In this dissertation, I report new information that is necessary for future mating system studies in a little studied species, the marbled salamander (Ambystoma opacum). I studied female mating behavior, sexual selection, and the consequences of polyandry for individual females and salamander populations. I also compared the performance of several statistical approaches for analyzing genetic mating system data. The first chapter summarizes the characteristics of several novel microsatellite DNA loci as well as cross-amplified loci for marbled salamanders and mole salamanders that may be used for future studies. In the second chapter, I report estimates of sire number for 13 marbled salamander clutches based on microsatellite data from 32 hatchlings per clutch. Females mated with as many as three different males as indicated by conservative techniques. Less than half of females mated with multiple males. Based on comparative analyses, I recommend the parental reconstruction approach with the computer program GERUD for assessing multiple paternity. The third chapter describes an experiment designed to study sexual selection. As expected, in breeding mesocosms, the potential for sexual selection was much higher for males than for females. Size was unrelated to variance in male reproductive fitness. Only opportunity for selection and Morisita’s index conformed to theoretical expectations of the relationship between operational sex ratio and the potential for sexual selection among males. Because opportunity for selection has intuitive links to formal sexual selection theory, I recommend its continued use. In the fourth chapter, I compared polyandrous and monandrous females to explore the potential fitness consequences of multimale mating. No fitness measure at the egg or hatchling stage (clutch size, hatching success, hatchling size, etc.) differed between the two types of clutches. Size of metamorphs was not different, but polyandrous clutches had significantly higher survival to metamorphosis. In the fifth chapter, I analyzed effects of increased polyandry and male availability on genetic diversity, effective population size (Ne), and fitness of experimental populations. Although no analyses were significant, some effects were moderate to high in size. Ne was higher when estimated from hatchlings than with metamorphs.

Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar 100 progênies de meios irmãos da população de nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiferus Metzg.), cultivar CATI AL 1000 em dois ciclos de seleção entre e dentro de progênies de meios irmãos, para as características: ciclo das plantas, altura das plantas, produtividade de grãos, massa de 1000 grãos, teor de óleo no grão e produtividade de óleo, na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, no município de São Manuel - SP, no ano de 2004, e na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, no município de Botucatu - SP, no ano de 2005, 2006, e 2007, pertencentes a Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - campus de Botucatu - SP, da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho". Foram avaliadas 100 progênies de meios irmãos de nabo forrageiro cultivar CATI AL 1000, em ensaio de competição, distribuídas em delineamento látice 10x10, parcialmente balanceado, com três repetições. As progênies superiores foram recombinadas e selecionadas no ano agrícola seguinte obtendo um ciclo a cada dois anos. Foram realizados dois ciclos de seleção. Os dados coletados a campo, para todas as características, foram padronizados seguindo a metodologia recomendada, e submetidos a análise de variância e testes de médias. Foram obtidas as correlações entre os caracteres e obtidas as estimativas de parâmetros genéticos. Para todas as características avaliadas, foi identificada a presença de variabilidade genética, decrescendo no segundo ciclo de seleção, entre as progênies de meios irmãos. Foram observados ganhos genéticos de 8,96, 18,47, 93,29, 12,51, e 69,11 %, para as características avaliadas: altura das plantas, massa de 1000 grãos, produção de grãos, teor de óleo do grão, e produtividade de grão, respectivamente. Observou-se correlação negativa e significativa entre produtividade de grãos e teor de óleo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The purpose of the present research was evaluate100 half-sib progenies of the population of wild radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. Oleiferus Metzg.) Cultivar CATI AL 1000 in two cycles of selection, among and within half-sib progenies for characteristics: cycle of plants, plant height, grain yield, 1000 grain weight, grain oil content and oil yield in the Experimental Farm San Manuel, in Sao Manuel - SP, in 2004, and in the Farm Experimental Lageado, in Botucatu - SP, in 2005, 2006 and 2007, at Faculdade de Ciencias Agronomicas - Botucatu campus - SP, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho". In this study, were evaluated 100 half-sib progenies of wild radish cultivar CATI AL 1000, in an essay competition, distributed in a 10x10 lattice, partially balanced, with three replications. The selected progenies were recombined and selected in the following crop year obtaining a cycle every two years. There were two cycles of selection. For all traits, the data collected at the field were patterned according to recommended methodology, and subjected to analysis of variance and multiple comparisons. The correlations between the characters and the estimates of genetic parameters were obtained. For all traits, the presence of genetic variability was identified, decreasing in the second cylce of selection, among the half-sib progenies. Genetic gains of 8.96, 18.47, 93.29, 12.51 were observed, and 69.11% for the characteristics evaluated: plant height, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, oil content of grain, and grain yield, respectively.There was negative correlation between grain yield and grain oil content, plant height and mass of 1000 grains, and positive and significant relationship between grain yield and plant height, also 1000 grain weight and oil content of grain. The genetic parameters values decreased from cycle I to cycle II, but the high magnitudes calculated in the second... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Maurício Dutra Zanotto / Coorientador: José Geraldo Carvalho do Amaral / Banca: Cibelle Chalita Martins / Banca: João Paulo Teixiera Whitaker / Banca: Luciano Soares de Souza / Banca: Fábio Suano de Souza / Doutor

Magistro darbe tiriama paprastosios eglės kilmių ir rinktinių medžių palikuonių šeimų genetinis–selekcinis įvertinimas bandomuosiuose želdiniuose. Darbo objektas – Ąžuolų Būdos girininkija, 55 kv., 6 skl. Augavietė Lc. Įveisti 1985 m. keturmečiais sodinukais. Plotas 1,5 ha. Darbo tikslas – atlikti paprastosios eglės kilmių ir rinktinių medžių šeimų genetinį–selekcinį įvertinimą bandomuosiuose želdiniuose. Atrinkti pranašiausius genotipus (rinktinius medžius ir individus palikuonių šeimose) antros kartos miško sėklinėms plantacijoms veisti ir įvertinti selekcinį efektą. Darbo metodai – atlikti 50-ties medžių medienos kietumo ir aukščio matavimai kiekviename variante ir kiekvieno medžio skersmens, stiebo tiesumo, dvistiebiškumo, pleištinių šakų įvertinimai. Medienos kietumas išmatuotas Pylodin prietaisu, aukštis – aukštimačiu, skersmuo – žerglėmis. Registruotos žuvusių medžių vietos ir apskaičiuotas išsilaikymas. Kokybiniai požymiai įvertinti pagal genetiniuose–selekciniuose tyrimuose naudojamą vizualaus medžių kokybinių požymių įvertinimo metodiką. Matavimų metu medelių amžius buvo 32 metai. Duomenų sisteminimas ir jų analizė atlikta, naudojant statistinių duomenų tvarkymo paketą Microsoft Excell, o duomenų statistiškai patikimi skirtumai nustatyti STEPDISC SAS analizės testu. Darbo rezultatai. Gauti rezultatai atskleidė, kad 71 % bandomų šeimų augimu pralenkė vietinę kilmę. Šiek tiek mažesnė dalis šeimų buvo pranašesnės už vietinę kilmę pagal pleištinių šakų proporciją. Ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Master's Thesis includes the study of Norway spruce provenances and plus trees progeny in the Ažuolų Būda field trial. The object of the study – Ažuolų Būda Forest District, block No. 55, plot No. 6. Site Lc. The field trial was established with 4 year old seedlings in 1985. The field area is 1.5 ha. Objective of the study – to perform genetic evaluation of Norway spruce provenances and plus trees progeny in the Ažuolų Būda field trial and select the best genotypes (parental plus trees and trees in progeny families) for the second generation seed orchards. Material and methods – wood hardness and total height of 50 trees was measured in each replicate. Diameter, stem straightness, multiple leader shoots, spike knots were registered for all the trees in the trial. Pilodyn 6J was used for measuring wood hardness, Vertex IV – for height, electronic Haglof callipers- for diameter. Survival was calculated by registering empty planting places. Quality traits were assessed using well known scales applied in tree breeding studies. At a time of assessment age of trees was 32 years. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel and SAS 9.3 statistical package (SAS Mixed and Corr procedures). Study results. The results showed that 71% of tested families grew better than the local origin. Slightly smaller amount of families were better by proportion of spike knots. And only two families were less hardy by wood compared to local one. Population variance component was the largest for... [to full text]

Orientador: João Antonio da Costa Andrade / Banca: Pedro Cesar dos Santos / Banca: José Branco de Miranda Filho / Resumo: Técnicas como a redução do espaçamento entre linhas, permitindo um melhor arranjo das plantas no campo, juntamente com o aumento da densidade de semeadura, podem ser empregadas para aumentar a interceptação da radiação solar, visando o aumento do rendimento para algumas cultivares de milho. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a variação genética do composto Flintisa Anão de milho, a fim de verificar se o mesmo apresenta potencial para melhoramento em condições de safrinha, espaçamento reduzido e duas densidades de semeadura. Foram avaliadas, na safrinha/2004, 150 progênies de meios irmãos, no espaçamento de 0,45 m entre linhas e nas densidades de 57.800 e 80.000 plantas ha-1, para os caracteres florescimento feminino, altura de plantas, altura de espigas, tombamento, prolificidade, grãos ardidos e rendimento de grãos. Variância genética aditiva, herdabilidade, correlação entre os caracteres, resposta correlacionada de um caráter mediante seleção em outro e ganho esperado com seleção, foram estimados para cada densidade e conjuntamente. Foram estimados ganhos de 16,0 e 19,2% para rendimento, 11,1 e 10,5% para prolificidade e 12,3 e 12,9% para altura de espigas, respectivamente para as densidades de 57.800 e 80.000 plantas ha-1. As estimativas de herdabilidade para altura de plantas, altura de espigas e rendimento, nas densidades 57.800 e 80.000 plantas ha-1 foram respectivamente 65,19 e 61,27%, 64,30 e 66,86% e 53,53 e 63,32%. As estimativas parecidas, e a ausência de interação progênies x densidades, indicam que não há necessidade de programas de seleção distintos. A densidade de 57.800 plantas ha-1 pode ser preferida apenas pelo fato das progênies...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Techniques as spacing row reduction, allowing a better plant arrangement in the field, together with the increase of the sowing density, can be used to increase the interception of the solar radiation, seeking the increase of the grain yield for some maize cultivars. The objective of this work was to quantify the genetic variation of the Dwarf Flintisa composite of maize, to verify its potential for improvement in off season crop, in reduced spacing between rows and two sowing densities. In the off season crop (March to July/2004) 150 half sib progenies were evaluated, in 0.45 m spacing rows and densities of 57800 and 80000 plants ha-1, for the traits female flowering, plant height, ear height, lodging, prolificacy, burning grains and grain yield. Additive genetic variance, heritability, correlation between traits, correlated response of a trait by selection in other and expected gain from selection, were estimated for each density and jointly. Gains of 16.0 and 19.2% for grain yield, 11.1 and 10.5% for prolificacy and 12.3 and 12.9% for ear height, respectively for the populations of 57800 and 80000 plants ha-1 were estimated. The heritability estimates for plant height, ear height and grain yield, in densities 57800 and 80000 plants ha-1 were 65.19 and 61.27%, 64.30 and 66.86% and 53.53 and 63.32%, respectively. The similar estimates and the absence of progenies x densities interaction, indicate that there different selection programs are not justified. The density of 57800 plants ha-1 can just be preferred because the progenies present larger grain yield, smaller lodging and higher prolificacy, on average. Therefore the Dwarf Flintisa composite has sufficient genetic variability for improvement for low and for high sowing density, in off season crop conditions...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-07-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:18:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 candido_ls_me_ilha.pdf: 332984 bytes, checksum: 467381227e709e8b87b6b03749be5529 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Técnicas como a redução do espaçamento entre linhas, permitindo um melhor arranjo das plantas no campo, juntamente com o aumento da densidade de semeadura, podem ser empregadas para aumentar a interceptação da radiação solar, visando o aumento do rendimento para algumas cultivares de milho. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a variação genética do composto Flintisa Anão de milho, a fim de verificar se o mesmo apresenta potencial para melhoramento em condições de safrinha, espaçamento reduzido e duas densidades de semeadura. Foram avaliadas, na safrinha/2004, 150 progênies de meios irmãos, no espaçamento de 0,45 m entre linhas e nas densidades de 57.800 e 80.000 plantas ha-1, para os caracteres florescimento feminino, altura de plantas, altura de espigas, tombamento, prolificidade, grãos ardidos e rendimento de grãos. Variância genética aditiva, herdabilidade, correlação entre os caracteres, resposta correlacionada de um caráter mediante seleção em outro e ganho esperado com seleção, foram estimados para cada densidade e conjuntamente. Foram estimados ganhos de 16,0 e 19,2% para rendimento, 11,1 e 10,5% para prolificidade e 12,3 e 12,9% para altura de espigas, respectivamente para as densidades de 57.800 e 80.000 plantas ha-1. As estimativas de herdabilidade para altura de plantas, altura de espigas e rendimento, nas densidades 57.800 e 80.000 plantas ha-1 foram respectivamente 65,19 e 61,27%, 64,30 e 66,86% e 53,53 e 63,32%. As estimativas parecidas, e a ausência de interação progênies x densidades, indicam que não há necessidade de programas de seleção distintos. A densidade de 57.800 plantas ha-1 pode ser preferida apenas pelo fato das progênies... / Techniques as spacing row reduction, allowing a better plant arrangement in the field, together with the increase of the sowing density, can be used to increase the interception of the solar radiation, seeking the increase of the grain yield for some maize cultivars. The objective of this work was to quantify the genetic variation of the Dwarf Flintisa composite of maize, to verify its potential for improvement in off season crop, in reduced spacing between rows and two sowing densities. In the off season crop (March to July/2004) 150 half sib progenies were evaluated, in 0.45 m spacing rows and densities of 57800 and 80000 plants ha-1, for the traits female flowering, plant height, ear height, lodging, prolificacy, burning grains and grain yield. Additive genetic variance, heritability, correlation between traits, correlated response of a trait by selection in other and expected gain from selection, were estimated for each density and jointly. Gains of 16.0 and 19.2% for grain yield, 11.1 and 10.5% for prolificacy and 12.3 and 12.9% for ear height, respectively for the populations of 57800 and 80000 plants ha-1 were estimated. The heritability estimates for plant height, ear height and grain yield, in densities 57800 and 80000 plants ha-1 were 65.19 and 61.27%, 64.30 and 66.86% and 53.53 and 63.32%, respectively. The similar estimates and the absence of progenies x densities interaction, indicate that there different selection programs are not justified. The density of 57800 plants ha-1 can just be preferred because the progenies present larger grain yield, smaller lodging and higher prolificacy, on average. Therefore the Dwarf Flintisa composite has sufficient genetic variability for improvement for low and for high sowing density, in off season crop conditions...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:00:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sa_ro_dr_botfca.pdf: 609591 bytes, checksum: fbbd21f4b97ce442e120737b875fffb0 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar 100 progênies de meios irmãos da população de nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiferus Metzg.), cultivar CATI AL 1000 em dois ciclos de seleção entre e dentro de progênies de meios irmãos, para as características: ciclo das plantas, altura das plantas, produtividade de grãos, massa de 1000 grãos, teor de óleo no grão e produtividade de óleo, na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, no município de São Manuel – SP, no ano de 2004, e na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, no município de Botucatu – SP, no ano de 2005, 2006, e 2007, pertencentes a Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – campus de Botucatu – SP, da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”. Foram avaliadas 100 progênies de meios irmãos de nabo forrageiro cultivar CATI AL 1000, em ensaio de competição, distribuídas em delineamento látice 10x10, parcialmente balanceado, com três repetições. As progênies superiores foram recombinadas e selecionadas no ano agrícola seguinte obtendo um ciclo a cada dois anos. Foram realizados dois ciclos de seleção. Os dados coletados a campo, para todas as características, foram padronizados seguindo a metodologia recomendada, e submetidos a análise de variância e testes de médias. Foram obtidas as correlações entre os caracteres e obtidas as estimativas de parâmetros genéticos. Para todas as características avaliadas, foi identificada a presença de variabilidade genética, decrescendo no segundo ciclo de seleção, entre as progênies de meios irmãos. Foram observados ganhos genéticos de 8,96, 18,47, 93,29, 12,51, e 69,11 %, para as características avaliadas: altura das plantas, massa de 1000 grãos, produção de grãos, teor de óleo do grão, e produtividade de grão, respectivamente. Observou-se correlação negativa e significativa entre produtividade de grãos e teor de óleo... / The purpose of the present research was evaluate100 half-sib progenies of the population of wild radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. Oleiferus Metzg.) Cultivar CATI AL 1000 in two cycles of selection, among and within half-sib progenies for characteristics: cycle of plants, plant height, grain yield, 1000 grain weight, grain oil content and oil yield in the Experimental Farm San Manuel, in Sao Manuel - SP, in 2004, and in the Farm Experimental Lageado, in Botucatu - SP, in 2005, 2006 and 2007, at Faculdade de Ciencias Agronomicas – Botucatu campus - SP, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho”. In this study, were evaluated 100 half-sib progenies of wild radish cultivar CATI AL 1000, in an essay competition, distributed in a 10x10 lattice, partially balanced, with three replications. The selected progenies were recombined and selected in the following crop year obtaining a cycle every two years. There were two cycles of selection. For all traits, the data collected at the field were patterned according to recommended methodology, and subjected to analysis of variance and multiple comparisons. The correlations between the characters and the estimates of genetic parameters were obtained. For all traits, the presence of genetic variability was identified, decreasing in the second cylce of selection, among the half-sib progenies. Genetic gains of 8.96, 18.47, 93.29, 12.51 were observed, and 69.11% for the characteristics evaluated: plant height, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, oil content of grain, and grain yield, respectively.There was negative correlation between grain yield and grain oil content, plant height and mass of 1000 grains, and positive and significant relationship between grain yield and plant height, also 1000 grain weight and oil content of grain. The genetic parameters values decreased from cycle I to cycle II, but the high magnitudes calculated in the second... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

A candidate gene approach was used to identify potential genetic markers associated with wool quality traits including mean fibre diameter (MFD), fibre diameter standard deviation (FDSD), coefficient of variation of fibre diameter (CVD), prickle factor, curvature, yellowness, brightness, staple strength, staple length, yield, greasy fleece weight (GFW) and clean fleece weight (CFW). Inheritance of potential genetic markers was studied in two half-sib Merino families and assessed for association with the wool quality traits. The sire for one of the half-sib families is referred to as MV144-58-00, and wool measurements from its progeny were taken at 12 (n = 131), 24 (n =128) and 36 (n = 37) months of age. The sire for the second half-sib family is referred to as Stoneyhurst, and wool measurements from its progeny (n = 35) were taken at 12 months of age. Genes that code for the keratin intermediate-filament proteins (KRTs) (KRT1.2, KRT2.10) and the keratin intermediate-filament-associated proteins (KAPs) (KAPl.1, KAPl.3, KAP3.2, KAP6.1, KAP 7, KAP8) were targeted for this investigation, along with the beta 3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) gene and microsatellites BfMS and OarFCB193. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify specific DNA fragments from each locus and PCR- single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis was used to detect polymorphism within the half-sib families for all the loci, except for the KAP1.1 gene, where length polymorphism was detected using agarose gel electrophoresis. Only the loci that were heterozygous for the sire (KAP1.1, KAP1.3, KRT1.2, ADRB3, KAP8) and hence were informative, were genotyped in the progeny. The total number of alleles observed at the KAP1.1, KAP1.3, KRT1.2, KAP8 and the ADRB3 loci were four, ten, six, five and six, respectively. Analysis of each of the informative loci revealed allelic associations with various wool traits. In the MV144-58-00 (genotypes KAP1.1 AB; KAP1.3 BD; KRT1.2 AB; ADRB3 CE) half-sib, inheritance of the KAP1.1 A allele was associated with a higher yield at 24 months of age (P = 0.037). This trend also observed at 36 months of age (P = 0.078). At 12 months of age, the KAP1.1 A allele tended to be associated with increased staple length (P = 0.08). At 36 months of age, the inheritance of the KAP1.1 B allele tended towards being associated with whiter wool (P = 0.080). The MV144-58-00 KAP1.3 D allele tended to be associated with increased yield at 24 and 36 months of age (P = 0.091 and 0.059, respectively), and with lower FDSD at 12 months of age (P = 0.055). The sire KAP1.3 B allele was associated with whiter wool colour at 36 months of age (P = 0.045). The inheritance of the MV144-58-00 KR T1.2 B allele was associated with or tended to be associated with a smaller FDSD (P = 0.040), an increase in staple strength (P = 0.025) and an increase in GFW (P = 0.069) at 12 months of age. At 24 months of age, the KR T1.2 B allele tended to be associated with increased yield (P = 0.057). At 36 months of age, the KRTl.2 A allele was associated with whiter wool (P = 0.019) and tended to be associated with increased crimp within the wool fibre (P = 0.089). In the Stoneyhurst (genotypes KAP1.1 BC; KAP1.3 CJ; KRT1.2 DE; ADRB3 CE) half-sib, inheritance of the KAP1.1 B allele was associated with longer staple length (P = 0.018) and a decrease in wool brightness (P = 0.039). In contrast, KAP1.1 C allele was associated with lowest staple length (P = 0.018) and brighter wool colour (P = 0.039). Associations observed with the inheritance of Stoneyhurst KAP 1.1 alleles were similar to the inheritance ofKAPl.3 alleles. Stoneyhurst KAP1.3 J allele was associated with longer staple length (P = 0.017) and a decrease in wool brightness (P = 0.010). In contrast, KAP1.3 C allele was associated with lowest staple length (P = 0.017) and brighter wool colour (P = 0.010). The Stoneyhurst KRT12 D allele was associated with longer staple length and a decrease in wool brightness (P = 0.033). In contrast, KRT1.2 E allele was associated with lowest staple length (P = 0.033) and brighter wool colour (P = 0.022). Sire alleles at the ADRB3 gene locus were associated with variation in staple strength (P = 0.025) for MV144-58-00's progeny, and with variation in yield (P = 0.023) for Stoneyhurst's progeny. The results obtained in this thesis are consistent with KAP1.1, KAP1.3 and KRT1.2 being clustered on one chromosome because both sires in this study passed on two major KAP1.1-KAP1.3-KRT1.2 haplotypes to their progeny, and the associations with wool traits were very similar for all the three loci. The major sire derived KAP1.1 – KAP1.3 - KRT1.2 haplotypes observed within the MV144-58-00 half-sib were: BBA (frequency of 43.4%; n = 43) and ADB (frequency of 44.4%; n = 44). Other minor haplotypes observed were: ADA (frequency of 4.0%; n = 4); BDA (frequency of 2.0%; n = 2); BBB (frequency of 3.0%; n = 3) and BDB (frequency of 3.0%; n = 3). In the Stoneyhurst half-sib, major sire-derived KAP 1.1 - KAP 1.3 - KR Tl.2 haplotypes observed were CCE (frequency of 53.1 %; n = 17) and BJD (frequency of 40.6%; n = 13). The minor haplotype BJE (frequency of 6.3%; n = 2) was also observed. Statistical analyses within the MVI44-58-00 half-sib showed that KAP1.1 AKAP1.3 D - KRT1.2 B haplotype was associated with increased yield (P = 0.023) and tended towards whiter wool colour (P = 0.059), smaller FDSD (P = 0.081) and stronger staple strength (P = 0.092). In the Stoneyhurst half-sib, the KAP1.1 B - KAP1.3 J - KRT1.2 D haplotype was associated with longer staple length (P = 0.010), while the KAP1.1 C - KAP1.3 C - KRT1.2 E haplotype showed a strong trend with increased wool brightness (P = 0.096). Result from this study indicated that the keratin genes on chromosome 11 are recombining relatively frequently at recombination "hotspots". A high rate of recombination among loci that impact on wool traits would make breeding for consistent wool quality very difficult. The results presented in this thesis suggest that genes coding for the KRTs and KAPs have the potential to impact on wool quality. KAP1.1, KAP1.3 and KRT1.2 could potentially be exploited in gene marker-assisted selection programmes within the wool industry to select for animals with increased staple length, 'increased staple strength, higher yield and brighter wool. This study was however limited to two half-sib families, and further investigation is required.

Orientador: João Antonio da Costa Andrade / Resumo: Populações braquíticas têm sido constantemente estudadas no melhoramento de milho, o interesse por cultivares de porte baixo tem aumentado, principalmente por tolerarem plantios adensados, permitindo maior número de plantas por hectare. A prolificidade é um dos principais componentes na produção do milho que além da estabilidade de produção permite maior eficiência na utilização de nutrientes na planta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a variabilidade genética, para diferentes caracteres, presente nas populações Isanão VF-1 e Isanão VD-1 após sete ciclos de seleção massal para prolificidade. Foram avaliadas 121 progênies de meios irmãos da população Isanão VF-1 e 65 progênies da população Isanão VD-1, ambas populações de milho braquítico, na segunda safra do ano agrícola 2017 (E1) e primeira safra 2017/2018 (E2). Os caracteres avaliados para as duas épocas de semeadura foram enfezamento, tombamento, prolificidade e rendimento de espigas, e apenas para a E2 foram avaliados florescimento feminino, altura de plantas, altura de espigas e rendimento de grãos. Foram estimados parâmetros genéticos e os ganhos esperados com seleção com intensidade de seleção de 20%, para cada época e conjuntamente. Para a população Isanão VF-1 foram estimadas herdabilidades que variaram entre 37,70% e 74,82%, e ganhos de -5,11%, -10,48% para enfezamento, 19,57% e 7,13% para prolificidade, 20,75% e 15,74% para rendimento de espigas na E1 e E2 respectivamente. Para a população Isanão VD-1 as her... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Maize brachytic populations have been constantly studied in maize breeding, the interest for low-growing cultivars has increased, mainly because they tolerate high density of plants. Prolificacy is one of the main components of yield in maize that besides the yield stability allows higher efficiency in the use of nutrients in the plant. The objective of this work was to verify the genetic variability for different carachteres in the Isanão VF-1 and Isanão VD-1 brachytic populations after seven cycles of mass selection for prolificacy. A total of 121 open cross corn progenies from the Isanão VF-1 population and 65 open cross corn progenies from the Isanão VD-1 population, both brachytic maize populations, were evaluated in first crop 2017 (E1) and second crop 2017/2018 (E2). The evaluated traits for the two seasons were corn stunt complex, fall index, prolificacy and ear yield, and only for E2 were evaluated feminine flowering, plant height, ear height and grain yield. Genetic parameters and expected gains with selection, with 20% of intensity, were calculated for each season and jointly. For the Isanão VF-1 population, heritabilities were estimated from 37.70% to 74.82%, and expected gains of -5.11%, -10.48% for corn stunt complex, 19.57% and 7.13% for prolificacy, 20.75% and 15.74% for ear yield at E1 and E2 respectively. For the Isanão VD-1 population the heritabilities varied between 8.01% and 75.36%, and estimated gains were -3.198% and -9.565% for corn stunt complex, 12.... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of this study was to evaluate, through simulation of data, different selection strategies adopted in a breeding program of swine and their impacts on levels of inbreeding and genetic gains. In addition to specifically estimating the impact of restrictions on the maximum number of sons and daughters by male or female and the impact of rates and productive losses on levels of inbreeding and genetic gain. Data from real populations A, composed of Pietrain pigs, and B, by Landrace pigs, used in this study, came from two genetic lines located on farms in the west of the Santa Catarina state. To generate the simulated populations, a Fortran language simulator was used in which the information of the real populations was used: two main input files, one containing the pedigree of the last 10 years, with 21,906 animals in population A and 251,343 animals in population B, And another one containing the estimated breeding values for age, backfat and feed conversion, all adjusted to 110 kg of live weight, for both populations, as well as depth of the longissimus dorsi muscle adjusted for 110 kg of live weight - only for population A, and number of live piglets at the 5th day of life, per farrowing, only for population B, of the selected animals in 2014 (Generation 0). In addition to the (co)variances of estimated breeding values, rates and productive and reproductive averages, number of mating and number of animals selected per generation. In each article, three scenarios were simulated: in article 1 the scenarios varied in the restrictions on the number of full siblings and half-siblings selected, for males and females, already in article 2 the variations in the scenarios were in the mortality rate in the lactation and farrowing rate. Ten generations were simulated, with 30 repetitions each generation and scenario. The results of the simulation of data in a breeding program of swine allow to conclude that: there is an increase in the inbreeding levels in a closed nucleus independent of the selection strategy used; the rate of inbreeding are larger in populations of smaller effective size; restrictions on the number of full siblings and half-siblings selected are efficient to reduce the rates of inbreeding, with the restriction of a maximum of two full-siblings and three half-siblings for males and three full-siblings for females, for having obtained the highest genetic gains, is indicated as a selection strategy to be adopted in these populations; there is an increase in the levels of consanguinity in a closed nucleus with an increase in productive and reproductive losses; the productive and reproductive losses reduce the variances of the estimated breeding values and, mainly, the intensities of selection, reducing the genetic gains; actions that maximize farrowing rates are preponderant to those that minimize mortality rates in the lactation, since the reduction in simulated farrowing rate has resulted in greater losses in genetic gains. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, através de simulação de dados, diferentes estratégias de seleção adotadas em programa de melhoramento genético de suínos e seus impactos nos níveis de consanguinidade e ganhos genéticos. Além de, especificamente, estimar o impacto de restrições no número máximo de filhos e filhas por macho ou fêmea e o impacto de taxas e perdas produtivas nos níveis de consanguinidade do plantel e no ganho genético. Os dados das populações reais A, composta por suínos da raça Pietrain, e B, por suínos da raça Landrace, utilizados neste estudo, foram provenientes de duas linhagens localizadas em granjas no oeste do estado de Santa Catarina. Para gerar as populações simuladas foi desenvolvido um simulador em linguagem Fortran no qual utilizou-se as informações das populações reais: dois arquivos de dados iniciais, um contendo o pedigree dos últimos 10 anos, sendo 21.906 animais na população A e 251.343 animais na população B, e outro contendo os valores genéticos para idade, espessura de toucinho e conversão alimentar, todos ajustados para 110 kg de peso vivo, para ambas as populações, além de profundidade do músculo longissimus dorsi ajustada para 110 kg de peso vivo – somente para a população A e número de leitões vivos ao 5º dia de vida, por parto, somente para a população B, dos animais selecionados em 2014 (Geração 0), além das (co)variâncias dos valores genéticos, as taxas e médias produtivas e reprodutivas, restrições de número de coberturas e número de animais selecionados por geração. Em cada artigo foram simulados três cenários: no artigo 1 os cenários variaram nas restrições no número de irmãos completos e meios-irmãos selecionados, para machos e fêmeas, já no artigo 2 as variações nos cenários foram na taxa de mortalidade na lactação e taxa de parto. Foram simuladas dez gerações, com 30 repetições cada geração e cenário. Os resultados da simulação de dados em programa de melhoramento genético de suínos permitem concluir que: há incremento dos níveis de consanguinidade em núcleo de produção fechado independente da estratégia utilizada; os incrementos de consanguinidade são maiores em populações de tamanho efetivo menor; restrições no número de irmãos completos e meios-irmãos selecionados são eficientes para reduzir os incrementos de consanguinidade, sendo que a restrição de, no máximo, dois irmãos-completos e três meios-irmãos, para machos, e três irmãs-completas, para fêmeas, por ter obtido os maiores ganhos genéticos, é indicado como estratégia de seleção a ser adotada nestas populações; há incremento dos níveis de consanguinidade em núcleo de produção fechado com o aumento das perdas produtivas e reprodutivas; as perdas produtivas e reprodutivas reduzem as variâncias dos valores genéticos e, principalmente, as intensidades de seleção, reduzindo os ganhos genéticos; ações que maximizem as taxas de parição são preponderantes àquelas que minimizem as taxas de mortalidade na lactação, tendo em vista que a redução na taxa de parição simulada, resultou em maiores perdas nos ganhos genéticos.

Orientador: João Antonio da Costa Andrade / Banca: Paulo Bahiense Ferraz Filho / Banca: Cristina Lacerda Soares Petrarolha Silva / Resumo: Técnicas como a redução do espaçamento entre linhas, permitindo um melhor arranjo das plantas no campo, juntamente com o aumento da densidade de semeadura, podem ser empregadas para aumentar a interceptação da radiação solar, visando o aumento do rendimento para cultivares de milho. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a variação genética do Composto Flintisa Anão de milho, verificando se o mesmo apresenta potencial para melhoramento em condições de espaçamento reduzido e alta densidade populacional, em duas épocas de semeadura (normal e safrinha). Foram avaliadas, 150 progênies na safrinha/2004 e 118 na época normal (safra 2004/05), no espaçamento de 0,45 m entre linhas e densidade de 80.000 plantas ha-1, para os caracteres florescimento feminino, altura de plantas, altura de espigas, tombamento, prolificidade, grãos ardidos, rendimento. Variância genética aditiva, herdabilidade, correlação entre os caracteres, resposta correlacionada de um caráter mediante a seleção em outro e ganho esperado com seleção foram estimados para cada época e conjuntamente, considerando as progênies comuns nos dois ambientes. As herdabilidades estimadas foram 84,91 e 61,27% para altura de plantas, 80,90 e 66,86% para altura de espigas, 39,59 e 48,60% para tombamento, 60,12 e 45,01% para prolificidade e 78,07 e 63,32% para rendimento, respectivamente para época normal e safrinha. Os ganhos esperados com seleção de intensidade 20% foram 23,78 e 19,2% para rendimento, 12,36 e 10,5% para prolificidade e 19,10 e 12,9% para altura de espigas, respectivamente para época normal e safrinha. Considerando a análise conjunta, as herdabilidades e ganhos foram intermediários entre as duas épocas. As magnitudes dos parâmetros genéticos permitiram verificar que existe suficiente variabilidade genética no Composto Flintisa Anão, indicando a possibilidade de ganhos substanciais...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Techniques as spacing row reduction, allowing a better plant arrangement in the field, together with the increase of the sowing density, can be used to increase the interception of the solar radiation, seeking the increase of the grain yield for some maize cultivars. The objective of this work was to quantify the genetic variation of the Dwarf Flintisa Composite of maize, to verify its potential for improvement in reduced spacing between rows and high density of plants in two seasons (summer planting and no crop season). There were evaluated 150 progenies in no crop season (March to July/2004) and 118 progenies in summer planting (November/2004 to March/2005), in 0.45 m spacing rows and density of 80000 plants ha-1, for the traits feminine flowering, plant height, ear height, fall index, prolificacy, burning grains and grain yield. Addictive genetic variance, heritability correlation between traits, correlated answer of a trait by selection in other and expected gain selection, were estimated for each season and jointly. The heritability estimates were 84,91 e 61,27% for plant height, 80,90 e 66,86% for year height, 60.12 e 45.01% for prolificacy e 78.07 e 63.32% for grain yield, respectively to summer planting and no crop season. The expected gain with selection of 20% intensity were 23.78 and 19.2% for grain yield, 12.36 and 10.5% for prolificacy and 19.10 and 12.9% for ear height, respectively for summer crop and no crop season. In the joint analyses the heritabilities and expected gains were intermediate between two crop season. The genetics parameters magnitude showed that enough genetic variability in Dwarf Flintisa Composite indicating the possibility of substantial gain with selection in conditions of high density and reducing spacing between rows in summer crop and no crop season, and too to obtain a unique adapted population for both...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre