Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2008. / Typescript. "This dissertation investigates the role of affective vs. deliberative information processing in the genesis and use of emotional reactions in decisions to provide financial aid to people in distress"--P. iv. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-175). Also available online in Scholars' Bank; and in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.

Thesis (M.A.A.S.) -- Air University, 2004. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on April 23, 2009). "June 2004." Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-105).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Carleton University, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 245-270). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (M.A.) - Simon Fraser University, 2004. / Theses (Dept. of Geography) / Simon Fraser University. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 186-192).

Magister Legum - LLM / This research paper focuses on the legal protection of humanitarian workers. It refers to the experience of governmental organizations with a humanitarian vocation, and international humanitarian organizations, such as, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), active in more than 80 countries. The ICRC was created in order provide assistance and protection to wounded combatants,11 but its activity has gradually extended to include prisoners of war and civilians, territories. Also Medecin Sans Frontiere (MSF), functioning in more than 70 countries, was established to provide medical assistance to victims of conflicts or natural and other disasters. / South Africa

This thesis examines the concept of solidarity and how it can contribute to the understanding of the criminalisation of those who provide humanitarian assistance to undocumented migrants in Europe. It also looks at acts of resistance against such criminalisation. Alternative explanations are explored on the basis of theories of solidarity, previous research and collection of material from international and European institutions on the legal situation within the European Union. Particular attention is given to illustrative cases focusing primarily on the more or less publicly acceptable provision of healthcare and the less publicly acceptable provision of housing. Criminalisation can be understood in the light of exclusive solidarity only for those with citizenship or residence permit and as a part of immigration enforcement by deterring those who want to help and therefore discouraging irregular migrants from staying in the EU. Resistance against such criminalisation is built locally, on the basis of solidarity with undocumented migrants that are relatable and familiar, which also explains why solidarity is harder to achieve on a national and European level. Resistance against criminalisation is also built on faith, dignity and other grounds such as cost-benefit estimates for cities tackling issues such as social inclusion and public health.

For years, scholars have investigated the effectiveness of aid dollars. Some scholars measure aid effectiveness at the country level in terms of achieving good governance, promoting democratic accountability, accomplishing growth goals, or attaining macroeconomic goals. This study looks at the aid flowing through nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). It posits that effective aid consists of resources and processes that promote sustainability. It attempts to uncover the meaning of sustainability for the NGOs and recipients that are involved in agriculture while surveying how the aid process works. It looks at NGOs and recipients, resource flow, and activities, and sought to understand the elements that could render aid more or less effective in achieving sustainability in agricultural sectors. This study uses a qualitative case study research strategy that focused on developing theory/hypotheses grounded in the data and the literature (Agranoff, Radin, & Perry, 1991). This approach is adopted because (a) the meaning and promotion of sustainability is a complex topic, (b) aid effectiveness is a multi-faceted puzzle, (c) NGOs represent a diverse group, (d) the collaborative process is complicated, and (e) the context (Haiti) is a challenging place. It uses a data triangulation process (Denzin, 1989, 1997) by combining different types of data and sources (personal interviews, observations, and documentation) to arrive at a convergent understanding of the elements that are more or less likely to influence the NGO aid process in the promotion of sustainability in agriculture. This study finds that most NGOs and recipients focus on one or two dimensions of sustainability (economic or environmental); the social or cultural dimensions are somewhat neglected. I also find that funding and funding horizons are two of the major issues that impede the promotion of sustainability in addition to communication and collaboration in the design of the plans, execution, and follow-up. Recipient education, paternalistic attitude, and poverty levels also play a major role in promoting sustainability. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

This dissertation is based on two years of field research in Sudan, in Khartoum; the three capitals of Darfur; and Bentiu, Unity State, at the border between North and South Sudan. Building on a now substantial literature in critical humanitarian studies, my work focuses on the emergence of new economic forms, circuits, and entitlements that accompany humanitarian aid. These include the influx of ration cards, trade routes that deliberately shadow humanitarian convoys and draw in aid recipients, and entitlements based on kinship ties to injured or displaced victims of conflict. For well over a decade anthropologists have studied the social and political work humanitarianism does in excess of its stated intention to relieve the suffering of civilians in regions of national and political disasters. As numerous scholars have shown, humanitarian discourses and practices intentionally and unintentionally transform local and regional political values and institutions by altering the social relations that subtend them. I pursue how these transformations intervene into core categories of how people understand themselves to have status in a social world. The manuscript focuses on the one ways in which people and events are evaluated as having status within humanitarian logics. It explores the nexus between this logics and the creation of novel economic subjects, values, and institutions that are neither foreign nor local, neither neoliberal nor traditional. They are, rather, a glimpse of something the manuscript refers to as humanitarian economies, with all dimensions of the economic intended. These include new forms of dependency and altered structures of political authority. But they also include new strategies of local speculation based on humanitarian rubrics of recognizing need. For instance, I track the circulation and resale of objects of material necessity, such as grain, cooking oil, or work tools distributed by aid agencies. I demonstrate the ways in which such objects begin to function as general equivalents; they become a form of currency, and a vehicle for the storage, accumulation and transmission of wealth. But on the other hand, the manuscript is just as focused on the circulation of universal values of protection, and their transformation as local actors pick them up and deploy them in their social worlds. In other words, as local actors come to understand how humanitarian actors assess crisis, they produce a second order assessment of where aid is likely to go and thus what would be a profitable investment. They also produce second order deployments of how injury and livelihood is evaluated. Such practices transform basic dynamics of social entitlement. And they also change how people think of themselves and their neighbors as economic and political subjects. Meanwhile, critical infrastructures - from irrigation channels to pharmacy supply routes to radio transmitters - become the objects of heightened ethical scrutiny. Infrastructure comes to stand in for good governance, stability, and sustainable political relationships. What we witness is the emergence of what I call a speculative investment in crisis that binds crisis, livelihood, and life-value into a troubling knot.

More than 50 million people were forcibly displaced from their homes at the end of 2014, the highest number since World War II; 38 million of these were displaced within their own country rather than crossing an international border. Many have been displaced multiple times by chronic and recurring conflict. Complex humanitarian emergencies caused by armed conflict are characterized by social disruption, population displacement and the breakdown of national health systems. The negative impact of war and displacement on women has long been recognized, including by compromising their right to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services. The ten countries with the highest maternal mortality ratios in the world are affected by, or emerging from, war; these countries are also characterized by low contraceptive prevalence. The provision of SRH services is a minimum standard of health care in humanitarian settings; however access to these services is still often compromised in war. A 2012-2014 global evaluation on the status of SRH in humanitarian settings showed that although access to SRH services has improved in humanitarian settings, gaps persist and the availability of contraceptive services and information is still weak relative to other SRH components. This dissertation addresses this gap by providing evidence that good quality contraceptive services can be implemented in humanitarian settings and that women and couples will choose to start and continue contraceptive use. The first paper of this dissertation, a systematic review, explored the evidence regarding SRH services provided in humanitarian settings and determined if programs were being evaluated. In addition, the review explored which SRH services received more attention based on program evaluations and descriptive data. Peer-reviewed papers published between 2004 and 2013 were identified via the Ovid MEDLINE database, followed by a PubMed search. Papers on quantitative evaluations of SRH programs, including experimental and non-experimental designs that reported outcome data, implemented in conflict and natural disaster settings, were included. Of 5,669 papers identified in the initial search, 36 papers describing 30 programs met inclusion criteria. Some SRH technical areas were better represented than others: seven papers reported on maternal and newborn health (including two that also covered contraceptive services), six on contraceptive services, three on sexual violence, 20 on HIV and other sexually transmitted infections and two on general SRH topics. In comparison to the program evaluation papers identified, three times as many papers were found that reported SRH descriptive or prevalence data in humanitarian settings. While data demonstrating the magnitude of the problem are crucial and were previously lacking, the need for SRH services and for evaluations to measure their effectiveness is clear. Contraceptive services were mostly limited to short-acting methods and received less attention overall than other SRH technical components. In response to this lack of evidence for the implementation of contraceptive services in humanitarian settings, two contraceptive services programs implemented by CARE and Save the Children among conflict-affected populations in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) were evaluated. DRC has experienced chronic conflict for two decades, ranging from acute to post conflict phases. People have been displaced internally for many years while others have experienced repeated cycles of displacement and return. First, cross-sectional surveys in 2008 (n=607) and 2010 (n=575) of women of reproductive age using a multi-stage cluster sampling design and facility assessments were conducted in Maniema province. Data on the numbers of clients who started a contraceptive method were also collected monthly from supported facilities. Current use of any modern contraceptive method doubled from 3.1% to 5.9% (adjusted OR 2.03 [95%CI 1.3-3.2]). Current use of long-acting and permanent methods (LAPM) increased from 0 to 1.7%, an increase that was no longer significant after adjustment. Program changes were made to improve service quality in 2010; provider skills and counseling improved and commodities became consistently available. Service statistics indicate that the percentage of clients who accepted a LAPM at supported facilities increased from 8% in 2008 to 83% in 2014. This study demonstrates that when good quality contraceptive services, including LAPM, are provided among conflict-affected populations, women will choose to use them. Second, a retrospective cohort study measured 12-month contraceptive continuation in North Kivu province. A total of 548 women (304 short-acting and 244 long-acting method acceptors) were interviewed about their contraceptive use in the previous year. At 12 months, 81.6% women reported using their baseline method continuously, with more long-acting than short-acting method acceptors (86.1% versus 78.0%, p=.02) continuing method use. Use of a short-acting method (HR 1.74 [95%CI 1.13-2.67]) and desiring a child within two years (HR 2.32 [95%CI 1.33-4.02]) were associated with discontinuation at 12 months. Given the association between service quality and contraceptive continuation, the program’s focus on service quality including improvements to provider skills and activities to address provider attitudes likely contributed to these results. The impressive continuation rates found here indicate that delivering high quality contraceptives services in these settings is possible, even in a difficult and unstable setting like eastern DRC. This dissertation represents a major contribution to the field of SRH in humanitarian settings, and has implications for research and programs. First, these results strengthen the evidence base for the implementation of contraceptive services in humanitarian settings, and demonstrate to implementers and donors of humanitarian aid that effective programs resulting in adoption and continuation of contraceptive methods can be successfully implemented in these challenging settings. Second, these programs were implemented in full collaboration with the Ministry of Health (MOH), supporting MOH facilities and health workers, thus strengthening the health system. Third, the programs achieved these impressive results in rural DRC where they attracted early adopters, most of them first time contraceptive acceptors. In addition, these programs were implemented by multi-sectoral, as opposed to SRH-specific, non-governmental organizations that made good quality contraceptive services a priority, further reinforcing the inclusion of contraceptive services as a routine component of humanitarian health response. Finally, both programs evaluated in this dissertation focused strongly on improving the quality of contraceptive services with specific attention to training, supervision, provider attitudes, data use and commodities management. This program focus on quality contributed to the positive findings. Making good quality contraceptive services available is challenging and requires sustained commitment, funding and program adjustments, but, in the programs studied here, was ultimately successful. Given true choice, when a range of methods was routinely available, women, many of whom had no prior experience with contraceptive use, were able to choose the method that best served their needs and continued to use their preferred method. These results add to the limited evidence on contraception in humanitarian settings, and demonstrate that even in remote and unstable settings, when good quality contraceptive services, with a choice of short-acting, long-acting and permanent methods, are in place, women will not only choose to start, but also continue, to use contraception to exercise their right to reproductive choice.