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HIV Vulnerability amongst South Asian Immigrant Women in TorontoKteily-Hawa, Roula 08 August 2013 (has links)
This thesis focuses on the structural and behavioural factors that placed South Asian immigrant women living with HIV/AIDS in the Greater Toronto Area at risk. Informed by Connell's social theory of gender (1987), this study examined the role of hegemonic masculinity in legitimizing male power and contributing to the HIV risk of these women.
By conducting one-on-one interviews with 12 HIV-positive immigrant women, meaningful constructions of the women's narratives and accounts of their experiences relative to HIV were created. This study examined the intersection of power ideologies such as gender, race and class in specific contexts as they generated particular experiences that affected women's risk for HIV.
Following a community-based research approach, a collaborative relationship was established with the Alliance for South Asian AIDS Prevention where qualitative methods of analysis and an inductive approach with an iterative process were followed.
Factors such as isolation, economic dependence on their husbands, discrimination, racism, investment in psychologically and emotionally abusive relationships, combined with the absence of support from their family of origin exacerbated the women's risk of HIV infection. The strong ties exhibited by most of the women to their religious/ethnic communities helped sustain a gender-based social hierarchy.
To facilitate dialogue and social change for South Asian women, gender and culture need to be situated in social and historical contexts. As such, programs should be understood within a larger critical understanding of the social power relations and history of Canadian immigration patterns. Using anti-racist frameworks, initiatives should address violence against women, while tackling interrelated issues (i.e., housing, poverty, etc.).
This work draws attention to oppressions through the experiences of a community of women who are rarely given a voice within the context of research on HIV/AIDS. It will be also helpful for Ontario’s HIV prevention strategy and the field of women's sexual health.
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University of the Western Cape students’ perceptions of alcohol use as a risk factor to HIV infectionKelly, Tarryn Lee January 2010 (has links)
Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / Alcohol remains the most commonly abused substance in South Africa and several
studies have shown associations between alcohol use and risky sexual behaviours, which pose a risk of HIV infection. Research indicates that the age group of 15-24 years is a high risk group for HIV infection. This study aimed at examining the perceptions of alcohol as a risk factor to HIV infection amoungst a sample of university students.Specifically, this study tested the hypotheses that most students perceive that those who consume alcohol were more likely to engage in unprotected sex, sex with multiple partners, casual sex and transactional sex. The Information Motivation Behavioural(IMB) skills model provided the theoretical framework for the study. Using a quantitative research design, a survey questionnaire was used to collect the data. The sample consisted of 240 first year psychology students (192 females, 48 males). Data analyses indicated support for the hypotheses that alcohol consumption was perceived as high risk for unprotected sex, casual sex and sex with multiple partners. However, the data showed no support for the hypothesis of alcohol increasing the risk of transactional sex. The data also indicated that non-drinkers were more likely to perceive alcohol as a risk factor than drinkers. The recognition by students of alcohol as a risk factor for HIV infection provides an opportunity for raising awareness about safer sex practices at institutions of higher learning in South Africa.
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Experiences of Black MSM at an HBCU Regarding Stigma and HIV Risk BehaviorJeter, Natasha Harden 01 January 2016 (has links)
Black men who have sex with men (MSM) on Historically Black College/University (HBCU) campuses face a unique set of challenges. In addition to being disproportionately affected by HIV, Black MSM are impacted by risk behavior, stigma, and environmental policies and practices that adversely influence their experiences. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of Black MSM at a HBCU and how stigma, culture, social practices and the collegiate environment impact HIV risk-taking behavior. Utilizing the ecological framework and qualitative analysis, the behaviors of 13 Black MSM on a HBCU campus were examined. Personal interviews and risk assessment questionnaires were analyzed utilizing the phenomenological inquiry method. Data were inductively coded and combined into themes using a qualitative data analysis computer software package. The findings revealed that these 13 participants perceived that HIV-related risk behavior is occurring. They also noted a stigma within the current culture and expressed feelings of marginalization and a negative campus climate from students in the sexual majority. Implications for improving social change from this research include opportunities to (a) establish a culture of social responsibility and consciousness related to the integration and socialization of Black MSM; (b) dialogue regarding the campus climate; and (c) address conscious, unconscious, individual, and environmental stigmas experienced by Black MSM attending this HBCU.
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Adapting a Psychosocial Intervention to reduce HIV risk among likely adolescent participants in HIV biomedical trialsDietrich, Janan Janine 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT : In 2010, young people aged 15–24 years accounted for 42% of new HIV infections globally. In 2009,
about five million (10%) of the total South African population was estimated to be aged 15–19 years.
Current South African national sero-prevalence data estimate the prevalence of HIV to be 5.6% and
0.7% among adolescent girls and boys aged 15–19 years, respectively. HIV infections are mainly
transmitted via sexual transmission. Adolescent sexuality is multi-faceted and influenced at multiple
levels. In preparing to enroll adolescents in future biomedical HIV prevention trials, particularly
prophylactic HIV vaccine trials, it is critical to provide counseling services appropriate to their needs.
At the time of writing, there was no developed psychosocial intervention in South Africa for use among
adolescent vaccine trial participants.
Thus, the aim of the present study is to adapt and pilot-test a psychosocial intervention, namely,
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) risk reduction counseling intervention of Project
Respect, an intervention tasked at being developmentally and contextually appropriate among potential
adolescent participants in HIV biomedical trials in the future. To achieve this overall aim, I
qualitatively explored adolescent sexuality and risk factors for HIV among a diverse sample of
participants aged 16–18 from Soweto. Thereafter, I developed a composite HIV risk scale in order to
measure the variance in HIV risk among the sample of adolescents studied.
The study followed a two-phased, mixed method research design and was informed by
ecological systems theory and integrative model of behavioral prediction. The aim of Phase 1, split into
phases 1a and b, was to conduct focus group discussions (FGDs) and to undertake a cross-sectional
survey, respectively, to determine psychological (for example, self-esteem and depression), behavioral
(specifically, sexual behavior) and social (specifically, social support, parent-adolescent
communication) contexts that placed adolescents at risk for HIV infection. Phase 1a was qualitative, with data collected via nine FGDs: three involved parents of adolescents, four involved adolescents
aged 16–18 years and two counselors. Nine key themes related to adolescent sexuality and risks for
HIV acquisition were identified, namely: (1) dating during adolescence; (2) adolescent girls dating
older men; (3) condom use amongst adolescents; (4) teenage pregnancies; (5) views about
homosexuality; (6) parent-adolescent communication about sexual health; (7) the role of the media; (8)
discipline and perceived government influence; and (9) group sex events. Phase 1b was quantitative
and the data were collected via a cross-sectional survey to investigate the variance of risk for HIV. For
Phase 1b, the sample consisted of 506 adolescents with a mean age of 17 years (interquartile range
[IQR]: 16–18). More than half the participants were female (59%, n = 298). I used a three-step
hierarchical multiple regression model to investigate the variance in risk for HIV. In step 3, the only
significant predictors were “ever threatened to have sex” and “ever forced to have sex”, the
combination of which explained 14% (R2 = 0.14; F (12, 236) = 3.14, p = 0.00). Depression and parentadolescent
communication were added to steps 2 and 3, respectively, with both variables insignificant
in these models.
In Phase 2, I adapted and pilot tested the CDC risk reduction counseling intervention. The
intervention was intended to be developmentally and contextually appropriate among adolescents from
Soweto aged 16–18 years, viewed as potential participants in future HIV biomedical trials. Participants
in Phase 2 were aged 16–18 years; the sample was mainly female (52%, n = 11) and most (91%, n =
19) were secondary school learners in grades 8 to 12. Participants provided feedback about their
experiences of the adapted counseling intervention through in-depth interviews. I identified three main
themes in this regard, namely: benefits of HIV testing services, reasons for seeking counseling and HIV
testing services, and participants’ evaluation of the study visits and counseling sessions. The adapted
CDC risk reduction counseling intervention was found to be acceptable with favorable outcomes for
those adolescents who participated in the piloting phase.
This study adds to the literature on risks for HIV among adolescents in Soweto, South Africa,
by considering multiple levels of influence. Reaching a more complete understanding of ecological
factors contributing to sexual risk behaviors among adolescents in the pilot-study enabled the
development of a tailored counseling intervention. The findings showed the adapted CDC risk
reduction counseling intervention to be feasible and acceptable among adolescents likely to be
participants and eligible to participate in future HIV biomedical prevention trials. Thus, this study
provides a much needed risk reduction counseling intervention that can be used among adolescents, an
age group likely to participate in future HIV vaccine prevention research. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : In 2010 het jongmense tussen die ouderdomme van 15 en 24 jaar 42% van nuwe MIV-infeksies
wêreldwyd uitgemaak. In 2009 was omtrent 5 miljoen mense (10%) van die Suid-Afrikaanse bevolking
tussen 15 en 19 jaar oud. Volgens data oor die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse nasionale sero-voorkoms, word
die voorkoms van MIV onderskeidelik op 5.6% en 0.7% onder tienermeisies en -seuns tussen die
ouderdomme van 15 tot 19 jaar beraam. MIV-infeksies word hoofsaaklik deur seks oorgedra.
Adolessente seksualiteit het baie fasette en word op verskeie vlakke beïnvloed. Ter voorbereiding van
die werwing van adolessente vir toekomstige biomediese proewe, veral proewe oor profilaktiese MIVentstowwe,
is dit van kritiese belang dat beradingsdienste verskaf word wat geskik is vir hul behoeftes.
Op die tydstip wat hierdie tesis geskryf is, het daar nog geen psigososiale intervensie in Suid-Afrika
bestaan vir gebruik onder adolessente deelnemers aan entstofproewe nie.
Daarom is die doel van hierdie studie om ʼn psigososiale intervensie ‒ die Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) se Projek Respek, ʼn beradingsintervensie vir die vermindering van
risiko ‒ aan te pas en met ʼn loodsprojek te toets. Hierdie intervensie is geskik vir die ontwikkelings- en
kontekstuele vlak van adolessente deelnemers aan toekomstige MIV- biomediese proewe. Ten einde
hierdie oorkoepelende doelwit te bereik, het ek adolessente seksualiteit en die risikofaktore vir MIV
onder ʼn diverse steekproef deelnemers tussen die ouderdomme van 16 en 18 jaar van Soweto
kwalitatief ondersoek. Daarna het ek ʼn saamgestelde MIV-risikoskaal ontwikkel om die variansie van
MIV-risiko onder die groep adolessente te meet.
Die studie se navorsingsontwerp het uit twee fases en gemengde metodes bestaan, en is
gebaseer op ekologiesestelsel-teorie en die integrerende gedragsvoorspellingsmodel. Die doel van fase
1, wat in fases 1a en 1b verdeel is, was om onderskeidelik fokusgroepbesprekings te hou en om ʼn
deursnitopname te doen om die sielkundige kontekste (byvoorbeeld elemente van selfbeeld en depressie), gedragskontekste (spesifiek seksuele gedrag) en sosiale kontekste (spesifiek sosiale
ondersteuning en ouer-adolessent-kommunikasie) te bepaal waarin adolessente die risiko loop om
MIV-infeksie op te doen. Fase 1a was kwalitatief en data is deur middel van nege
fokusgroepbesprekings ingesamel: drie met die ouers van adolessente, vier met adolessente tussen 16
en 18 jaar oud en twee met beraders. Nege sleuteltemas is geïdentifiseer wat verband hou met
adolessente seksualiteit en risiko’s om MIV op te doen: (1) verhoudings tydens adolessensie, (2)
tienermeisies wat verhoudings met ouer mans het, (3) die gebruik van kondome onder adolessente, (4)
tienerswangerskappe, (5) sienings oor homoseksualiteit, (6) ouer-adolessent-kommunikasie oor
seksuele gesondheid, (7) die rol van die media, (8) dissipline en die ervaarde regeringsinvloed en
(9) groepseksgeleenthede. Fase 1b was kwantitatief en data is deur middel van ’n deursnitopname
ingesamel om die variansie van risiko vir MIV te ondersoek. Vir Fase 1b het die steekproef bestaan uit
506 adolessente met ’n gemiddelde ouderdom van 17 jaar (interkwartielwydte [IKW]: 16–18). Meer as
die helfte van die deelnemers was vroulik (59%, n = 298). Ek het ’n hiërargiese meervoudige
regressiemodel met drie stappe gebruik om die variansie van risiko vir MIV te ondersoek. Die enigste
beduidende voorspellers in stap 3 was “ooit gedreig om seks te hê” en “ooit geforseer om seks te hê”.
Die kombinasie hiervan het 14% (R2 = 0.14; F (12, 236) = 3.14, p = 0.00) verklaar. Depressie en oueradolessent-
kommunikasie is onderskeidelik in stappe 2 en 3 bygevoeg, en albei veranderlikes was
onbeduidend in hierdie modelle.
In Fase 2 het ek die CDC se intervensie vir die verlaging van risiko aangepas en met ’n
loodsprojek getoets. Die intervensie was bedoel om geskik te wees vir die ontwikkelings- en
kontekstuele vlakke van 16- tot 18-jarige adolessente van Soweto wat beskou is as potensiële
deelnemers aan toekomstige MIV- biomediese proewe. Deelnemers in Fase 2 was 16 tot 18 jaar oud,
die steekproef was hoofsaaklik vroulik (52%, n = 11) en die meeste van die deelnemers (91%, n = 19)
was in grade 8 tot 12 op hoërskool. Deelnemers het tydens indringende onderhoude terugvoering oor hulle ervarings van die aangepaste beradingsintervensie verskaf. Ek het drie hooftemas in hierdie
verband geïdentifiseer, wat die volgende insluit: voordele van MIV-toetsingsdienste, redes waarom
berading en MIV-toetsingsdienste verlang word, en die deelnemers se evaluering van die studiebesoeke
en beradingsessies. Daar is bevind dat die aangepaste beradingsintervensie van die CDC aanvaarbaar
was en gunstige uitkomste gelewer het vir die adolessente wat aan die loodsfase deelgeneem het.
Hierdie studie dra by tot die literatuur oor MIV-risiko’s vir adolessente in Soweto, Suid-Afrika,
deur meervoudige invloedsvlakke te oorweeg. Die feit dat ’n meer volledige begrip tydens die
loodsondersoek verkry is van die interaksie van die ekologiese faktore wat tot seksuele risikogedrag
onder adolessente bydra, het die ontwikkeling van ʼn doelgemaakte intervensie deur berading moontlik
gemaak. Die bevindings het getoon dat die aangepaste beradingsintervensie van die CDC
lewensvatbaar en aanvaarbaar is vir gebruik onder adolessente wat waarskynlik geskikte deelnemers
aan toekomstige biomediese proewe oor MIV-voorkoming kan wees. Hierdie studie verskaf dus ʼn
noodsaaklike beradingsintervensie om die MIV-risiko onder adolessente ‒ ʼn ouderdomsgroep wat
waarskynlik aan toekomstige biomediese navorsing oor MIV-voorkoming sal deelneem ‒ te verminder.
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Men Managing Uncertainty: The Political Economy of HIV in Urban UgandaSchmidt-Sane, Megan M. 02 June 2020 (has links)
No description available.
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Investigating the effectiveness of online social media in influencing HIV risk perceptions of young women in South Africa related to age-disparate relationshipsArmstrong, Elizabeth Jean 02 1900 (has links)
The study investigates the influence of online and social media in HIV
prevention, with a focus on young women and HIV risk perception related to
age-disparate relationships. The study was conducted using an existing online
prevention HIV prevention platform by means of a self-administered online
questionnaire. Convenience sampling was used to recruit between 250 and 500
users between the ages of 18 to 24 years. The results revealed poor HIV risk
perception in 46% of respondents, which seemed influenced by their perception
(38%) that older men are safer sexual partners than younger men. In addition,
this poor risk perception is seemingly influenced by the fact that many young
women (77%) involved in these relationships, viewed these as primarily based
on love and affection and as being “safe”, challenging the commonly held
perception that these are primarily transactional in nature. Further respondents
reported at rates of between 38% and 44% that the platform had improved their
HIV risk perception related to these relationships. In summary, the research
resulted in several recommendations to improve the platform, including
improving ways of getting more and on-going feedback from users on their HIV
risk perceptions and designing content and engagement strategies to address
these. / Sociology / M. A. (Social Behaviour Studies in (HIV/AIDS)
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