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Ένα από τα πιο σύγχρονα προβλήματα στα συστήματα Ηλεκτρικής Ενέργειας είναι οι αρμονικές ρεύματος. Γενικά, η αρμονική μιας κύμανσης είναι μια συνιστώσα συχνότητας του σήματος, η οποία είναι ακέραιο πολλαπλάσιο της θεμελιώδους συχνότητας, π.χ. εάν η θεμελιώδης συχνότητα είναι f, οι αρμονικές έχουν συχνότητες 2f,3f,4f και ούτω κάθε εξής. Για το ηλεκτρικό σήμα, η θεμελιώδης συχνότητα είναι τα 50 Hz. Άρα, οι αρμονικές του ηλεκτρικού ρεύματος έχουν συχνότητες ακέραια πολλαπλάσια της θεμελιώδους συχνότητας. Παραδείγματος χάρη, 100 Hz είναι η αρμονική δεύτερης τάξης, 150 Hz είναι η αρμονική τρίτης τάξης, 200 Hz είναι η αρμονική τέταρτης τάξης και ούτω κάθε εξής. Αιτία ύπαρξης αρμονικών ρεύματος είναι η ύπαρξη μη γραμμικών φορτίων, φορτίων δηλαδή, που παίρνουν ρεύμα διαφορετικής κυματομορφής από την τάση, άγουν δηλαδή ρεύμα μόνο σε ορισμένες περιοχές της τάσης. Τα προβλήματα που δημιουργούν οι αρμονικές είναι: α) μείωση του συντελεστή ισχύος με αποτέλεσμα αυξημένες απώλειες στα καλώδια, β) φαινόμενα συντονισμού με συνέπεια την καταστροφή πυκνωτών και μετασχηματιστών, γ) αρμονική παραμόρφωση τάσης η οποία οδηγεί σε αύξηση απωλειών σε κινητήρες, δ) παρεμβολές σε κυκλώματα ελέγχου και τηλεπικοινωνιών, ε) λανθασμένη λειτουργία συσκευών προστασίας, ζ) καταπόνηση ηλεκτρικών συσκευών. Όλα τα παραπάνω δημιουργούν υποβάθμιση της ποιότητας ισχύος. Και αν λάβουμε υπόψη την αυξανόμενη χρήση μη γραμμικών φορτίων τότε η βελτίωση της ποιότητας ισχύος είναι επιτακτική στην σημερινή εποχή. Για την αντιμετώπιση των αρμονικών ρεύματος, χρησιμοποιούμε αρμονικά φίλτρα. Τα αρμονικά φίλτρα χωρίζονται σε τρείς κατηγορίες. Υπάρχουν τα παθητικά φίλτρα, τα ενεργά φίλτρα και τα υβριδικά φίλτρα. Τα παθητικά αρμονικά φίλτρα που αποτελούνται από πυκνωτές, επαγωγές και αντιστάσεις μπορούν να χωριστούν σε φίλτρα συντονισμού και σε υψιπερατά φίλτρα. Αυτά συνδέονται παράλληλα με τα μη γραμμικά φορτία. Τα ενεργά φίλτρα μπορούν να χωριστούν σε παράλληλα ενεργά φίλτρα και σε εν σειρά ενεργά φίλτρα ανάλογα με την κυκλωματική τους διαμόρφωση. Προς το παρόν, τα παράλληλα ενεργά φίλτρα είναι πιο ελκυστικά από τα εν σειρά ενεργά φίλτρα, όσον αφορά την μορφή και την λειτουργία τους. Το παράλληλο ενεργό φίλτρο μπορεί να ελεγχθεί με βάση τον παρακάτω τρόπο ελέγχου. Ο ελεγκτής παρατηρεί το στιγμιαίο ρεύμα του φορτίου. Αποσπά το αρμονικό ρεύμα από το υπό παρατήρηση ρεύμα του φορτίου δια μέσου της ψηφιακής επεξεργασίας του σήματος. Το ενεργό φίλτρο τροφοδοτεί το φορτίο με το αρμονικό ρεύμα που χρειάζεται για να λειτουργήσει σωστά, με συνέπεια να απαλλάσσεται η πηγή τροφοδοσίας από το αρμονικό ρεύμα. Διαφορετικά από το παράλληλο ενεργό φίλτρο, το εν σειρά ενεργό φίλτρο ελέγχεται με βάση τον παρακάτω τρόπο ελέγχου. Ο ελεγκτής παρατηρεί το στιγμιαίο ρεύμα τροφοδοσίας. Αποσπά το αρμονικό ρεύμα από το υπό παρακολούθηση ρεύμα τροφοδοσίας δια μέσου της ψηφιακής επεξεργασίας του σήματος. Το ενεργό φίλτρο εφαρμόζει μια τάση εξισορρόπησης ανάλογη του αρμονικού ρεύματος και αντίθετου πρόσημου επί του πρωτεύοντος του μετασχηματιστή που είναι συνδεδεμένος σε σειρά με την πηγή τροφοδοσίας. Αυτό έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την σημαντική μείωση του αρμονικού ρεύματος τροφοδοσίας. Τα υβριδικά φίλτρα είναι ένας συνδυασμός ενός παθητικού φίλτρου και ενός ενεργού φίλτρου. Μια υβριδική διάταξη που είναι πολύ δημοφιλής είναι η εν σειρά σύνδεση ενός ενεργού φίλτρου και ενός παθητικού φίλτρου. Γενικά, τα υβριδικά φίλτρα έχουν πλεονεκτήματα σε σχέση με τα ενεργά φίλτρα. Μερικά από αυτά είναι: α) εμφάνιση μικρότερης τάσης στον πυκνωτή του φίλτρου, β) χρησιμοποίηση μικρότερης τάσης IGBTs ως στοιχεία ισχύος, γ) μη εμφάνιση της δεσπόζουσας αρμονικής της τάσης στα άκρα του ενεργού φίλτρου, δ) μικρότερης έντασης διακοπτικές αιχμές, ε) καλύτερη εκτέλεση φιλτραρίσματος. Στην συγκεκριμένη διπλωματική εργασία εξετάζεται ένα υβριδικό ενεργό φίλτρο μέσης τάσης που χρησιμοποιεί μετατροπέα τριών επιπέδων και συνδέεται απευθείας στο δίκτυο χωρίς να παρεμβάλλεται μετασχηματιστής. Η υπό μελέτη διάταξη αποτελείται από την πηγή τροφοδοσίας, η οποία είναι ονομαστικής τάσεως 4.16 KV (πολική τάση, rms τιμή) και συχνότητας 60 Hz. Επίσης η επαγωγή της πηγής τροφοδοσίας είναι Ls=0.15 mH. Το μη γραμμικό φορτίο της διάταξης μας είναι μια ανορθωτική διάταξη διόδων, όπου στην AC πλευρά της έχει τοποθετηθεί μία επαγωγή LAC για καλύτερη προστασία ρεύματος. Το υβριδικό ενεργό φίλτρο συνδέεται απευθείας στο φορτίο χωρίς την χρήση μετασχηματιστή υποβίβασης της τάσης. Αυτή η συγκεκριμένη υβριδική διάταξη αποτελείται από ένα παθητικό φίλτρο που είναι συντονισμένο στην έβδομη αρμονική συχνότητα και ένα ενεργό αρμονικό φίλτρο. Το ενεργό και παθητικό φίλτρο συνδέονται σε σειρά. Το ενεργό φίλτρο χρησιμοποιεί μετατροπέα τριών επιπέδων. Η προσομοίωση της συγκεκριμένης διάταξης γίνεται με το πρόγραμμα PSCAD. Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι με την ενεργοποίηση του υβριδικού φίλτρου η κυματομορφή του ρεύματος τροφοδοσίας γίνεται σχεδόν ημιτονοειδής. Επίσης, βλέπουμε στο φάσμα με τις αρμονικές συχνότητες του ρεύματος τροφοδοσίας ότι είναι απαλλαγμένο από αρμονικές συχνότητες. Επομένως, η συγκεκριμένη διάταξη προσφέρει καλή εκτέλεση φιλτραρίσματος για εφαρμογές μέσης τάσης. / One of the most outstanding problems in Power Systems is the harmonic current. Generally, a harmonic fluctuation is a component frequency of the signal, which is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency, e.g. if the fundamental frequency is f, the harmonics have frequency 2f, 3f, 4f, and so forth. For the electrical signal, the fundamental frequency is 50 Hz. Therefore, the harmonics of the power frequencies are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. For example, 100 Hz is the second order harmonic, 150 Hz is the third order harmonic, 200 Hz is the fourth harmonic order and so on. Reason being harmonic current is the presence of nonlinear loads, i.e. loads that getting a current waveform which is different from the voltage waveform, i.e. drag power only in certain areas of tension. The problems caused by harmonics are: a) reducing the power factor that resulting to increased losses in the cable b) resonance resulting in the destruction of capacitors and transformations, c) harmonic voltage distortion which leads to increased losses in motors, d) interferences to control circuits and telecommunications, e) incorrect operation of protective devices, g) harassment of the electrical devices. All these cause degradation of power quality. And considering the increasing use of nonlinear loads, the improve of power quality is imperative in this era. To meet the harmonic current, using harmonic filters. Harmonic filters are divided into three categories. There are passive filters, active filters and hybrid filters. The passive harmonic filters consisting of capacitors, inductors and resistors can be divided into coordination filters and high pass filters. These are connected in parallel with nonlinear loads. Active filters can be divided into parallel active filters and series active filters in terms of the circuit configuration. At present, the parallel active filters are more attractive than the series active filters, in terms of form and function. The parallel active filter can be controlled by the following way. The controller observes the instantaneous load current. It extracts the harmonic current from the observed load current through the digital signal processing. The active filter supplies the load with harmonic current which needs to function properly, thus the power source exempt from the harmonic current. Different from the parallel active filter, the series active filter is controlled by the following way. The controller observes the instantaneous supply current. It extracts the harmonic current from the supply current through the digital signal processing. The active filter applies a voltage which is proportional to the harmonic current and opposite sign on the primary of the transformer which is connected in series with the power source. This results in significant reduction of the harmonic supply current. Hybrid Filters are a combination of a passive filter and an active filter. A very popular hybrid device is the series connection of an active filter and a passive filter. Generally, hybrid filters have advantages over active filters. Some of these are: a) show less voltage in the capacitor of the filter, b) using lower voltage-rated IGBTs as power devices, c) non-appearance of the dominant harmonic voltage at the ends of the active filter, d) less intense switching spikes, e) better filtering performance. In this thesis examined a medium-voltage transformerless hybrid active filter with three-level converter. The device under study consists of the power source, which has rated voltage 4.16 KV (polar voltage, rms value) and frequency 60 Hz. Also, the induction power source is Ls = 0.15 mH. The non-linear load is a diode rectifier device, where in the AC side has placed an induction of LAC to better protection of current. The hybrid active filter is connected directly to the load without the use of voltage step-down transformer. This particular hybrid device consists of a passive filter which is tuned to the seventh harmonic frequency, and an active harmonic filter. The active and passive filter are connected in series. The active filter uses a three-level inverter. The simulation of this device realized with the program PSCAD. The results indicate that after the activation of the hybrid filter, the power supply waveform is almost sinusoidal. Also see the spectrum with the harmonics of the supply current that is free from harmonics. Therefore, this device offers good performance filtering in medium voltage applications.

Orientador: Luís Carlos Origa de Oliveira / Resumo: Com o aumento das cargas elétricas não lineares nas redes de distribuição, intensifica-se o nível de correntes harmônicas responsáveis por distorções nos sinais elétricos, o que compromete a qualidade da energia elétrica. O emprego de dispositivos eletromagnéticos constitui atualmente uma alternativa promissora para mitigação de correntes harmônicas de sequência zero. São dispositivos robustos que, quando utilizados isoladamente ou em conjunto com outros arranjos, podem ser técnica e economicamente atraentes. O filtro eletromagnético é um dispositivo inserido paralelamente ao sistema com baixa impedância de sequência zero e elevada impedância de sequência positiva e negativa. Logo, para um filtro ideal, tem-se o confinamento das correntes harmônicas “triplens” sem que o fluxo de potência do sistema seja comprometido. Buscando-se aperfeiçoar o divisor de corrente de sequência zero entre o sistema e o filtro, o bloqueador eletromagnético é inserido em série ao sistema, devido a sua elevada impedância de sequência zero e baixa impedância para as sequências positiva e negativa. Este trabalho, por meio da teoria das transmitâncias, desenvolve uma metodologia de auxílio no dimensionamento e projeto do filtro e bloqueador eletromagnéticos, em função do percentual de filtragem desejado para a corrente de sequência zero. Para isto, são apresentados os equacionamentos das resistências e reatâncias sequenciais do filtro e bloqueador. Inicialmente, o dimensionamento e projeto do filtro s... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: With the increase of non-linear electrical loads in the distribution networks, intensifies the level of harmonic currents responsible for the distortions in electrical signals, compromising the quality of electricity. The use of electromagnetic devices is currently a promising alternative to mitigation of harmonic currents of zero sequence. They are robust devices that when used alone or in conjunction with other arrangements can be technically and economically attractive. The electromagnetic filter is a device inserted in parallel to the system with low zero sequence impedance and high positive and negative sequence impedance. Thus, for an ideal filter, there is the confinement of “Triplens” harmonic currents without the power flow is compromised. Seeking to improve the zero sequence current divider between the system and the filter, the electromagnetic blocker is inserted in series to the system because of their high zero sequence impedance and low impedance for the positive sequence and negative sequence. This work, using the method of transmittances, develops an aid methodology to measure and design the electromagnetics filter and blocker, depending on the percentage of desired filtering for zero sequence current. For this, the sequential resistance equation and sequential reactance equation are presented to the filter and blocker. Initially, the measure and design filter are made without the presence of the blocker, inserted only when the results achieved are not satisfa... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by RICARDO FONSECA BUZO null (ricardo.buzo@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-23T18:54:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_final_100%pronta.pdf: 4244820 bytes, checksum: 83a976e2284de9c0a3bcbcd8556da567 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-27T18:32:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 buzo_rf_me_ilha.pdf: 4244820 bytes, checksum: 83a976e2284de9c0a3bcbcd8556da567 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T18:32:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 buzo_rf_me_ilha.pdf: 4244820 bytes, checksum: 83a976e2284de9c0a3bcbcd8556da567 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com o aumento das cargas elétricas não lineares nas redes de distribuição, intensifica-se o nível de correntes harmônicas responsáveis por distorções nos sinais elétricos, o que compromete a qualidade da energia elétrica. O emprego de dispositivos eletromagnéticos constitui atualmente uma alternativa promissora para mitigação de correntes harmônicas de sequência zero. São dispositivos robustos que, quando utilizados isoladamente ou em conjunto com outros arranjos, podem ser técnica e economicamente atraentes. O filtro eletromagnético é um dispositivo inserido paralelamente ao sistema com baixa impedância de sequência zero e elevada impedância de sequência positiva e negativa. Logo, para um filtro ideal, tem-se o confinamento das correntes harmônicas “triplens” sem que o fluxo de potência do sistema seja comprometido. Buscando-se aperfeiçoar o divisor de corrente de sequência zero entre o sistema e o filtro, o bloqueador eletromagnético é inserido em série ao sistema, devido a sua elevada impedância de sequência zero e baixa impedância para as sequências positiva e negativa. Este trabalho, por meio da teoria das transmitâncias, desenvolve uma metodologia de auxílio no dimensionamento e projeto do filtro e bloqueador eletromagnéticos, em função do percentual de filtragem desejado para a corrente de sequência zero. Para isto, são apresentados os equacionamentos das resistências e reatâncias sequenciais do filtro e bloqueador. Inicialmente, o dimensionamento e projeto do filtro são elaborados sem a presença do bloqueador, inserido apenas quando os resultados alcançados não forem satisfatórios. Em síntese, o desempenho do sistema de filtragem dimensionado e projetado é analisado através do próprio método proposto e do PSIM® , programa bastante difundido e consagrado para o desenvolvimento de simulações que envolvem sistemas de potência. Deste modo, é apresentado, consequentemente, um diagnóstico de aderência para o modelo proposto. / With the increase of non-linear electrical loads in the distribution networks, intensifies the level of harmonic currents responsible for the distortions in electrical signals, compromising the quality of electricity. The use of electromagnetic devices is currently a promising alternative to mitigation of harmonic currents of zero sequence. They are robust devices that when used alone or in conjunction with other arrangements can be technically and economically attractive. The electromagnetic filter is a device inserted in parallel to the system with low zero sequence impedance and high positive and negative sequence impedance. Thus, for an ideal filter, there is the confinement of “Triplens” harmonic currents without the power flow is compromised. Seeking to improve the zero sequence current divider between the system and the filter, the electromagnetic blocker is inserted in series to the system because of their high zero sequence impedance and low impedance for the positive sequence and negative sequence. This work, using the method of transmittances, develops an aid methodology to measure and design the electromagnetics filter and blocker, depending on the percentage of desired filtering for zero sequence current. For this, the sequential resistance equation and sequential reactance equation are presented to the filter and blocker. Initially, the measure and design filter are made without the presence of the blocker, inserted only when the results achieved are not satisfactory. In short, the filtering system performance measured and designed is analyzed using the proposed method and the PSIM®, widespread and dedicated program for the development of simulations involving electrical circuits. Thus, it is shown, therefore, a diagnosis of tack for the proposed model.

Electric vehicle (EV) development has gone into an accelerated pace in recent years to address pressing concerns on energy security, the environment, and the sustainability of transportation. The future market success of EVs is still uncertain, but the current shift in the automotive industry is indicating a possible bright future for EVs. Because of its unique load characteristics, an extensive deployment of EVs will not only bring challenges to power systems, but will enable new opportunities as well. The objective of this work is to address the increased third harmonic currents expected with the introduction of EVs and to explore the potential of leveraging flexible EV charging to increase wind power production. Since EV chargers rely on a nonlinear power conversion process to obtain a controllable DC source from the utility AC supply, it is expected that these devices will aggravate third harmonic current issues. In fact, utility harmonic field data show that, even without EVs, distribution feeders are already experimenting elevated levels of third harmonic currents. To address present and future utility harmonic filtering needs, a practical third harmonic hybrid active filter for medium voltage (MV) applications is proposed. Its design is based on strict utility requirements of cost, reliability, and ease of system implementation. The operation and performance of the proposed filter is verified through simulations and two experimental setups, one tested at 7.2 kV. Furthermore, a system impact study of the proposed filter is performed using actual data for a typical residential/small commercial distribution feeder. Because vehicles remain stationary most of the time, EVs have the potential of being flexibly charged, providing a spectrum of opportunities for system operators. The recent increase in wind power penetration in the U.S. is raising concerns on how to accommodate this stochastic renewable energy resource in day-ahead scheduling operations. In this work, a detailed integrated day-ahead scheduling framework is developed to explore the impact of leveraging flexible EV charging to balance out the variability and uncertainty of wind power generation. It is determined that the full benefits of balancing wind power generation with flexible EV charging may not be achieved in congested power systems. A potential solution based on deploying power routers (PRs) to augment the flexibility of the transmission system is proposed. Simulation results are presented for a test system based on the IEEE 39-bus system.