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Control of Vapor Dispersion and Pool Fire of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) with Expansion FoamYun, Geun Woong 2010 August 1900 (has links)
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is flammable when it forms a 5 – 15 percent volumetric
concentration mixture with air at atmospheric conditions. When the LNG vapor comes in
contact with an ignition source, it may result in fire and/or explosion. Because of
flammable characteristics and dense gas behaviors, expansion foam has been
recommended as one of the safety provisions for mitigating accidental LNG releases.
However, the effectiveness of foam in achieving this objective has not been sufficiently
reported in outdoor field tests. Thus, this research focused on experimental
determination of the effect of expansion foam application on LNG vapor dispersion and
pool fire.
Specifically, for evaluating the use of foam to control the vapor hazard from
spilled LNG, this study aimed to obtain key parameters, such as the temperature changes
of methane and foam and the extent reduction of vapor concentration. This study also
focused on identifying the effectiveness of foam and thermal exclusion zone by investigating temperature changes of foam and fire, profiles of radiant heat flux, and fire
height changes by foam. Additionally, a schematic model of LNG-foam system for
theoretical modeling and better understanding of underlying mechanism of foam was
developed.
Results showed that expansion foam was effective in increasing the buoyancy of
LNG vapor by raising the temperature of the vapor permeated through the foam layer
and ultimately decreasing the methane concentrations in the downwind direction. It was
also found that expansion foam has positive effects on reducing fire height and radiant
heat fluxes by decreasing fire heat feedback to the LNG pool, thus resulting in reduction
in the safe separation distance. Through the extensive data analysis, several key
parameters, such as minimum effective foam depth and mass evaporation rate of LNG
with foam, were identified. However, caution must be taken to ensure that foam
application can result in initial adverse effects on vapor and fire control. Finally, based
on these findings, several recommendations were made for improving foam delivery
methods which can be used for controlling the hazard of spilled LNG.
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Flood Impact Analysis using GIS : A case study for Lake Roxen and Lake Glan - SwedenVaghani, Vimalkumar January 2005 (has links)
<p>Floods are common natural disaster occurring in most parts of the world. This results in damage to human life and deterioration of environment. There have been immense uses of technology to mitigate measures of flood disaster i.e. structurally and non-structurally. Undoubtedly, structural measures are very expensive and time consuming which involves physical work like construction of dams, reservoirs, bridges, channel improvement, river diversion and other embankments to keep floods away from people. Whereas non-structural measures is concerned with planning like flood forecasting and warning, flood plain zoning, relief and rehabilitation for reducing the risk of flood damage to keep people away from floods. Thus, non-structural measures involve analysis, planning providing spatial information on maps with high accuracy in less time. Non-structural measures can help decision maker to plan an effective emergency response towards flood disaster. A one of the good way to plan non-structural measures is to analyze impact of flood in the flood prone areas. The thesis tries to analyze impact of flood on environment along the demarcated flood prone areas of Lake Roxen and Lake Glan in Östergötland County, Sweden. The thesis also proposes how to use current flood information during flood emergency utilizing geographical information system. This provides spatial information for area in the flood zone for assessment regarding flood vulnerability.</p><p>Using map overlay analysis in GIS software (ArcGIS); flood prone areas and topographic data along Lake Roxen and Lake Glan were digitized from PDF maps. Thus, the thesis work is an effort to analyze impact of flood when areas along Lake Roxen and Lake Glan are flooded. ESRI® GIS software Arc Map 9 and Arc View 3.3 is used for data preparation, integrating, analyzing, and spatial data with attribute table information. Finally, to show GIS can be an effective tool for development of flood emergency system as a part of disaster preparedness by the decision makers.</p>
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Flood Impact Analysis using GIS : A case study for Lake Roxen and Lake Glan - SwedenVaghani, Vimalkumar January 2005 (has links)
Floods are common natural disaster occurring in most parts of the world. This results in damage to human life and deterioration of environment. There have been immense uses of technology to mitigate measures of flood disaster i.e. structurally and non-structurally. Undoubtedly, structural measures are very expensive and time consuming which involves physical work like construction of dams, reservoirs, bridges, channel improvement, river diversion and other embankments to keep floods away from people. Whereas non-structural measures is concerned with planning like flood forecasting and warning, flood plain zoning, relief and rehabilitation for reducing the risk of flood damage to keep people away from floods. Thus, non-structural measures involve analysis, planning providing spatial information on maps with high accuracy in less time. Non-structural measures can help decision maker to plan an effective emergency response towards flood disaster. A one of the good way to plan non-structural measures is to analyze impact of flood in the flood prone areas. The thesis tries to analyze impact of flood on environment along the demarcated flood prone areas of Lake Roxen and Lake Glan in Östergötland County, Sweden. The thesis also proposes how to use current flood information during flood emergency utilizing geographical information system. This provides spatial information for area in the flood zone for assessment regarding flood vulnerability. Using map overlay analysis in GIS software (ArcGIS); flood prone areas and topographic data along Lake Roxen and Lake Glan were digitized from PDF maps. Thus, the thesis work is an effort to analyze impact of flood when areas along Lake Roxen and Lake Glan are flooded. ESRI® GIS software Arc Map 9 and Arc View 3.3 is used for data preparation, integrating, analyzing, and spatial data with attribute table information. Finally, to show GIS can be an effective tool for development of flood emergency system as a part of disaster preparedness by the decision makers.
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