Dans le contrat de transport maritime international de marchandises, le connaissement est le document contractuel clef et la différence avec le contrat d'affrètement est la charte-partie, dans les rapports entre l'affréteur et le fréteur. Le connaissement qui est émis en exécution d'un contrat d'affrètement régit les rapports entre le chargeur et le transporteur, d'une part et entre le transporteur et le destinataire, d'autre part et transmis à un tiers porteur de bonne foi. Interpréter les différentes étendues d'application des systèmes des Conventions Internationales en particulier la dernière Convention existante dans la normative internationale uniforme : la Convention UNCITRAL de Nations Unies ( les Règles de Rotterdam de 2008), ainsi que les autres déjà connues : la Convention de Bruxelles de 1924, les Règles de La Haye/ Visby (Le Protocole de Bruxelles, 1968 et le protocole monétaire (RHV), des Règles de Hambourg (RHAM) 1978 Convention des Nations Unies vis-à-vis des droits étudiés (le panaméen, le français et l'anglais) et les principes présentés dans les systèmes juridiques qui font partie de notre analyse; des aspects concernant au concept, à la nature et les fonctions du connaissement face à la charte-partie et des autres contrats de droit maritime international, dont la finalité est d'un titre valeur. D'abord, seront analysés la genèse et l'évolution du contrat de transport maritime international de marchandises en régime de connaissement. L'uniformité des instruments juridiques internationaux et les différentes étendues d'application des Règles de La Haye, de La Haye-Visby, des Règles de Hambourg et des Règles de Rotterdam sur le droit uniforme en régime de connaissement. Les obligations soumises aux Conventions internationales. En second lieu, le développement sera sur le contrat d'affrètement. La charte-partie et leurs différents modalités dans le transport de marchandises par mer établies dans le droit français, droit panaméen et droit anglais. / In the contract of international maritime transport of goods, the bill of lading is the key contractual document and the difference with the charter contract is the charter-party, in the relations between the charterer and the charterer. The bill of lading issued in execution of a charter agreement governs the relationship between the shipper and the carrier, on the one hand, and between the carrier and the consignee, on the other hand, and transmitted to a bona fide third party carrier. Interpret the different areas of application of the systems of the International Conventions, in particular the last existing Convention in form international standard: the UNCITRAL Convention of the United Nations (the Rotterdam Rules of 2008), as well as the others known: the Brussels Convention of 1924, the Hague / Visby Rules (The Brussels Protocol, 1968 and the Monetary Protocol (RHV)), Hamburg Rules (RHAM) 1978 United Nations Convention on the Rights of Education (Panamanian, French and English) and the principles present in the legal systems that are part of our analysis; aspects relating to the concept, nature and functions of the bill of lading in of the charter party and other contracts of international maritime law, the purpose of which is of a value title. First, the genesis and evolution of the contract for the international maritime transport of goods under bill of lading will be analyzed. The uniformity of the international legal instruments and the different areas of application of the Hague Rules, The Hague-Visby Rules, the Hamburg Rules and the Rotterdam Rules on the Uniform Bill of Lading Law. Obligations subject to international conventions. Second, the development will be on the charter contract. The charter-party and their different modalities in the carriage of goods by sea established in French law, Panamanian law and English law.

Le commerce international est souvent relié au transport maritime. La poursuite des règles uniformes se rapportant à ce dernier avait débuté à la fin du XIXe siècle et a abouti à l’émergence des Règles de La Haye, des Règles de Hambourg et des Règles de Rotterdam. L’exonération du transporteur maritime, qui suscitait des controverses favorisant le développement des règles maritimes internationales, a été réglementée de trois façons différentes dans les trois Règles précitées. La question principale abordée dans la thèse présente est si elles sont suffisamment satisfaisantes. Une autre question, qui se pose s’il est prouvé qu’aucune d’entre elles ne l’est, est quelle serait une meilleure façon. Pour y répondre, deux critères, soit la justice et la clarté, ont été choisis. Les recherches effectuées dans le cadre de la thèse présente visent à donner une évaluation profonde des régimes existants en matière de réglementation de l’exonération du transporteur maritime ainsi que des suggestions d’amélioration à cet égard. / The international trade is usually connected with the carriage of goods by sea. The campaign in pursuit of uniform rules governing such carriage was launched in the late nineteenth century and has led to the emergence of the Hague Rules, the Hamburg Rules and the Rotterdam Rules. The carrier’s entitlement to exemption from liability, which triggered much controversy contributing to the development of the international shipping rules, has been regulated in three different ways in the aforementioned three Rules. The principal question addressed in the present thesis is whether they are sufficiently satisfactory. Another question, which is to be dealt with if none of them proves to be the case, is what a better way could be like. Two criteria, namely fairness and clarity, have been chosen in answer to the aforesaid questions. The research contained in the present thesis aims to give a thorough evaluation of the existing regimes regarding the carrier’s exemption from liability and some improvement suggestions in this respect.

This thesis defines the most important transport documents used in the carriage of goods by sea. It describes the way how they are used and the functions they perform. The main emphasis is focused on the bill of lading which is mostly used in the liner shipping and on the Charter Party, which is the basis of the realization of the tramp shipping. The thesis gives a comprehensive overview of a complicated international legislation of the liability relations in the maritime transport, which are differently regulated in the Hague, Hague-Visby and Hamburg rules at present. There is also provided a basic overview of the maritime transport risks and the possibility of their coverage in order to reduce the negative impact of eventual damages.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarianaGama.pdf: 821073 bytes, checksum: 402b9864ba857f81db2e8321d820abb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-10-18 / The legal basis of the contract of carriage of goods by sea is the main object of the present work. The choice of this topic was influenced by the great importance that it presents and by the little prominence that the current Brazilian doctrine grants to it. Furthermore, due to the increase of the Brazilian exportation, the subject-matter is each time more appreciated by the national courts. In the present work were considered not only rules of domestic law, mainly represented by the Civil Code of 2002, but also principles of international law represented by two international conventions about the subject: the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading (Brussels Convention, of 1924), and the United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea (the Hamburg Rules, of 1978). Certain rules of comparative law had also been indicated mainly when the subject is not regulated by the domestic legal system. Finally, it was made an analysis of two other kinds of economic exploitation of the ship: the chartering contract (time and voyage charter) and the bare boat charter, comparing them to the contract of carriage of goods by sea, and although they present some contact points with the contract, they differ from it. / O regime jurídico do contrato de transporte de mercadorias por via marítima é o principal objeto de estudo do presente trabalho. A escolha do tema foi influênciada pela grande importância que apresenta e devido ao pouco destaque que a doutrina brasileira atual lhe concede. Ademais, em função do aumento das exportações brasileiras, a matéria é cada vez mais apreciada pelos tribunais nacionais. No presente ensaio foram abordadas não somente as normas de direito interno, representadas principalmente pelo Código Civil de 2002, mas também as normas de direito internacional, consubstanciadas em duas convenções internacionais sobre a matéria: a Convenção Internacional para a Unificação de Certas Regras em Matéria de Conhecimentos (Convenção de Bruxelas, de 1924) e a Convenção das Nações Unidas para o Transporte de Mercadorias por Mar (Regras de Hamburgo, de 1978). Foram também indicados dispositivos de direito comparado, principalmente quando a matéria não for abordada pelo ordenamento jurídico pátrio. Por fim, foi feita uma análise de outras duas formas de exploração econômica do navio: o contrato de afretamento (por tempo e por viagem) e a locação, confrontando-as com o contrato de transporte marítimo de mercadorias, que, embora apresentem alguns pontos de contato, não se confundem com o contrato, objeto de comparação.