Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-107).

Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, 1994. / Title from PDF t.p. (LLMC Digital, viewed on May 13, 2010). "April 94". Includes bibliographical references (p. 76-112).

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2003. / Bibliography: leaves 84-92. Also available online.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

This thesis presents research findings on current environmental management practices used by the South African National Defence Force (SANDF). Two case studies are presented; the first is the Grahamstown Military Installation (6 South African Infantry Battalion) and the second the South African Army Combat Training Centre (42 Brigade). A combination of three sampling techniques, namely, the stratified, purposive and link-tracing (snowball) samplings were employed and structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with key SANDF officials were used as primary data. In addition, secondary data sources in the form of inter alia the first and second editions of the Environmental Management Plan for Defence (2001 & 2008 respectively); the development and implementation of environmental education and training in the military: a joint United States-Republic of South Africa Environmental Working Group Project (2003); Overarching Strategic Statement for 2011; Integrated Environmental Management Information Series: Linking Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Systems (2004); The Department of Defence Strategic Plan (2010): Republic of South Africa and the South African Defence Review (2012) were studied. In addition, field observations were also carried out within the two military installations training areas between July, 2011 and November, 2013. Primary data on the conditions of training areas, waste removal after training exercises, pollution prevention measures, and rehabilitation efforts to restore degraded training ranges were collected. Furthermore, composite surface sediment samples and water samples were collected for analysis. A total of fifty-six surface sediments and thirty water samples were analysed for the concentrations of heavy metals using the ICP-MS. These attitudes and perceptions are predominantly positive. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) did not reveal any significant differences in responses, especially, between military ranks. However, sporadic significant differences were found in five of the statements in the questionnaire from respondents with different service periods. Furthermore, the emphasis placed on environmental protection within defence force activities worldwide has compelled the South African Department of Defence and Military Veterans (DoDMV) to regulate the management of the environment within its properties. Yet, these efforts have faced numerous challenges ranging from financial to human resource deficiencies. It was found that environmental management practices and programmes at different military installations vary significantly. Consequently, six environmental management programmes were identified at South African Army Combat Training Centre, while only one environmental management programme was identified at Grahamstown Military Installation. This programme is a collaborative effort between the SANDF/DoDMV and the Department of Water Affairs and Sanitation to eradicate invasive alien plant species. In the light of the analysis of official documents and interviews with respondents, it was established that the DoDMV does not have a budget for environmental management services and environmental management is yet to be incorporated into formal military training programmes. There is a severe shortage of environmentally qualified and knowledgeable personnel within the SANDF. Subsequently, all these drawbacks lead to the failure of the implementation of the Defence Force’s Environmental Management System (EMS) and inadequate management of the environment at military installations of the SANDF. Consequently, these challenges have severely compromised the commitment of the SANDF to honour its environmental management obligations. Such deficiencies tend to undermine the sustainable utilisation of the national assets entrusted to the Defence Force. Therefore, this thesis argues that environmental management programmes for the SANDF are based on a very weak foundation. This thesis proposes an ideal model for the successful implementation of the EMS and management of the environment at SANDF military installations. The analysis of water and soil samples led to the identification and quantification of heavy mental pollutants. The concentrations of heavy metals in water samples were varying between <0.01 to <0.05mg/l, but generally constant. Thus, no significant or meaningful statistical results were obtained. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to analyse the concentrations of heavy metals obtained in the sediment samples.

Os efluentes radiográficos (revelador, fixador e água de lavagem de filmes) são caracterizados como resíduos químicos perigosos pela RDC Anvisa nº 306/04 e Resolução Conama nº 358/05. Esses efluentes representam problema ambiental e de saúde pública, pois contêm compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos, como hidroquinona e prata, tóxicos ao ambiente e à saúde. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral levantar a situação do gerenciamento de efluentes radiográficos gerados, em serviços de diagnóstico por imagem, em Ribeirão Preto-SP. Os objetivos específicos foram diagnosticar o tipo de gerenciamento desse tipo de efluentes, em relação ao manuseio, acondicionamento, armazenamento, tratamento e descarte; identificar e quantificar a presença de hidroquinona e prata, gerando conhecimentos para a saúde ambiental; e, subsidiar novas diretrizes para o gerenciamento de efluentes radiográficos. O estudo foi desenvolvido em 12 serviços de diagnóstico por imagem de Ribeirão Preto-SP, selecionados por sorteio. Foram realizadas análises químicas de efluentes radiográficos para identificação e quantificação de hidroquinona e prata, empregando-se, para hidroquinona, a técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e, para prata, espectrometria de massa com fonte de plasma indutivamente acoplado. Foram feitas entrevistas com 12 sujeitos dos estabelecimentos incluídos neste estudo. De acordo com os entrevistados, o descarte desses efluentes, diretamente na rede pública de esgoto sem tratamento prévio, ocorria, para reveladores, em 16,66% dos serviços; para fixadores, em 8,34%; e, para água de lavagem de filmes, em 75%. A validação do método para análise da hidroquinona foi realizada e o método foi considerado eficiente, podendo ser empregado em futuras análises para monitoramento de hidroquinona em efluentes radiográficos. A concentração de hidroquinona encontrada nas amostras de água de lavagem de filmes variou de 1,75 a 2,7 mg L-1 e, nas amostras de revelador, de 1,25 a 6,93 mg L-1. A concentração de prata encontrada nas amostras de água de lavagem de filmes variou de 0,1 a 1785,97 mg L-1, enquanto nas amostras de fixador foi de 435,59 a 16325,92 mg L-1. Todas as amostras de água de lavagem de filmes apresentaram concentração de prata igual ou maior que os limites estabelecidos pelo Decreto estadual (SP) no 8.468/76 e pela Resolução Conama no 357/2005, enquanto para os fixadores, estavam todas acima dos limites máximos de prata, permitidos para lançamento de efluentes, estabelecidos pelas mesmas legislações, além da NBR 9800/1987. Os resultados obtidos revelam inadequação da forma como esses efluentes eram gerenciados, principalmente em relação ao tratamento e descarte. Além disso, considerando-se que esses efluentes representam uma parcela dos resíduos perigosos gerados no ambiente urbano, podendo causar impacto na saúde e no ambiente, os dados obtidos podem servir de importante indicador da necessidade de mudança do sistema de monitoramento e controle desse tipo de resíduo, buscando-se soluções integradas e sustentáveis com diferentes setores envolvidos, bem como, constituem-se em indicador de relevância para políticas públicas ambientais e de saúde do país e do estado, na busca de um sistema de gestão integrada e sustentável de resíduos. / Radiographic effluents (developer, fixer and washing water film) are characterized as dangerous chemical waste according to RDC Anvisa No 306/04 and Conama Resolution No 358/05. These effluents represent an environmental and public health problem, as they contain organic and inorganic compounds like hydroquinone and silver, which can be toxic for the environment and health. The general aim of this research was to survey the radiographic processing effluent management situation in medical imaging services in Ribeirão Preto-SP. The specific goals were to diagnose radiographic processing effluent management in terms of handling, conditioning, storage, treatment and discard, to identify and quantify the presence of hydroquinone and silver, producing knowledge for environmental health; and to support new guidelines for radiographic waste management. The research was carried out at 12 medical imaging services in Ribeirão Preto-SP, selected through a draft. Chemical analyses were performed on radiographic effluents to identify and quantify hydroquinone and silver, using high performance liquid cromatography for hydroquinone, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for silver. Interviews were held with 12 subjects from the establishments included in this research. According to the interviewees, the discarding of these effluents directly into the public sewage network occurred in 16.66% of the services for developers, in 8.34% for fixers and in 75% for the film washing water. The hydroquinone analysis method was validated and considered efficient. Hence, it can be used in future analyses to monitor hydroquinone in radiographic effluents. The hydroquinone concentration found in the film washing water samples ranged from 1.75 to 2.7 mg L-1, and from 1.25 to 6.93 mg L-1 in the developer samples. The silver concentration in the film washing water samples under analysis ranged from 0.1 to 1785.97 mg L-1, and from 435.59 to 16325.92 mg L-1 in the fixer samples. All film washing water samples showed silver concentrations equal to or higher than the limits set by State Decree (SP) No 8.468/76 and Conama Resolution No 357/2005. All levels found in the fixer samples exceeded the maximum silver limits permitted for launching effluents, according to the same laws, besides NBR 9800/1987. These results reveal the inappropriateness of the way the services under study treated their effluents, mainly in terms of treatment and discard. Moreover, as these effluents represent part of the dangerous waste produced in the urban environment and can cause an impact on health and the environment, the collected data can serve as an important indicator for the need to change the monitoring and control system of this type of residue, seeking integrated and sustainable solutions with different sectors involved, and also constitute a relevant indicator for public environmental and health policies in Brazil and São Paulo, with a view to an integrated and sustainable waste management system.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma revisão dos principais estudos relacionados à disposição final de resíduos sólidos das mais variadas origens em aterros sanitários ou aterros sanitários industriais. Considerando-se estes estudos, foi e laborada uma planilha para avaliação e gerenciamento ambiental de um aterro sanitário industrial, abordando os principais elementos necessários à caracterização do meio físico, biológico, sacio-econômico, além da avaliação dos critérios de projeto, classificação dos resíduos e programas de monitoramento e controle ambiental. As planilhas foram aplicadas na avaliação dos estudos de impacto ambiental EIA/relatório de impacto ambiental RIMA de 3 aterros sanitários industriais. O critério de avaliação foi baseado no atendimento aos itens da planilha adotando-se um sistema de pontuação para análise final dos estudos. A avaliação final mostrou as deficiências dos estudos apresentados nos EIA/RIMA elaborados para a obtenção do licenciamento ambiental e aprovação das áreas para instalação dos empreendimentos. / This dissertation presents a revision of the current researches on solid waste disposal, that comes from a great variety of domestic waste or industrial waste landfills. Concerning to this research, it was proposed a spreadsheet for environmental assessment and management of sanitary industrial landfills, comprising the most important features for the global environment, besides the evaluation of project criteria, waste classification, monitoring programs and environmental control. This spreadsheet have been applied to evaluate the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of three sanitary industrial landfills. The assessment criteria were based on ranking the elements that attend the spreadsheet items. As final results, it can be demonstrated the deficiencies of the current ElA studies that have been proposed for obtaining environmental licenses and permissions to sites for enterprising purposes.

Thesis is focused on the issue of waste production, collection and management in Excalibur Army, s.r.o company, at the facility in Šternberk. I have used registration and operative data acquired directly in cooperation with the service ecologist. I described the process of waste management at the facility, since its creation until its application as a secondary raw material or its transfer to the authorized personnel for its disposal either to deposition in land-fill or its combustion in the incinerator. In my conclusion, I suggest several operational, but also administrative, precautions for overall improvement of waste management in the company.

Master of Science / Department of Chemical Engineering / Larry E. Erickson / As our society continues to better prepare itself to address biological, radiological, chemical, and environmental emergencies, there is a need for better and more readily available emergency planning information for program managers and military/business personnel. An online hazardous materials and emergency planning tool for the Environmental Knowledge and Assessment Tool (EKAT: www.ekat-tool.com) would adequately fill that need. The proposed online Emergency Preparation and Green Engineering (EPGE) tool would provide the user with information regarding links to local emergency response teams and resources, guides for developing emergency plans and reports, Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT) training information, case studies to illustrate HAZMAT situations, and the ability to judge the environmental friendliness of chemicals. In this way it will serve as a means of facilitating and educating individuals for best responses in an organized fashion. In order to address their environmental responsibilities, public and private organizations are adopting Environmental Management Systems (EMS). The EPGE tool can be used in conjunction with Environmental Management Systems (EMS) to begin to address sustainability in a more practical setting. Currently the development of a comprehensive tool that identifies environmental, health, and safety concerns along with supplying relevant emergency data would be applicable to any business or organization. This tool will be available as an initial building block for the sustainability of the company. It can be used as a guide to better characterize and solve the environmental issues that could affect any business.

The quest for sustainable development has always involved the complex task of reconciling the need for socio-economic development with public health and environmental protection. This challenge has often emerged in the trade and environment debate but has most recently been evident in international trade in used electrical and electronic equipment (UEEE). While international trade in UEEE provides means for socio-economic development in the developing world, it also serves as a conduit for transboundary dumping of e-waste in the developing world giving rise to serious health and environmental concerns. This research investigates the socio-economic as well as health and environmental impacts of international trade in UEEE in two developing countries – Nigeria and Ghana. The research identifies a major loophole in the existing international legal framework as the primary factor responsible for e-waste dumping in the developing world. This loophole relates to the absence of a legal framework for differentiating between functional UEEE and junk e-waste. This has resulted in both functional UEEE and junk e-waste being concurrently shipped to the developing world as “used electrical and electronic equipment”. The research proposes two policy frameworks for addressing this problem. On the part of developing countries, the research proposes a trade policy framework crafted in line with WTO rules. This framework will entail the development of an international certification system which will serve to differentiate functional used electronics from junk e-waste. While the former may be eligible for import, the research proposes an import ban on the latter. On the part of developed countries, the research proposes the development of a policy framework which regulates the toxic and hazardous substances that go into the production of electrical and electronic equipment as well as enhance their reusability and recyclability at end-of-life. The framework should take into consideration the entire life cycle of the products from the design stage to end-of-life. The research argues that the implementation of this design framework will go a long way in reducing the health and environmental impacts of such equipment when subsequently shipped to the developing world at end-of-life.