Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2007. / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 9 mai 2008). Bibliogr.

OBJECTIVE. To determine if the levels of circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells increase with progression of prostate cancer (PCa); to determine if such cells could contribute to the relative inefficiency of PCa immunotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from untreated PCa patients (uPCa; N=18; mean age±SD: 72.1± 6.9 years), tPCa (N = 22; 72.8 ± 9.8 years) and age matched controls (AMC; N = 12; 68.8 ± 7.5 years). We quantified surface marker phenotype, differentiation potential, effects on T cell proliferation and intracellular cytokines. RESULTS. We observed an unexpectedly high percentage of a type of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, CD14+HLA-DR low/- monocytes, in tPCa (30.7±15.0% of CD14+ cells) relative to AMC (4.1+6.5%, P<0.0001) and uPCa (10.6 ± 14.3%, P = 0.0001). The levels of CD14+ HLA-DR low/- cells were significantly correlated with circulating PSA levels and treatment with LHRH-agonist leuprolide in combination with either an antiandrogen or dexamethasone. Monocytes from tPCa inhibited autologous T cell proliferation statistically significantly more effectively than AMC monocytes and were defective in their ability to differentiate into phenotypically mature dendritic cells. Isolated CD14+HLA-DRlow/- cells expressed higher levels of intracellular interleukin-10 and suppressed T cell proliferation more effectively than isolated CD14+HLA-DR+ cells. CONCLUSIONS. This is the first report of CD14+ cells exhibiting reduced expression of HLADRmolecules in PCa patients. These cells suppress immune cell function in vitro and, plausibly, in vivo, a finding that must be factored into the design of immunotherapy protocols for PCa patients.

Le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) infecte et se réplique dans les cellules du système immunitaire. À sa sortie de la cellule, le virus s’enveloppe d’une partie de la membrane cellulaire et acquiert alors certaines des protéines membranaires de la cellule hôte. C’est le cas de la protéine HLA-DR du complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité de classe II (CMH-II) nécessaire à la présentation antigénique. Son incorporation par le virus augmente le potentiel infectieux et contribue à la persistance du virus. Vpu est une protéine du VIH-1 qui contribue au bourgeonnement viral. Une étude récente a montré que Vpu pourrait diminuer l’expression de HLA-DR mature à la surface des cellules infectées. Toutefois, il est aussi reconnu que Vpu module l’acquisition de HLA-DR mature par le VIH-1. Ces résultats pouvaient être expliqués par un contrôle de la localisation intracellulaire de HLA-DR et/ou des protéines structurales du VIH-1 par Vpu. En somme, Vpu pourrait favoriser les interactions spécifiques entre HLA-DR mature et le VIH-1 tout en diminuant l’expression générale de HLA-DR mature à la surface de la cellule. Nous avons souhaité confirmer ce double rôle de Vpu qui est important dans la pathogénèse du virus puisqu’il bénéficie ainsi des avantages de l’incorporation du HLA-DR mature tout en court-circuitant son rôle dans la réponse antigénique normale. Il est également admis que le virus bourgeonne à partir des microdomaines (radeaux lipidiques) de la cellule hôte. Ces régions de la membrane sont riches en cholestérol et constituent le lieu d’expression préférentiel des molécules de HLA-DR mature. Lors d’un traitement avec de la Simvastatin™, les radeaux lipidiques sont affectés car cette drogue inhibe la synthèse du cholestérol et de surcroit, diminue l’expression de HLA-DR mature à la surface cellulaire. L’usage de la Simvastatin™ nous a renseigné sur l’endroit où le virion pouvait interagir et éventuellement incorporer la molécule de l’hôte HLA-DR dans son enveloppe. Ce projet de recherche à permis de caractériser les interactions entre Vpu et HLA-DR et ainsi de mieux comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels Vpu module à la fois l’expression de HLA-DR à la surface des cellules infectées ainsi que son incorporation sur les virions. Les études conduites en microscopie confocale par co-marquage fluorescent de Vpu et HLA-DR ont conduit à la mise en évidence de l’existence d’une interaction entre Vpu et HLA-DR au sein de la cellule infectée. Les mesures de l’expression de HLA-DR à la surface de cellules infectées et de son incorporation à la surface des virions à l’aide des techniques de cytométrie en flux et d’immunocapture ont également permis de confirmer la modulation de l’expression de HLA-DR par Vpu. Enfin, le traitement des cellules infectées avec la Simvastatin™ nous a permis d’émettre l’hypothèse que l’acquisition de HLA-DR s’effectuait à une étape antérieure au bourgeonnement viral. Pour finir, nous avons tenté de corréler les différences observées dans la pathogénèse de certains sous-types viraux avec la variabilité de la séquence de Vpu entre ceux-ci, en lien avec une différence de localisation subcellulaire de Vpu. Les études conduites dans le cadre de mon projet de maîtrise ont contribués à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes d’acquisition des molécules de l’hôte et de leur possible répercussion sur la pathogénèse du VIH-1 par différents sous-types viraux. Elles renseignent également de manière substantielle sur le rôle de Vpu, protéine dont le rôle est demeuré relativement méconnu dans la pathogénèse du VIH-1 ainsi que sur les mécanismes d’acquisition des molécules de l’hôte par le VIH-1. Les résultats présentés dans ce mémoire devraient susciter un regain d’intérêt pour cette protéine ainsi que pour les mécanismes d’incorporation des molécules de l’hôte par le VIH-1. / The type-1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infects and replicates itself in the immune system cells. When it buds out, the virus covers itself with a part of the plasma membrane and then acquires some of the host membrane proteins. It is the case for the HLA-DR protein from the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) necessary for antigen presentation. Its viral incorporation increases the infectious potential and contributes to viral persistence. Vpu is an HIV-1 protein which contributes to the viral budding process. A recent study showed that Vpu could decrease the mature HLA-DR expression at the infected cell surface. Nevertheless, it is also known that Vpu modulates the mature HLA-DR acquisition by HIV-1. Those results could be explained by a control of the intracellular localization of HLA-DR and/or some HIV-1 structural protein by Vpu. In summary, Vpu could promote specific interactions between mature HLA-DR and HIV-1 while decreasing the general expression of mature HLA-DR at the cell surface. We wished to confirm the dual role of Vpu which is important in the viral pathogenesis by getting the mature HLA-DR incorporation advantages while short-circuiting its role in the normal antigen response. It is also accepted that the virus buds out from the infected cell lipid raft. These region are highly enriched with cholesterol and the preferential expression location of mature HLA-DR. With a Simvastatin™ treatment, the lipid raft are disrupt because this drug inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol, therefore down-modulating the mature HLA-DR expression at the cell surface. Using Simvastatin™ inform us on where the virus could possibly acquire the mature host molecule HLA-DR in its envelop. This research project allowed us to characterise the possible interactions between Vpu and HLA-DR that led to a better understanding of the mechanism by which Vpu modulates HLA-DR at the infected cell surface and its viral incorporation. The study conducted by confocal microscopy using multiple fluorescent tagging of Vpu and HLA-DR has led to the evidence of an interaction between Vpu and mature HLA-DR in an infected cell. The measurement of the cell surface expression of HLA-DR and its viral incorporation by flow cytometer and immunocapture techniques also allowed the confirmation of the Vpu modulation on HLA-DR expression. Finally, the Simvastatin™ treatment on infected cells allowed us to hypothesis that the mature HLA-DR acquisition was done at an earlier stage that the viral budding. To conclude, we also attempted to correlate the difference in the pathogenesis of some HIV-1 subtype with the sequence variability of Vpu between them: a link with a different subcellular localization of Vpu. The studies that have been performed in order to complete my master diploma have contributed to a better understanding of the acquisition mechanism of certain host molecules and their impact on different sub-types of HIV-1 pathogenesis. They also give substantial information on the roles of Vpu, a virus-encoded protein whose involvement in HIV-1 pathogenesis remains to be defined and on the acquisition mechanism of some host molecule by HIV-1. The results presented in this thesis will probably arouse an interest renewal for this protein and for the host molecule incorporation mechanism used by HIV-1.

Le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH) cause quotidiennement 14 000 nouvelles infections et 8 000 décès (1). Certes, les antirétroviraux actuels aident le système immunitaire des porteurs du VIH à contenir le virus. Néanmoins, ils sont inefficaces pour guérir l’infection vu l’intégration du génome viral dans celui de la personne infectée. Ainsi, la prévention de l’infection demeure, en ce moment, la meilleure arme dont nous disposions contre ce rétrovirus. La connaissance du cycle de réplication du VIH-1 constitue la pierre angulaire de la conception de médicaments et d’outils de prévention. C’est pourquoi nous en étudions des étapes encore peu définies comme le bourgeonnement, et plus particulièrement l’incorporation de molécules d’origine cellulaire dans l’enveloppe virale. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse montrent que des isolats cliniques du VIH-1 acquièrent les molécules HLA-DR, ICAM-1, CD40, CD86 et CD40L des cellules qu’ils infectent dans des modèles de culture de cellules reflétant au mieux la réalité du corps humain, telles des cultures ex vivo de portions d’amygdales palatines. Par le fait même, nous sommes les premiers à mentionner la présence de CD40L dans l’enveloppe du VIH-1. Également, nos résultats relatifs à l’appropriation des protéines cellulaires HLA-DR et CD40L par ce virus prouvent que celle-ci découle d’un mécanisme indépendant des glycoprotéines de l’enveloppe virale. Nos résultats démontrent aussi que les lymphocytes B d’amygdales palatines sont activés suite à la sollicitation de leur récepteur CD40 par la molécule CD40L insérée dans l’enveloppe du VIH-1. Ainsi, la translocation de NF-κB au noyau de ces cellules est induite, de même que la sécrétion d’anticorps IgG et d’IL-6 et l’adhésion cellulaire homotypique. La molécule CD40L permet au virus de mieux se lier aux lymphocytes B qui le transmettent par ailleurs aux lymphocytes T CD4+. Enfin, caractériser davantage le mécanisme d’acquisition de molécules de l’hôte par le VIH-1 et son impact sur la pathogenèse associée au virus contribuera peut-être à identifier des molécules pouvant être ciblées par une nouvelle thérapie, voire une immunisation. / Ever since mankind faced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), advances in research have been compromised by many difficulties, some of them being related to the complexity of the virus. Because HIV causes 14 000 new infections and 8 000 deaths daily (1), we must work intensely to fight this pathogen. Although antiretroviral drugs help the immune system of HIV-infected individuals to contain the virus, these drugs are ineffective to cure the infection, considering that the viral genome is integrated within the host genome. Thus, the best way to fight HIV infection at this point is to prevent it. The design of new therapies and prevention tools rely on our knowledge of the replication cycle of HIV. Therefore, we study steps of the viral cycle that are less defined, such as budding, and particularly the incorporation of molecules of cellular origin in the viral envelope. The results we present in this thesis show that host-derived HLA-DR, ICAM-1, CD40, CD86 and CD40L molecules are acquired by clinical isolates of HIV-1 produced in the most natural culture models, such as pieces of palatine tonsils cultured ex vivo. Moreover, we are the first to report the CD40L molecule as being part of HIV-1’s envelope. Also, our results indicate that incorporation of host HLA-DR and CD40L is independent of viral envelope glycoproteins. Furthermore, our results show that B lymphocytes from tonsils are activated following the binding of their CD40 receptor by the CD40L molecule inserted in the envelope of HIV-1. The translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus of cells is then induced, as for the secretion of IgG antibodies, production of IL-6 and homotypic cell-to-cell adhesion. The CD40L protein facilitates binding of virions to B lymphocytes which transfer them to T CD4+ lymphocytes. In the future, further investigation of the mechanism of HIV-1 host molecule incorporation and its impact on HIV-1 pathogenesis may help in the identification of new molecules being able to be targeted by a new therapy or immunization.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:16:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HeglaynePVS_DISSERT.pdf: 2645894 bytes, checksum: da2c7ec39b2e87b75a199511857a4e83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Of all of the genes associated with the development of Diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1D), the largest contribution comes from the genes in the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) region, mostly the class II DR e DQ genes. Specific combinations of alleles DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 constituting haplotypes, and further, a combination of more than one haplotype, providing multilocus genotypes are associated with susceptibility, protection and neutrality to DM1. Thus, the aim of present study was to verified the association of polymorphisms of HLA genes class II with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). Ninety-two patients with T1D and 100 individuals normoglycemics (NG) aged between 6 and 20 years were studied. Genomic DNA was obtained from peripheral whole blood, collected in EDTA tube, using the extraction kit Illustra Triple Prep?, GE Healthcare. For HLA typing was used DNA LABType system by One Lambda kit applying Luminex? technology to the method of PCRSSO typing reverse. The alleles DRB1*03:01, *04:05, *04:01, *04:02, DQA1*03:01g, *05:01g, DQB1*02:01g, *03:02, the haplotypes DRB1*03:01-DQA1*05:01-DQB1*02:01, DRB1*04:05-DQA1*03:01g-DQB1*03:02, DRB1*04:02-DQA1*03:01g-DQB1*03:02, DRB1*04:01-DQA1*03:01g-DQB1*03:02 and DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8 genotype were significantly associated with the chance of developing T1D. The alleles DRB1*11:01, *15:03, *15:01, *13:01, DQA1*01:02, *04:01g, *01:03, DQB1*06:02, *03:01g, *06:03, *04:02, the haplotypes DRB1*11:01-DQA1*05:01-DQB1*03:01, DRB1*13:01-DQA1*01:03-DQB1*06:03 and DRX-DQX/DRX-DQX genotype, formed by other than the DR3-DQ2 or DR4-DQ8 haplotypes, were significantly associated with T1D protection Despite the major racial Brazilian, even at the regional level, these results are similar to the majority of alleles, genotypes and haplotypes of HLA class II-related susceptibility or resistance to T1D, extensively described in the literature for Caucasian population. Children with age at diagnosis less than 5 years of age had significantly higher frequency of the heterozygous genotype DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8 compared to children with age at diagnosis than 5 years old. These results also demonstrate strong association of the genetic profile of the class II HLA for this age group, possibly associated with the severity and rapid progression to the onset of T1D. The knowledge of HLA class II genes may be useful in genetic screens that allow the prediction of T1D / De todos os genes j? relacionados com o desenvolvimento do Diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1), a maior contribui??o vem da regi?o do genoma onde est?o localizados os genes do Ant?geno Leucocit?rio Humano (HLA), sobretudo os genes da classe II do HLA: DR e DQ. Espec?ficas combina??es de alelos DRB1, DQA1 e DQB1 formando hapl?tipos, e ainda, a combina??o de mais de um hapl?tipo, formando gen?tipos multilocus s?o associados com a susceptibilidade, neutralidade e prote??o ao DM1. Dessa forma, o objetivo do estudo foi verificar a associa??o dos polimorfismos dos genes do complexo HLA classe II com a susceptibilidade ao DM1, em pacientes do Rio Grande do Norte. Foram estudados 92 indiv?duos com DM1 e 100 indiv?duos normoglic?micos (NG), com idade entre 6 e 20 anos. O DNA gen?mico foi obtido a partir do sangue total perif?rico, coletado em tubo com EDTA, utilizando o kit de extra??o Illustra Triple Prep?, GE Healthcare. Para a tipagem do HLA foi utilizado o sistema DNA LABType atrav?s de kits One Lambda, que aplica a tecnologia Luminex? ao m?todo de tipagem por PCR-SSO reverso. Os alelos DRB1*03:01, *04:05, *04:01, *04:02; DQA1*03:01g, 05:01g; DQB1*02:01g, *03:02; os hapl?tipos DRB1*03:01-DQA1*05:01-DQB1*02:01, DRB1*04:05-DQA1*03:01g- DQB1*03:02, DRB1*04:02-DQA1*03:01g-DQB1*03:02, DRB1*04:01-DQA1*03:01g- DQB1*03:02 e o gen?tipo heterozigoto, DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8 foram significativamente associados com a chance de desenvolvimento do DM1. J? os alelos DRB1*11:01, *15:03, *15:01, *13:01; DQA1*01:02, *04:01g, *01:03; DQB1*06:02, *03:01g, *06:03, *04:02; os hapl?tipos DRB1*11:01-DQA1*05:01-DQB1*03:01, DRB1*13:01-DQA1*01:03-DQB1*06:03 e o gen?tipo DRX-DQX/DRX-DQX, formado por outros hapl?tipos que n?o DR3-DQ2 ou DR4-DQ8, foram significativamente associados a prote??o ao DM1. Apesar da grande miscigena??o racial brasileira, at? em n?vel regional, estes resultados s?o semelhantes a maioria dos alelos, hapl?tipos e gen?tipos de HLA classe II relacionados ? susceptibilidade ou prote??o ao DM1, extensivamente descritos na literatura para a popula??o caucasiana. Crian?as com idade ao diagn?stico inferior a 5 anos de idade apresentaram significativamente maior frequ?ncia do gen?tipo heterozigoto DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8, quando comparada ?s crian?as com idade ao diagn?stico superior a 5 anos de idade. Esses resultados demonstram tamb?m forte envolvimento do perfil gen?tico da classe II do HLA para esta faixa et?ria, que estaria relacionada possivelmente com a gravidade e a r?pida progress?o para o in?cio do DM1. O conhecimento dos genes HLA de classe II pode ser ?til em triagens gen?ticas que possibilitem a predi??o do DM1

La population actuelle de l'archipel des Comores est considérée comme étant le résultat de contacts entre des populations d'origine Africaine Bantoue, Arabe et Austronésienne. Le but de cette étude est de décrire sa structure génétique, au travers de l'analyse de six groupes sanguins érythrocytaires, du polymorphisme du locus HLA-DR-B1 et des gènes KIR. 164 individus, non apparentés, d'origine Comorienne résidant à Marseille ont été étudiés. Les résultats révèlent que la contribution génétique des populations originaires de l'Afrique Bantoue est la plus importante (50 à 60%) et est en accord avec la forte influence culturelle encore présente. La contribution des populations en provenance de la Péninsule Arabique est plus faible (30%) et semble à la hauteur de leur influence religieuse et linguistique. Enfin, comme au niveau linguistique, l'impact du Sud Est Asiatique sur le pool génétique Comorien paraît quasiment absent. De plus, cette étude génétique, en révélant les écarts phénotypiques qui existent entre une population migrante et celle des donneurs de sang du pays d'accueil, souligne la nécessité d'actions spécifiques de sensibilisation au don de sang.

Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) consists of an LDL-like particle and the specific protein apo(a), which is very similar to plasminogen. Apo(a) contains repeated kringle structures and a serine protease domain, which cannot be activated by t-PA. Lp(a) is considered to be a predictor for atherosclerotic disease. It has been found incorporated in atherosclerotic plaques and inhibits in vitro fibrinolysis. Lp(a) was determined in 1527 randomly selected individuals participating in the Northern Sweden WHO-MONICA project. A weak but significant relation between Lp(a) and increasing age was found. Menopausal status was the strongest independent predictor of Lp(a) level in women. Fibrinogen was independently related to Lp(a) in both sexes. Only a minor fraction of Lp(a) variance could be explained for in a multiple regression model, which is in agreement with the contention that Lp(a) is highly genetically determined. Lp(a) was determined in 1571 patients investigated with coronary angiography because of suspected severe coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients with proven CAD at elective angiography had significantly higher Lp(a) than patients without significant CAD or healthy controls. Lp(a) was found to be an independent discriminator of CAD in both sexes. HLA-DR genotype 13 or 17 was found more frequently in 30 male patients with angiographic CAD at young age (&lt; 50 years) than in 30 age matched controls. These genotypes were common in patients with high Lp(a) levels, which indicates that Lp(a) may be related to immunological processes. The reaction of Lp(a) was investigated in 32 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Lp(a) increased during the first week, but the response was comparatively weak. Individual Lp(a) responses were heterogeneous and no correlations to infarct size or changes in the acute phase proteins were found. In a randomized cross-over study on 36 hypercholesterolaemic patients treated with simvastatin/placebo during 12+12 weeks Lp(a) did not change significantly, but patients with high Lp(a) levels at baseline tended to develop further increased Lp(a). To conclude, Lp(a) was found to be an independent predictor of angiographic CAD in both men and women. Lp(a) levels are primarily genetically determined and only a small fraction of Lp(a) variance could be explained by other factors in this study. Lp(a) may be related to HLA DR types and immunological processes involved in atherosclerotic disease. Lp(a) increased slightly during the first week of AMI, but was not related to changes in the acute-phase proteins. The effective LDL-lowering agent simvastatin did not influence Lp(a) significantly. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1993, härtill 5 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2010.

Introduction: Virus-specific CD8+ T cells are crucial to suppress the viral replication in HIV infection. Their functional status is important as well. Also, the chronic nonspecific immune activation of T and B lymphocytes plays an important role in the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. Aim of the study: To analyze the frequency and functional status of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells and the expression of nonspecific activation markers on B and T cells in HIV+ patients and to assess the effect of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) on these parameters. Patients and methods: Our cohort included 80 HIV+ patients: 36 HIV+ patients on cART, 18 patients without therapy, in whom cART was introduced during our study, 9 patients without therapy, 10 patients with primary HIV infection, 3 long-term non-progressors and 4 patients initially on cART, in whom the therapy was discontinued. Control group consisted of 34 HIV- healthy individuals. We examined CD4+ a CD8+ T cell counts, viral load, expression of nonspecific activation markers on T cells and the frequency of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells by ELISpot method and flow cytometry using MHC tetramers and intracellular cytokine detection. Results: No significant differences in HIV-specific CD8+ T cells were found between treated and untreated HIV+ patients. The frequency...