O gene hrcA é encontrado em quase todos os ramos da árvore filogenética das eubactérias, e seu produto, a proteína HrcA, funciona como repressor da expressão dos operons de choque térmico groESL e dnaKJ, ligando-se à seqüência repetida invertida denominada CIRCE (controlling inverted repeat of chaperonin expression) presente na região regulatória destes operons. O sistema HrcA-CIRCE está, portanto, amplamente representado nas eubactérias. Particularmente, em Caulobacter crescentus, uma α-proteobactéria, este sistema está envolvido no controle da expressão do operon groESL durante o ciclo celular da bactéria. Conhecer a estrutura e as interações de HrcA é importante para entender este processo. Neste trabalho são apresentadas as análises de seqüência das HrcA\'s de C. crescentus e de Xylella fastidiosa, uma proteobactéria do grupo γ, as quais são muito similares. Este estudo levou à proposta de um modelo estrutural com a delimitação dos domínios da proteína, os dobramentos de cada domínio, com base nas interações da HrcA de C. crescentus com o elemento CIRCE e ATP, que estão sendo caracterizadas em nosso laboratório, assim como a atribuição de aminoácidos e motivos conservados funcionais. Adicionalmente, embora a expressão da HrcA recombinante de X. fastidiosa não tenha tido sucesso, a HrcA recombinante de C. crescentus purificada tem se prestado aos ensaios espectroscópicos, ainda que tenha sido detectada uma microagregação que está sendo enfrentada com um protocolo de purificação baseado no uso de α ciclodextrina. Os estudos espectroscópicos preliminares da HrcA C. crescentus dão suporte ao modelo estrutural proposto. / The hrcA gene is found in almost all branches of the filogenetic tree of eubacteria, and its product, the protein HrcA, functions as a repressor regulating the expression of the heat shock operons groESL and dnaKJ, by binding to the inverted repeat sequence called CIRCE (controlling inverted repeat of chaperonin expression). The system HrcA-CIRCE, therefore, is widely represented in eubacteria. Specifically in Caulobacter crescentus, an α-proteobacterium, this system is involved in the cell-cycle control of groESL expression (Baldini et al, 1998). Knowledge of the structure of HrcA and its interactions is important to understand this process. This work presents the analysis of the sequences of HrcA from C. crescentus and Xylella fastidiosa, a proteobacterium of the γ group, which are very similar. A structural model has been proposed, with protein domain delimitation, specific domain folding, based on known interactions of C. crescentus HrcA with the CIRCE element and ATP, obtained in our laboratory, as well as assignment of functional residues and conserved motifs. Additionally, even though no sucess was obtained the expression of recombinant HrcA from X. fastidiosa, purified recombinant HrcA from C. crescentus has been shown to be suitable for spectroscopic studies, in spite of microagregation observed, which is being faced with a purification protocol based on the use of α cyclodextrin. The preliminary spectroscopic studies of HrcA from C. crescentus support the proposed structural model.

Cette thèse présente le développement d'une nouvelle méthode de détection portable d'ADN bactérien. Une solution concentrée de longs ADNs forme des agrégats lorsqu'elle est soumise à un fort champ électrique dans un microcanal, qui sont détectables par conductimétrie. Après optimisation, un instrument portable incluant un système microfluidique et un module électronique compact pour le contrôle des champs électriques a été obtenu. Pour la détection de biomarqueurs usuels, une amplification isotherme d'ADN appelée HRCA a été testé de façon à allonger puis amplifier ces courts ADN en longs produits. Des expériences en temps-réel, une simulation de la cinétique d'amplification et une modélisation théorique ont permis la caractérisation de la réaction et de conclure que la plupart des produits générés en solution sont de petites tailles. Une réaction en deux étapes combinant une SDA et une RCA a finalement été développée pour amplifier, allonger puis détecter 10pM de séquences d'ADN issues de Staphylococcus Aureus. L'intégration sur puce d'une étape de traitement de l'échantillon et de la réaction d'amplification a nécessité le développement d'une nouvelle technologie nommée "murs mobiles". Ces structures 3D, contenant des microcanaux ou des membranes en hydrogel, peuvent être déplacées manuellement à l'intérieur de microsystèmes pour diverses applications: valves, séparation de chambres microfluidiques, préconcentration de molécules ou pour le développement de puces microfluidiques reconfigurables. / This thesis presents the development of a new portable detection method for bacteria. When subjected to a high electric field in a confined microchannel, a concentrated solution of long DNA formed large aggregates, detectable by conductometry. A previous prototype has been optimized to obtain a portable and label-free instrument including a microfluidic system and a compact electronic for the control of the electric field. To apply this technique to current DNA biomarkers, an isothermal amplification reaction called Hyper-branched Rolling-Circle Amplification (HRCA) was tested in order to simultaneously elongate and amplify short DNAs into long products. Real-time experiments, kinetic simulations and theoretical approaches were used to characterize and model this reaction, leading to the conclusion that most of the products generated in solution are small DNAs. A two-step amplification combining a Strand-Displacement Amplification (SDA) and a RCA was finally developed to amplify then elongate DNA sequences from Staphylococcus Aureus, with a LOD of 1pM. Preconcentration of DNA and addition of reagents for sequential reactions into a microreactor were necessary to integrate pre-detection steps into a portable system. A new toolbox, called "sliding wall" was developed for these needs. Elongated microfabricated structures containing channels or hydrogel membranes could be manually displaced into a closed microchip, enabling compartmentalization, valving, molecule trapping and reconfiguration of a channel network.

O gene hrcA é encontrado em quase todos os ramos da árvore filogenética das eubactérias, e seu produto, a proteína HrcA, funciona como repressor da expressão dos operons de choque térmico groESL e dnaKJ, ligando-se à seqüência repetida invertida denominada CIRCE (controlling inverted repeat of chaperonin expression) presente na região regulatória destes operons. O sistema HrcA-CIRCE está, portanto, amplamente representado nas eubactérias. Particularmente, em Caulobacter crescentus, uma α-proteobactéria, este sistema está envolvido no controle da expressão do operon groESL durante o ciclo celular da bactéria. Conhecer a estrutura e as interações de HrcA é importante para entender este processo. Neste trabalho são apresentadas as análises de seqüência das HrcA\'s de C. crescentus e de Xylella fastidiosa, uma proteobactéria do grupo γ, as quais são muito similares. Este estudo levou à proposta de um modelo estrutural com a delimitação dos domínios da proteína, os dobramentos de cada domínio, com base nas interações da HrcA de C. crescentus com o elemento CIRCE e ATP, que estão sendo caracterizadas em nosso laboratório, assim como a atribuição de aminoácidos e motivos conservados funcionais. Adicionalmente, embora a expressão da HrcA recombinante de X. fastidiosa não tenha tido sucesso, a HrcA recombinante de C. crescentus purificada tem se prestado aos ensaios espectroscópicos, ainda que tenha sido detectada uma microagregação que está sendo enfrentada com um protocolo de purificação baseado no uso de α ciclodextrina. Os estudos espectroscópicos preliminares da HrcA C. crescentus dão suporte ao modelo estrutural proposto. / The hrcA gene is found in almost all branches of the filogenetic tree of eubacteria, and its product, the protein HrcA, functions as a repressor regulating the expression of the heat shock operons groESL and dnaKJ, by binding to the inverted repeat sequence called CIRCE (controlling inverted repeat of chaperonin expression). The system HrcA-CIRCE, therefore, is widely represented in eubacteria. Specifically in Caulobacter crescentus, an α-proteobacterium, this system is involved in the cell-cycle control of groESL expression (Baldini et al, 1998). Knowledge of the structure of HrcA and its interactions is important to understand this process. This work presents the analysis of the sequences of HrcA from C. crescentus and Xylella fastidiosa, a proteobacterium of the γ group, which are very similar. A structural model has been proposed, with protein domain delimitation, specific domain folding, based on known interactions of C. crescentus HrcA with the CIRCE element and ATP, obtained in our laboratory, as well as assignment of functional residues and conserved motifs. Additionally, even though no sucess was obtained the expression of recombinant HrcA from X. fastidiosa, purified recombinant HrcA from C. crescentus has been shown to be suitable for spectroscopic studies, in spite of microagregation observed, which is being faced with a purification protocol based on the use of α cyclodextrin. The preliminary spectroscopic studies of HrcA from C. crescentus support the proposed structural model.

Der "Leukocyte Receptor Complex" (LRC) ist ein DNA-Sequenzabschnitt auf dem Chromosom 19 des Menschen, der eine Länge von über 900.000 Basenpaaren umfaßt. In diesem Chromosomenabschnitt ist eine Vielzahl von Genen lokalisiert, die für die Funktion verschiedener weißer Blutzellen (Leukozyten) von entscheidender Bedeutung sind. Bei den aus diesen Genen synthetisierten Proteinen (Eiweißen) handelt es sich um Strukturen, die auf der Oberfläche dieser Zellen lokalisiert sind und zur Interaktion der Leukozyten mit ihrer Umgebung dienen. Diese auch als Rezeptoren bezeichneten Proteine können mit Oberflächenproteinen auf anderen Körperzellen wechselwirken und daraus resultierende Signale in das Innere der Blutzelle weiterleiten. <br /> In der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit wurde der LRC im Detail untersucht. Hierzu wurde zunächst der gesamte Chromosomenabschnitt aus kleineren, einander überlappenden DNA-Fragmenten rekonstruiert. Aufgrund der in diesen DNA-Fragmenten enthaltenen DNA-Sequenzen war es möglich, den gesamten Chromosomenabschnitt ähnlich einem Puzzle zusammenzusetzen. Die anschließende Analyse des LRC zeigte, daß sich dieser in drei Bereiche, sogenannte Cluster, unterteilen läßt. Diese Cluster sind dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß in ihnen jeweils nur Gene eines Rezeptortyps vorkommen. Hierbei handelt es sich um ‚immunoglobulin-like transcript′ -Gene (ILT) und ‚killer cell Ig-like receptor′-Gene (KIR). Die KIR- und ILT-Cluster werden von weiteren stammesgeschichtlich verwandten Genen unterbrochen und flankiert. Je nach Individuum können im LRC bis zu 31 solcher verwandten Rezeptorgene lokalisiert sein. Auf der Grundlage der Kartierungsdaten und von Daten des humanen Genomprojekts war es zudem möglich, evolutionäre Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung des LRC durchzuführen. Dabei wurde eine Hypothese zur Entstehung des LRC entworfen und zu anderen Spezies in Beziehung gesetzt. <br /> Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit habe ich aufbauend auf der sogenannten HRCA-Methode eine Technik entwickelt, die es erlaubt kleinste Unterschiede zwischen DNA-Sequenzen, sogenannte Einzelbasenpaaraustausche, nachzuweisen. Die entwickelte Methode kann verwendet werden, um sehr ähnliche DNA-Sequenzen, wie z.B. verschiedene KIR-Sequenzen, zu unterscheiden und ihre Menge zu bestimmen. Sie ist außerdem geeignet Mutationen, die mit bestimmten Krankheiten assoziiert sind, nachzuweisen und könnte somit in der Diagnostik Anwendung finden. / The Leukocyte Receptor Complex (LRC) is a DNA region on human chromosome 19 with a length of approximately 900.000 base pairs. A number of genes, which are located in this chromosomal region, are known to be important for the function of some types of white blood cells (leukocytes). The products of theses genes are proteins, which are located on the surface of these cells and enable them to interact with their environment. These proteins are also called receptors. They can bind to cell surface proteins on other cells and transmit resulting signals into the leukocyte. <br /> During my work I analyzed the chromosomal organization of the LRC in detail. To do so, I reconstructed the whole chromosomal region from smaller overlapping DNA fragments. Due to the DNA sequences contained within these fragments it was possible to put the whole chromosomal region together like a puzzle. The following analyses of the LRC showed that it is mainly composed of three regions, so called clusters. These clusters are characterised by the presence of only one receptor family. These are the immunoglobulin-like transcripts (ILTs) and the killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR) respectively. In the LRC the KIR- and ILT-Clusters are flanked by additional receptor genes, which are evolutionary related to KIRs and ILTs. The number of receptor genes in the LRC varies between individuals, their can be up to 31 genes on each chromosome. <br /> On the basis of the data obtained in this work as well as data from the human genome project it was also possible to draw conclusions concerning the evolutionary development of the LRC. I developed a hypothesis of the origin of the LRC and discussed this in comparison to other species. <br /> In the second part of my thesis I developed a new technique based on the so-called ’hyper-branched rolling circle amplification′ (HRCA). This technique allows the detection of small differences between two or more DNA molecules, so called ’single nucleotide polymorphisms′ (SNPs). With this newly developed method it is possible to distinguish very similar variants of a gene, e.g. two KIR sequences, and to determine their relative concentration. The method can also be used to detect mutations, which are associated with certain diseases and could therefore be used for diagnostic purposes.