The queen conch (Strombus gigas) is a large marine gastropod found throughout the tropical western Atlantic including Florida. Overfishing and habitat loss have led to Caribbean-wide population declines requiring regional protections. On Florida’s east coast, aggregations of conch were previously reported just south of a major shipping port near Ft. Lauderdale, unusually high latitude for the species. This study was designed to investigate the spatial extent and population demographics of the Ft. Lauderdale conch. In summer 2012, broad-scale population surveys were conducted to document benthic cover and conch distribution and size data along 72 random transects stratified across four habitats within 2 km north and south of the inlet. Younger conchs were found throughout the study area, but mostly in the colonized pavement west (CPW) habitat while old conchs were found exclusively at one CPW site south of the inlet. Significantly more conch were found on the CPW south habitat than any other. Benthic cover data suggests that CPW south may have a unique community composition dominated by macroalgae and sand. In summer 2013, the CPW south habitat was surveyed using cross-shelf transects measuring aggregation extent and demographics. Five hundred and twenty five conch were found, at a density of 495 conch per hectare. Confirmed mating sightings, females with eggs, and solitary egg masses were found indicating mating in this nearshore habitat is successful. Future research should include expanded broad-scale surveys to determine if other aggregations exist and monitoring to examine the effects of environmental change on this vulnerable species.

Riparian corridors in California are known to be an important but reduced and degraded resource for landbirds. In spite of previous research, the habitat characteristics that correlate with high landbird abundance remain poorly understood. In particular, the scale at which predictive models are useful (fine scale, watershed, sub-region or region) is ill defined. Herein, point count-based abundance indices for 8 riparian associated/obligate species with uniform and high detection probabilities are correlated with biotic and abiotic habitat variables: a sums of squares procedure is used to select the top 5 predictive variables for each species, best fit linear models are selected in an information theoretic framework, and the relative importance of individual variables assessed. These analyses identified site and vegetation characteristics that could serve as targets for restoration and conservation efforts within this coastal central California region. The specific characteristics vary somewhat across the 8 species I surveyed. In addition, the characteristics that I have found important as predictors are distinct from analyses that others have conducted. Therefore, just as we should probably accept regional variation in the composition of riparian avifaunas, we should also probably expect regional variation in the relationship between habitat variables and avian abundance. It appears that important habitat characteristics vary at the fine, watershed, sub-region and regional scales thus reducing the generality of all of the currently available models.

Approximately 75% of the avian species in Utah use riparian habitats at some time during their life cycles and at least 80% of this habitat in Utah has been lost or altered since settlement; currently 0.6% of land cover in Utah is considered riparian. In 1992, with the support of Utah Partner's in Flight, the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources began a statewide neotropical migratory bird (NTMB) and habitat monitoring program to assess the status of bird populations at 31 sites. Additional sites (up to 52) were added in later years; bird and habitat assessments at 37 riparian sites have been continuously monitored since 1998. Using this long-term dataset, my primary study goals were to: 1) estimate abundance and densities of 38 focal avian species, 2) document and describe changes in riparian vegetation over time, and 3) investigate how these two processes are related by creating bird-habitat association models. Recent results from population trend analyses suggest that the patterns of annual variation and regional synchrony seen in riparian-dependent species groupings may be driven by landscape-wide effects on habitat. I developed riparian-bird habitat association models to better understand these large-scale effects using important variables specific to nine species of interest. I constructed classification and regression trees for three distinct foraging guilds to assess species-specific and community level habitat associations. Variables identified as important predictors of species density varied according to the species of interset. However, the variables selected by the classification models were consistent with each species life history strategies. Model results are intended to provide the framework for the development of management guidelines that will inform terrestrial riparian restoration and conservation efforts in Utah.

The distribution of the cliff chipmunk in Idaho was previously considered to include only the Raft River Valley and the Goose Creek Basin. A pilot study was conducted in 2003 and 2004. Thirty-five cliff chipmunk presence locations and 124 absence locations were recorded. Habitat variables of elevation, slope, deviation from south, distance to water, and vegetation type were extracted for all of the absence and presence points by means of GIS analysis. The data were analyzed by implementing a classification tree, and a "GIS habitat association model" was created. The model was tested in 2005, and the overall model accuracy was 77.5%. The study extended the known cliff chipmunk range in Idaho west to Rock Creek, Twin Falls County, east to Weston Canyon, Franklin County, and north to the Cotterel Mountains, Cassia County. Monitoring current known locations and searching for new locations to further refine 11 understanding of the species' distribution and to determine the actual population status of cliff chipmunks in Idaho are recommended.

Includes bibliographical references / Many large, sparsely distributed raptors are threatened by a host of anthropogenic factors, while a minority may actually benefit from some aspects of development and environmental change. Clarity on the size and trajectory of such populations is essential for effective conservation management, but can be difficult to achieve. One solution is to use multivariate habitat association models to derive critical estimates of distribution and abundance. The South African population of Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus is currently estimated at < 800 adult birds , with the bulk of the known population believed to be residing in the larger protected areas. However, Martial Eagles also build nests on pylons that support high voltage transmission lines running through the largely treeless, semiarid landscapes of the Karoo. The main aim of this study was to develop a better understanding of the environmental factors that influence Martial Eagle territory densities and locations along South African transmission lines, and thereby estimate the size of this population and its relative importance to the national conservation status of this globally threatened species. I used habitat association models to d escribe Martial Eagle territory density in relation to eight environmental covariates. Models were first fitted to eagle territory data for the central Karoo regions, collected and pooled over the period 2002 - 2006, and then applied to predict the number of pairs present on each of three adjacent sections of unsurveyed line (northern, southern and eastern lines) . Once these model predictions were verified by a series of aerial and ground surveys, I fitted the models to all the known Martial Eagle territory records for the transmission network and extrapolated from these back to the rest of the network using the fitted relationships. Ultimately, the models predicted 52 additional Martial Eagle territories on the remaining transmission network with a confidence interval ranging from 38 to 67 (based on models that explained up to 39 % of the total variance in terms of only two explanatory terms – rainfall and the proportion of cultivated land). I then examined the role of territoriality and social structure in the eagle population in determining the location and dispersion of pylon nests. To do this I used the location of active nests from the original central Karoo data and a similar number of randomly selected points. I then asked whether I could predict the nest locations from each of the eight environmental covariates and distance to its nearest conspecific active nest or its nearest nest of any other large eagle species. Using a logistic generalised linear model with regression splines for distance to nearest other nest, I found that Martial Eagles strongly avoid proximity to conspecific nests (mean distance to conspecific nest = 28.2 km, range 2.5 - 167.1 km, n = 306). This result shows that minimum spacing should be considered in predicting the distribution of eagles on unsurveyed transmission lines. Lastly, I further investigated the geographical extent of pylon nesting in South African Martial Eagles, with particular focus on variation in the frequency of this behaviour in relation to biome - scale variation in the availability of trees as natural nest sites. To do this, I related Martial Eagle reporting rates generated by citizen - science bird atlas data to the density of transmission lines and biome types across South Africa. While these analyses yielded some suggestive results, such as significant positive and negative relationships between reporting rates and line density in the Desert (P = 0.02) versus the Savanna (P < 0.001) biomes respectively, data sparseness in arid areas and a generally low detection probability limited the conclusiveness of these results. The refined habitat association models developed in this study predict that the South African transmission grid supports 130 - 159 breeding pairs of Martial Eagle. This figure has never been estimated or calculated before, and suggests that 36 % of the national breeding population could reside largely in the commercial ranchland and nest on man - made structures. This result, which is at odds with the generally held belief that the Martial Eagle is increasingly confined to large protected areas, has significant implications for the thinking around the conservation management of this globally threatened species.

Muitas teorias, englobando diferentes fatores e mecanismos, já foram postuladas para explicar a alta coexistência de espécies arbóreas nos trópicos, a qual permanece como uma questão intrigante e subentendida na ecologia vegetal. O estudo da dinâmica de árvores ao nível populacional contribui e embasa, por sua vez, o entendimento desses fatores e mecanismos atuando ao nível da comunidade. O objetivo geral do presente estudo foi investigar alguns aspectos relacionados com a dinâmica de uma espécie arbórea comum Calophyllum brasiliense Camb.(Clusiaceae) em floresta de restinga alta Ilha do Cardoso, Cananéia, SP. Para isso, além de termos testado se a sobrevivência e o desempenho de suas plântulas estavam relacionados com níveis de herbivoria dependentes da densidade, testamos se a ocorrência da espécie apresentava associação com hábitats de solo e caracterizamos sua distribuição espacial na área de estudo. Na Introdução Geral (Capítulo 1) nós enumeramos as principais teorias já propostas para explicar a alta diversidade tropical, as quais incluem diversos mecanismos atuantes na dinâmica de espécies arbóreas. Tradicionalmente, modelos que focam em fatores dependentes da densidade eram freqüentemente contrastados com modelos baseados na segregação de hábitats e nichos para explicar a coexistência de espécies, ainda que atualmente sabe-se que atuem concomitantemente na estruturação das comunidades. Por esse motivo, os descrevemos em linhas gerais. Apresentamos, também, como o estudo da distribuição espacial de uma espécie pode dar indícios de processos subjacentes responsáveis pelos padrões gerados, os quais devem ser inferidos e posteriormente testados. Adicionalmente, resumimos uma teoria em especial, a qual embasa o capítulo seguinte e foi o ponto inicial dessa dissertação: o Modelo Janzen-Connell. Além de termos explorado brevemente seu contexto conceitual, também revisamos os principais resultados de investigações de seus efeitos em outras áreas de estudo e com diferentes metodologias. Como os dois demais capítulos foram desenvolvidos utilizando a mesma área e espécie de estudo, também incluímos neste capítulo suas respectivas descrições. Para testar o modelo Janzen-Connell (Capítulo 2), nós delineamos um experimento no qual avaliamos os danos por herbivoria, a mortalidade e o desempenho das plântulas de C. brasiliense, sob diferentes tratamentos: proteção contra herbivoria, distância e agrupamento de adultos coespecíficos. Encontramos que os efeitos dependentes da distância e da densidade não atuaram como previsto pela teoria para a espécie de estudo, a qual, apesar de ter sofrido altos danos por herbivoria, mostrou-se tolerante e apresentou crescimento compensatório em resposta a estes. Além de termos proposto que a pressão por seus herbívoros especialistas parece encontrar-se amplamente distribuída na área de estudo, e não agregada ao redor de densidades de coespecíficos, também sugerimos que o micro-hábitat, especialmente a umidade do solo parece ser melhor preditora da sobrevivência da espécie do que a herbivoria. No Capítulo 3, portanto, testamos a ocorrência de associação da espécie com o hábitat de solo, como proposto no capítulo 2. Para isso, adotamos uma abordagem conjunta com o estudo da distribuição espacial, possibilitando a inferência de outros mecanismos possivelmente relacionados com a dinâmica da espécie, além do micro-hábitat. Caracterizamos o padrão de distribuição espacial através do uso de metodologias espaciais de segunda-ordem complementares: K-Ripley e O-ring, e testamos a questão da associação com hábitat a partir de torus translation, uma metodologia relativamente nova que incorpora a autocorrelação espacial entre troncos coespecíficos. Além de detectarmos um padrão de distribuição agregado, com escalas críticas de agregação variáveis entre as classes de tamanho investigadas, encontramos que a espécie apresenta uma associação positiva com o tipo de solo alagável (Neossolo), onde sua densidade relativa foi 30% maior em comparação com os outros tipos de hábitat. Os adultos, além de terem se mostrado positivamente associados a esse solo, também apresentaram uma associação negativa com os solos mais arenosos e menos úmidos. Os jovens, encontrados em relativamente baixa densidade, não mostraram associação com nenhum hábitat de solo. Sugerimos que a tolerância ao encharcamento e à condições anóxicas, bem como a ocorrência de hidrocoria como uma de suas formas de dispersão, os principais fatores favoráveis à sua sobrevivência e rápido desenvolvimento ontogenético nessas condições de solo. Utilizamos informações sobre a ecologia de C. brasiliense já disponibilizadas por outros estudos para inferir ou excluir possíveis fatores relacionados com sua distribuição espacial, e a associação com hábitat e o experimento de herbivoria (Capítulo 2) como testes desses possíveis fatores. Nas considerações finais, reunimos todas as informações propostas e testadas sobre os mecanismos que atuam na dinâmica de C. brasiliense e sugerimos que o padrão espacial agregado detectado para a espécie pode ser decorrente da interação entre três fatores principais: (1) associação diferenciada com ambos tipos de solos, alagáveis e arenosos; (2) ocorrência simultânea e complementar de três agentes dispersores da espécie (vento, morcego e água) e (3) alta competição intra-específica dependente da densidade, ao longo do estágio ontogenético. Finalizamos com a construção de um modelo hipotético acompanhado de predições testáveis sobre a distribuição espacial e dinâmica da espécie. Estes resultados atribuem à ação conjunta de processos bióticos e abióticos a possível resposta para complementarmos o entendimento sobre o padrão espacial encontrado, como já sugerido por outros estudos nos trópicos. / Several theories, including different factors and mechanisms, have been postulated to explain the high tree species coexistence in tropics, which remains an unsolved question that continues to pose a challenge to plant ecologists. Population-level tree dynamics studies contribute to a better understanding of the processes acting on community-level. The aim of the present study was to investigate some aspects related to the dynamics of a common tree species, Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. (Clusiaceae), in a Restinga Alta forest in Ilha do Cardoso, Cananéia, SP. We investigated if seedling survival and fitness were related to density-dependent herbivory, tested if the species presented an association with soil habitats and characterized its spatial patterns distribution in the study area. In General Introduction (Chapter 1) we enumerated the main theories developed so far to explain high tropical diversity, which include many processes acting on the tree species dynamics. Traditionally, models focused on density-dependent factors were frequently contrasted with models based on habitat or niche partitioning, but we know nowadays that both are acting simultaneously to determine community structure. For this reason we described in general lines both models. We also discussed how detected spatial patterns of a species may give account for underlying processes responsible for the generated patterns and the need of experimental tests after such inferences. Additionally, we resumed Janzen-Connell model which embases next chapter and was also the starting point of this dissertation. We did a brief contextualization about Janzen-Connell model and reviewed main results of investigations of its effects in others study areas using alternatives methodologies. As the next two chapters were developed in the same study area and with the same species, we also included their descriptions in the general introduction. In order to test the Janzen-Connell model (Chapter 2), we designed an experiment to evaluate C. brasiliense seedlings survival and fitness under three treatments: protection against herbivory, distance from conespecific adults and tree parental density. We found that the distance and density-dependent effects did not act as predicted by the model for our study species. Despite the high herbivory damages it suffered, its seedlings showed tolerance and compensatory growth responses. We proposed that pressure by host-specific herbivores seems to be widespread in the study area instead of aggregated around conespecific densities. Patterns detected also suggest that soil moisture is a better predictor for the species survival than herbivory. On chapter 3, therefore, we tested if density of this species presented any association with soil habitats, as suggested in chapter 2. We used an approach conjunct with the spatial distribution, permitting the inference of other underlying processes possibly related to the species dynamics besides the micro-habitat. We characterized the spatial distribution patterns using two complementary second-order point pattern statistics, K-Ripley and O-ring, and tested the habitat association using the torus translation procedure that incorporates spatial autocorrelation between conespecific stems. Besides detecting clumped distribution patterns, with variable critic scales with the analyzed size classes, we also detected a positive habitat association with temporally flooded soil (Neossolo), where its relative density was 30% greater comparing to others soils types. Adult stage was also positively associated with Neossolo and, in the other hand, was negatively associated with Espodossolo arênico, which is characterized by lower moisture soil levels. Young stage corresponded to only a quarter of all species stems and did not show any association with soils habitats. We suggest that flooding and anoxic conditions tolerance, as well as the occurrence of hidrocory among its dispersion types, the main factors favorable to survival and fast ontogenetic development in these soil conditions. We used information about C. brasiliense ecology from other studies to infer or exclude possible related factors with its spatial distribution and the habitat association and Janzen-Connell tests to complement these supposed factors. On Final Considerations we synthesize all proposed and tested information about underlying processes acting on C. brasiliense dynamics and suggest that the clumped spatial pattern detected may be an interaction result of three main factors: (1) differential association with both temporally flooded and unflooded soils, (2) occurrence of three simultaneous and complementary seed dispersal agents (gravity, bats and water) and (3) high density-dependent intra-specific competition through ontogenetic stages. We finalize proposing a hypothetic scenario with testable predictions about the species spatial pattern detected to C. brasiliense in the study area. These results attribute to grouping acting effects of both abiotic and biotic processes the possible answer to complement our understanding about tree spatial patterns founded, as suggested by other studies in the tropics.

Based on light trapping carried out in 2010, I studied moth communities of the Koda National nature reserve, part of Český kras landscape protected area, in order to compare moth communities inhabiting major biotope types within the reserve. The obtained material consisted of 295 species in 4455 individuals. Steppe enclaves hosted more species than overgrown coppices and beech-dominated high forests. Ordination analyses distinguished between steppe and forest biotopes. Steppe catches differed from forest catches in habitat associations of constituent species (more species of grassland habitats), whereas the two forest types did not differ in this. Identical patterns applied for all moths analysed together and for analyses restricted to Geometridae and Noctuidae moths. Steppic enclaves represent the most valuable sites within the Koda reserve.

Muitas teorias, englobando diferentes fatores e mecanismos, já foram postuladas para explicar a alta coexistência de espécies arbóreas nos trópicos, a qual permanece como uma questão intrigante e subentendida na ecologia vegetal. O estudo da dinâmica de árvores ao nível populacional contribui e embasa, por sua vez, o entendimento desses fatores e mecanismos atuando ao nível da comunidade. O objetivo geral do presente estudo foi investigar alguns aspectos relacionados com a dinâmica de uma espécie arbórea comum Calophyllum brasiliense Camb.(Clusiaceae) em floresta de restinga alta Ilha do Cardoso, Cananéia, SP. Para isso, além de termos testado se a sobrevivência e o desempenho de suas plântulas estavam relacionados com níveis de herbivoria dependentes da densidade, testamos se a ocorrência da espécie apresentava associação com hábitats de solo e caracterizamos sua distribuição espacial na área de estudo. Na Introdução Geral (Capítulo 1) nós enumeramos as principais teorias já propostas para explicar a alta diversidade tropical, as quais incluem diversos mecanismos atuantes na dinâmica de espécies arbóreas. Tradicionalmente, modelos que focam em fatores dependentes da densidade eram freqüentemente contrastados com modelos baseados na segregação de hábitats e nichos para explicar a coexistência de espécies, ainda que atualmente sabe-se que atuem concomitantemente na estruturação das comunidades. Por esse motivo, os descrevemos em linhas gerais. Apresentamos, também, como o estudo da distribuição espacial de uma espécie pode dar indícios de processos subjacentes responsáveis pelos padrões gerados, os quais devem ser inferidos e posteriormente testados. Adicionalmente, resumimos uma teoria em especial, a qual embasa o capítulo seguinte e foi o ponto inicial dessa dissertação: o Modelo Janzen-Connell. Além de termos explorado brevemente seu contexto conceitual, também revisamos os principais resultados de investigações de seus efeitos em outras áreas de estudo e com diferentes metodologias. Como os dois demais capítulos foram desenvolvidos utilizando a mesma área e espécie de estudo, também incluímos neste capítulo suas respectivas descrições. Para testar o modelo Janzen-Connell (Capítulo 2), nós delineamos um experimento no qual avaliamos os danos por herbivoria, a mortalidade e o desempenho das plântulas de C. brasiliense, sob diferentes tratamentos: proteção contra herbivoria, distância e agrupamento de adultos coespecíficos. Encontramos que os efeitos dependentes da distância e da densidade não atuaram como previsto pela teoria para a espécie de estudo, a qual, apesar de ter sofrido altos danos por herbivoria, mostrou-se tolerante e apresentou crescimento compensatório em resposta a estes. Além de termos proposto que a pressão por seus herbívoros especialistas parece encontrar-se amplamente distribuída na área de estudo, e não agregada ao redor de densidades de coespecíficos, também sugerimos que o micro-hábitat, especialmente a umidade do solo parece ser melhor preditora da sobrevivência da espécie do que a herbivoria. No Capítulo 3, portanto, testamos a ocorrência de associação da espécie com o hábitat de solo, como proposto no capítulo 2. Para isso, adotamos uma abordagem conjunta com o estudo da distribuição espacial, possibilitando a inferência de outros mecanismos possivelmente relacionados com a dinâmica da espécie, além do micro-hábitat. Caracterizamos o padrão de distribuição espacial através do uso de metodologias espaciais de segunda-ordem complementares: K-Ripley e O-ring, e testamos a questão da associação com hábitat a partir de torus translation, uma metodologia relativamente nova que incorpora a autocorrelação espacial entre troncos coespecíficos. Além de detectarmos um padrão de distribuição agregado, com escalas críticas de agregação variáveis entre as classes de tamanho investigadas, encontramos que a espécie apresenta uma associação positiva com o tipo de solo alagável (Neossolo), onde sua densidade relativa foi 30% maior em comparação com os outros tipos de hábitat. Os adultos, além de terem se mostrado positivamente associados a esse solo, também apresentaram uma associação negativa com os solos mais arenosos e menos úmidos. Os jovens, encontrados em relativamente baixa densidade, não mostraram associação com nenhum hábitat de solo. Sugerimos que a tolerância ao encharcamento e à condições anóxicas, bem como a ocorrência de hidrocoria como uma de suas formas de dispersão, os principais fatores favoráveis à sua sobrevivência e rápido desenvolvimento ontogenético nessas condições de solo. Utilizamos informações sobre a ecologia de C. brasiliense já disponibilizadas por outros estudos para inferir ou excluir possíveis fatores relacionados com sua distribuição espacial, e a associação com hábitat e o experimento de herbivoria (Capítulo 2) como testes desses possíveis fatores. Nas considerações finais, reunimos todas as informações propostas e testadas sobre os mecanismos que atuam na dinâmica de C. brasiliense e sugerimos que o padrão espacial agregado detectado para a espécie pode ser decorrente da interação entre três fatores principais: (1) associação diferenciada com ambos tipos de solos, alagáveis e arenosos; (2) ocorrência simultânea e complementar de três agentes dispersores da espécie (vento, morcego e água) e (3) alta competição intra-específica dependente da densidade, ao longo do estágio ontogenético. Finalizamos com a construção de um modelo hipotético acompanhado de predições testáveis sobre a distribuição espacial e dinâmica da espécie. Estes resultados atribuem à ação conjunta de processos bióticos e abióticos a possível resposta para complementarmos o entendimento sobre o padrão espacial encontrado, como já sugerido por outros estudos nos trópicos. / Several theories, including different factors and mechanisms, have been postulated to explain the high tree species coexistence in tropics, which remains an unsolved question that continues to pose a challenge to plant ecologists. Population-level tree dynamics studies contribute to a better understanding of the processes acting on community-level. The aim of the present study was to investigate some aspects related to the dynamics of a common tree species, Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. (Clusiaceae), in a Restinga Alta forest in Ilha do Cardoso, Cananéia, SP. We investigated if seedling survival and fitness were related to density-dependent herbivory, tested if the species presented an association with soil habitats and characterized its spatial patterns distribution in the study area. In General Introduction (Chapter 1) we enumerated the main theories developed so far to explain high tropical diversity, which include many processes acting on the tree species dynamics. Traditionally, models focused on density-dependent factors were frequently contrasted with models based on habitat or niche partitioning, but we know nowadays that both are acting simultaneously to determine community structure. For this reason we described in general lines both models. We also discussed how detected spatial patterns of a species may give account for underlying processes responsible for the generated patterns and the need of experimental tests after such inferences. Additionally, we resumed Janzen-Connell model which embases next chapter and was also the starting point of this dissertation. We did a brief contextualization about Janzen-Connell model and reviewed main results of investigations of its effects in others study areas using alternatives methodologies. As the next two chapters were developed in the same study area and with the same species, we also included their descriptions in the general introduction. In order to test the Janzen-Connell model (Chapter 2), we designed an experiment to evaluate C. brasiliense seedlings survival and fitness under three treatments: protection against herbivory, distance from conespecific adults and tree parental density. We found that the distance and density-dependent effects did not act as predicted by the model for our study species. Despite the high herbivory damages it suffered, its seedlings showed tolerance and compensatory growth responses. We proposed that pressure by host-specific herbivores seems to be widespread in the study area instead of aggregated around conespecific densities. Patterns detected also suggest that soil moisture is a better predictor for the species survival than herbivory. On chapter 3, therefore, we tested if density of this species presented any association with soil habitats, as suggested in chapter 2. We used an approach conjunct with the spatial distribution, permitting the inference of other underlying processes possibly related to the species dynamics besides the micro-habitat. We characterized the spatial distribution patterns using two complementary second-order point pattern statistics, K-Ripley and O-ring, and tested the habitat association using the torus translation procedure that incorporates spatial autocorrelation between conespecific stems. Besides detecting clumped distribution patterns, with variable critic scales with the analyzed size classes, we also detected a positive habitat association with temporally flooded soil (Neossolo), where its relative density was 30% greater comparing to others soils types. Adult stage was also positively associated with Neossolo and, in the other hand, was negatively associated with Espodossolo arênico, which is characterized by lower moisture soil levels. Young stage corresponded to only a quarter of all species stems and did not show any association with soils habitats. We suggest that flooding and anoxic conditions tolerance, as well as the occurrence of hidrocory among its dispersion types, the main factors favorable to survival and fast ontogenetic development in these soil conditions. We used information about C. brasiliense ecology from other studies to infer or exclude possible related factors with its spatial distribution and the habitat association and Janzen-Connell tests to complement these supposed factors. On Final Considerations we synthesize all proposed and tested information about underlying processes acting on C. brasiliense dynamics and suggest that the clumped spatial pattern detected may be an interaction result of three main factors: (1) differential association with both temporally flooded and unflooded soils, (2) occurrence of three simultaneous and complementary seed dispersal agents (gravity, bats and water) and (3) high density-dependent intra-specific competition through ontogenetic stages. We finalize proposing a hypothetic scenario with testable predictions about the species spatial pattern detected to C. brasiliense in the study area. These results attribute to grouping acting effects of both abiotic and biotic processes the possible answer to complement our understanding about tree spatial patterns founded, as suggested by other studies in the tropics.

No description available.

Les forêts tropicales représentent un ‘hotspot’ de diversité avec un nombre considérable d’espèces qui coexistent jusqu’à une échelle locale fine. Plus particulièrement, 16 000 espèces d’arbres coexistent en Amazonie, 1 800 en Guyane française et entre 120 et plus de 200 espèces d’arbres par hectare. Cependant, le maintien de cette diversité face aux changements globaux actuels et à venir (qu’ils soient anthropiques ou climatiques…) est incertain. Avant de pouvoir prédire l’évolution de la diversité face aux changements globaux, un travail fondamental est nécessaire afin de comprendre les processus d’assemblage des communautés, processus qui maintiennent cette diversité. Ce travail est réalisé depuis de nombreuses années en écologie et reste d’actualité vu l’absence de consensus quant à l’importance relative des processus d’assemblage. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans la continuité de ce travail fondamental en utilisant une approche intégrative innovante, qui aborde de manière multi-échelle trois types de diversité : diversité taxonomique, fonctionnelle et phylogénétique. Nos résultats questionnent sur l'importance du filtrage environnemental quant aux propriétés hydrologiques et chimiques des sols, et sur celle des interactions biotiques dans l’assemblage de la communauté étudiée. Par ailleurs, nos résultats suggèrent que les distributions d’espèces puissent être influencées par la dynamique forestière en lien avec les chutes d’arbres et donc avec la disponibilité en lumière. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence l’importance de la limitation de dispersion. / Tropical forests are a biodiversity hotspot, with the coexistence of numerous species until a fine spatial scale. Particularly, 16.000 tree species coexist in Amazonia, 1.800 in Frenche Guiana and between 120 and more than 200 tree species per hectare. However, there are some uncertainties in maintaining diversity in regard to global changes. Hence before predicting the diversity evolution face of global changes, fundamental studies are needed to understand which assembly processes are involved in the maintenance of diversity. These fundamental studies still relevant given the lack of consensus on the relative importance of assembly processes. This thesis is a continuation of these fundamental studies, using innovative integrative approach, at multi-scale, to address three types of diversity: taxonomic diversity, functional and phylogenetic. Our results challenge the importance of environmental filtering for hydrological and chemical properties of soils, versus the importance of biotic interactions on community assembly. Furthermore, our results suggest that species distributions could be affected by forest dynamics related to falling trees and therefore by light availability. Finally, we have highlighted the importance of dispersal limitation on community assembly.