevalence was reported to be higher in stable couples (married, prolonged cohabitation etc.). It therefore seems necessary to revise the actual strategies of HIV prevention to deal with the new facet of the HIV epidemic in the African context. This thesis, which is a reported experience from an operational research, presents the results of the evaluation of a new intervention so called couple-oriented HIV counseling (COC), built by using the health belief model. It is an enhanced HIV post-test counseling offered during prenatal HIV testing, in replacement of the classical HIV post-test counseling. The originality of this study was the quality of our study design with a good level of proof and the public health perspective of the new strategy. To realize the study, we adopted two methodological approaches. The first one, acting as a proof of concept, was a randomized trial, conducted in a reference structure in an urban area (ANRS 12127-Prenahtest trial), to evaluate the efficiency of the new COC intervention to improve prenatal HIV testing of male partners, couple counseling for HIV and spousal communication about. Besides the effects of the COC, we documented other conditions for the improvement of previously mentioned indicators. After the proof of concept phase, we realized a second stage which consisted of scaling-up of the new intervention, with implementation conditions very close to the field conditions to take into account the future needs of transferability in practical standard care conditions. The study design used for this phase was the before/ after study (SIMECAM – FGSK project). This type of study was chosen to take into account the organization of the health system with three categories of health facilities at the peripheral level (district hospitals, divisional medical centers and integrated health centers). It also took into account the ethical component resulting from the superiority of the new intervention of COC described in an urban area.

<p>Aim: To establish whether a family centered approach to HIV care in which HIV positive adults are counseled on the importance of having their children tested results in the adults bringing their children under the age of five years for testing and or accessing HIV care, and to explore challenges faced by caregivers in bringing children for testing and care.</p>

<p>Aim: To establish whether a family centered approach to HIV care in which HIV positive adults are counseled on the importance of having their children tested results in the adults bringing their children under the age of five years for testing and or accessing HIV care, and to explore challenges faced by caregivers in bringing children for testing and care.</p>

Magister Public Health - MPH / Aim: To establish whether a family centered approach to HIV care in which HIV positive adults are counseled on the importance of having their children tested results in the adults bringing their children under the age of five years for testing and or accessing HIV care, and to explore challenges faced by caregivers in bringing children for testing and care. / South Africa

Voluntary HIV counselling and testing (VHCT) is one of the key strategies in the prevention of HIV in Ethiopia. However, utilization of the VHCT services among adolescents has been reported as low by previous studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate adolescents’ knowledge and attitudes towards VHCT services among adolescents attending high school in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. A cross-sectional school-based design using quantitative methods was employed to attain the objectives of the study. Data collection was done using self-administered structured questionnaires among 378 adolescent high school students. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed that 75.7% of students are aware of the voluntary HIV counselling and testing services; 62.2% use the services and suggested that VHCT services should be located in schools and youth clubs for better access by adolescents. Thirty-two percent of respondents rated themselves at risk of HIV infection and 35.2% were not willing to disclose their HIV positive status to anybody. The findings of the study clearly indicate a need for a more accessible voluntary HIV counselling and testing services for adolescents. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Voluntary HIV counselling and testing (VHCT) is one of the key strategies in the prevention of HIV in Ethiopia. However, utilization of the VHCT services among adolescents has been reported as low by previous studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate adolescents’ knowledge and attitudes towards VHCT services among adolescents attending high school in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. A cross-sectional school-based design using quantitative methods was employed to attain the objectives of the study. Data collection was done using self-administered structured questionnaires among 378 adolescent high school students. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed that 75.7% of students are aware of the voluntary HIV counselling and testing services; 62.2% use the services and suggested that VHCT services should be located in schools and youth clubs for better access by adolescents. Thirty-two percent of respondents rated themselves at risk of HIV infection and 35.2% were not willing to disclose their HIV positive status to anybody. The findings of the study clearly indicate a need for a more accessible voluntary HIV counselling and testing services for adolescents. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

This study aimed to identify factors affecting women’s utilisation of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV, evaluate the quality of PMTCT services, describe health outcomes of mothers and infants and to identify factors that influence mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. Structured interviews were conducted with 384 women who had utilised PMTCT services. Information was also obtained from the health records of these women and of their infants. Better educated women, who had male partners and were self-employed were more likely to use PMTCT services. Being unmarried, poor and feeling stigmatised made it difficult for women to use these services. Respondents were satisfied with PMTCT services except that clinics sometimes had no medications. The health care workers followed the Ethiopian guidelines during HIV testing and counseling but not when prescribing treatment. Although the respondents’ CD4 cell counts improved, their clinical conditions did not improve. The MTCT rate was significantly higher if infants did not receive ARVs, had APGAR scores below seven, weighed less than 2.5kg at birth, were born prematurely, and if their mothers had nipple fissures. PMTCT services could be improved if more women used these services, health care workers followed the national guidelines when prescribing ARVs, clinics had adequate supplies of medicines, all infants received ARVs, and mothers’ nipple fissures could be prevented. Antenatal care should help to avoid premature births of infants weighing less than 2.5kg and having APGAR scores below 7. Future research should compare formula feeding versus breastfeeding of infants with HIV-positive mothers / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

This study aimed to identify factors affecting women’s utilisation of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV, evaluate the quality of PMTCT services, describe health outcomes of mothers and infants and to identify factors that influence mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. Structured interviews were conducted with 384 women who had utilised PMTCT services. Information was also obtained from the health records of these women and of their infants. Better educated women, who had male partners and were self-employed were more likely to use PMTCT services. Being unmarried, poor and feeling stigmatised made it difficult for women to use these services. Respondents were satisfied with PMTCT services except that clinics sometimes had no medications. The health care workers followed the Ethiopian guidelines during HIV testing and counseling but not when prescribing treatment. Although the respondents’ CD4 cell counts improved, their clinical conditions did not improve. The MTCT rate was significantly higher if infants did not receive ARVs, had APGAR scores below seven, weighed less than 2.5kg at birth, were born prematurely, and if their mothers had nipple fissures. PMTCT services could be improved if more women used these services, health care workers followed the national guidelines when prescribing ARVs, clinics had adequate supplies of medicines, all infants received ARVs, and mothers’ nipple fissures could be prevented. Antenatal care should help to avoid premature births of infants weighing less than 2.5kg and having APGAR scores below 7. Future research should compare formula feeding versus breastfeeding of infants with HIV-positive mothers / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)