This thesis presents new data on the work motivation of Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) constables. It offers data from two surveys: a snap-shot of the attitudes and behaviours of constables with seven years' service; and a survey of new recruits over their first fifteen months of service. It is perhaps the most comprehensive study undertaken of motivation to work hard and remain in a UK police force and includes a critical review of the motivation literature with specific reference to its relevance to the job of police constable. A provisional model is proposed to explain variance in the dependent variables - motivation to work hard (effort) and motivation to remain in the organisation (intention to stay/leave). New construct variables operationalise effort, reality shock, career frustration, organisational citizenship behaviour, socialisation and performance. Pre-existing scales are used for organisational commitment, management support, intention to leave, self efficacy, higher order need strength, organisational identification, intrinsic motivation and job satisfaction. The model met with a reasonable level of success: up to 46 per cent of the variance in intention to leave and up to 26 per cent of the variance in effort were explained. The effect of the model in explaining the outcomes of two organisational changes on the work motivation of experienced constables is also examined. Following the data analysis, a revised model is proposed. Motivation theories were shown to have validity and contribute to our understanding of work motivation. Variables explaining the work motivation of MPS constables were found to be similar to those in empirical research on other workers. However, probationary constables as a group were shown to have very unrealistic career expectations. Self-reported levels of effort decreased and levels of intention to leave increased over the socialisation period.

No description available.

No description available.

Researchers have studied the effects of modifying the physical environment in classrooms with high levels of disruptive behaviors in the general education setting. This study incorporates modifications used by previous researchers yet in a residential school with students who have a hearing loss. The results of the study show a functional relationship between the physical environment and levels of disruptive behavior and academic engagement. The present study confirmed that by modifying the classroom environment to minimize visual and auditory distractions, disruptive behaviors decreased and academic engagement increased with students who have a hearing loss. A multiple baseline across settings design was used to examine the efficacy of the intervention in three classrooms. Social validity ratings by the teachers indicated high acceptability of the intervention. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed.

No description available.

This thesis is concerned with the experiences and understandings of young people as they move from their final two years of compulsory education into a range of post-16 destinations including Further Education, work, apprenticeships and unemployment. The participants were all identified as being ‘hard to reach’ by school practitioners. The research responds to a need to deepen understanding of such young people ahead of the age of participation in education and training in England being raised to 18 in 2015. The research was conducted in the South West of England. The empirical research was undertaken between January 2008 and April 2010 and comprised semi-structured interviews with 51 young people who were interviewed between one and three times during that period. The data presented in this thesis is focused on 11 of those young people who were each interviewed on three occasions. The findings suggest similarities between the post-16 transition experiences of the young people participating here and those of young people in this age range, not identified as ‘hard to reach’. Notwithstanding these parallels, the research revealed that young peoples’ post-16 transitions and the aspirations they hold are often more nuanced than has been theorised in previous research. The findings raise questions about the implications of labelling young people, and 14-19 policy predicated upon assumptions regarding those who do not participate post-16. In conclusion it is suggested that at a time of continued economic uncertainty and UK youth unemployment approaching one million , young people need more flexibility in the school and post-16 experiences that are available and actively encouraged, rather than increased levels of constraint.

KEY WORDS: leniency, hard-core cartel, whistleblowing, competition The EU/US Leniency policy is a thesis collecting and classifying huge amount of information and data from several legislations in relation to a relatively new phenomenon of leniency policy. Its additional value are not only commentaries on the de lege lata (currently existing) legislation, but mainly de lege ferandae presumptions emphasizing the trends which could be anticipated in the leniency policies in the future. Processing world data would not be in my capacities and therefore I decided to work with the most representative legislations - those of the European Union and of the United States, a minor insight is also given in case of Great Britain, Germany and France. The thesis helps the reader get familiar with the basic leniency concepts (terminology, principles, history) and subsequently starts explaining the core of the laws from the substantial as well as procedural point of view. Chapters enabling comparison of European and American law firstly set both legislative frameworks and then provide a comparative chapter at the end dealing with weaknesses and strengths of each program. The historical part deals with the circumstances which led to passing of the legislative predecessors of the current laws but also carefully...

This research aims to explore how Turkish business leaders tackle and navigate challenges in times of crisis. Recent Gezi Park protests in Istanbul, Turkey triggered a multilayered crisis. These protests lasted more than two months, having long-term effects on Turkey’s social, cultural and economic life. Therefore, this thesis considers these Gezi Park protests as a crisis for food sector business leaders in the neighbourhood. This research examines leaders’ processes of dealing with the protests, by drawing on interviews with 40 leaders in the food sector. First, it investigates how these leaders addressed the protests, as leaders’ responses affected their businesses. Secondly, it discusses challenges experience by leaders during the protests. Finally, it investigates leaders ‘coping mechanisms’ in the face of challenges. The thematic analysis of data suggests that those leaders who helped the protestors by opening their doors prioritised humanity before any ideology. These leaders put humane values first, such as acting with conscience, feeling empathy and feeling compassion despite having opposing political views. This behaviour is considered successful leadership behaviour. Conversely, those leaders who put their self-interests first by closing their doors to the protestors are considered unsuccessful leaders. It emerged that leaders faced emotional, physical, interpersonal and financial challenges during the protests. Leaders coped with challenges by remaining hopeful about the future, by being patient, by being supported by family and friends, by becoming accustomed to the challenges, and by adopting an exit strategy.

A series of boron suboxide films with hardness higher than 40 GPa was prepared and characterized. The correlation between OB ratio and mechanical properties, both hardness and elastic modulus were analyzed. Our studies on beta r-B, B2O3, surface oxidation of betar-B, and B6O illustrate that an XPS peak shift can be caused by a change in chemical state and bonding configuration. The shifts of B 1s peaks provide some good evidence to substantiate this conventional wisdom of XPS. We have applied this concept to enrich our XPS studies of boron and BxO y, and indeed found an intriguing variety of surface and interfacial physical conditions of those samples. / In our study, three boron nitride (BN) samples, the c-BN, h-BN and a-BN were prepared to serve as the standard specimens. And also, a series of thick BN films with different cubic phase content were prepared using a dual-ion beam assisted deposition (DIBAD) system. A quantitative method to measure the various phases content in BN film by the deconvolution of the energy loss features of N 1s signal was established. The feasibility of this method was proved by comparing the results with the results from FT-IR. To our understanding, this method has never been reported. / Many mechanical applications constantly demand superhard materials. Commonly a material is qualified as "superhard" when its microhardness exceeds 40 GPa. Therefore, great efforts have been made to search for other materials with high hardness in the past several decades. In the design of superhard materials, boron is a peculiar element/constituent. c-BN that possesses the zinc-blende structure shows numerous highly desirable mechanical properties, especially the high hardness and chemical inertness. Boron often exhibits three-center two-electron bonds in addition to the common two-center two-electron bonds. This overall bonding configuration must be very effective as shown by the high hardness of solid boron at 35 GPa. When impurities with more valence electrons than boron are added to pure boron, the overall mechanical strength can be further enhanced. By incorporation of oxygen, a family of hard boron suboxide compounds is thereby formed such as B6O. / Zheng Bin. / "August 2005." / Adviser: Chan Man Chor. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-11, Section: B, page: 6427. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Continued reduction in the size of a transistor has affected the reliability of pro- cessors built using them. This is primarily due to factors such as inaccuracies while manufacturing, as well as non-ideal operating conditions, causing transistors to slow down consistently, eventually leading to permanent breakdown and erroneous operation of the processor. Permanent transistor breakdown, or faults, can occur at any point in time in the processor's lifetime. Errors are the discrepancies in the output of faulty circuits. This dissertation shows that the components containing faults can continue operating if the errors caused by them are within certain bounds. Further, the lifetime of a processor can be increased by adding supportive structures that start working once the processor develops these hard errors. This dissertation has three major contributions, namely REPAIR, FaultSim and PreFix. REPAIR is a fault tolerant system with minimal changes to the processor design. It uses an external Instruction Re-execution Unit (IRU) to perform operations, which the faulty processor might have erroneously executed. Instructions that are found to use faulty hardware are then re-executed on the IRU. REPAIR shows that the performance overhead of such targeted re-execution is low for a limited number of faults. FaultSim is a fast fault-simulator capable of simulating large circuits at the transistor level. It is developed in this dissertation to understand the effect of faults on different circuits. It performs digital logic based simulations, trading off analogue accuracy with speed, while still being able to support most fault models. A 32-bit addition takes under 15 micro-seconds, while simulating more than 1500 transistors. It can also be integrated into an architectural simulator, which added a performance overhead of 10 to 26 percent to a simulation. The results obtained show that single faults cause an error in an adder in less than 10 percent of the inputs. PreFix brings together the fault models created using FaultSim and the design directions found using REPAIR. PreFix performs re-execution of instructions on a remote core, which pick up instructions to execute using a global instruction buffer. Error prediction and detection are used to reduce the number of re-executed instructions. PreFix has an area overhead of 3.5 percent in the setup used, and the performance overhead is within 5 percent of a fault-free case. This dissertation shows that faults in processors can be tolerated without explicitly switching off any component, and minimal redundancy is sufficient to achieve the same.