O tema do presente estudo é o gerenciamento de resíduos químicos em ambientes hospitalares. Os resíduos químicos são gerados nas atividades auxiliares dos estabelecimentos prestadores de serviços de saúde, tais como hospitais, laboratórios, serviços de diagnóstico e tratamento, centros de saúde, clínicas, institutos de medicina legal e outros. Dentre todos, os hospitais, por suas características de atendimento, são, sem dúvida, os maiores geradores deste tipo de resíduo. Controlar e diminuir os riscos inerentes a este tipo de resíduos, além de ser uma exigência legal, passa a ser uma necessidade ambiental e um desafio a ser enfrentado pelos administradores de estabelecimentos assistenciais à saúde. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa passa então por avaliar o gerenciamento dos resíduos químicos gerados nos hospitais públicos da região metropolitana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, abordando às necessidades e dificuldades enfrentadas por estes geradores que incluí aspectos políticos, administrativos, econômicos e em alguns casos físico-estruturais. Para atingir tal objetivo o método empregado foi dividido em duas etapas: I) Pesquisa Aplicada, onde foram visitados alguns hospitais públicos do Estado e utilizou-se um questionário para avaliar as questões relacionadas com o gerenciamento de resíduos químicos e II) Estudo de Caso, onde se considerou, através de observações e entrevistas, o gerenciamento de resíduos químicos de um hospital universitário de grande porte de maneira efetiva. Foram utilizadas como fontes secundárias informações obtidas em seminários relacionados ao tema, reportagens de jornais e entrevistas publicadas em fontes especializadas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as dificuldades enfrentadas no gerenciamento de RSS, inclusos neste grupo os resíduos químicos, é uma realidade para a maioria dos hospitais da rede pública. Conclusão: o maior problema a ser enfrentado por estas instituições está diretamente ligado à conscientização, ou melhor, a falta de conscientização, de funcionários, médicos e gerência dos hospitais, quanto à importância da correta segregação, armazenagem e manuseio destes resíduos. Além disso, a falta de recursos financeiros e, em alguns casos, até de espaço físico também dificulta o efetivo gerenciamento deste tipo de resíduos. Problemas secundários relacionam-se com a falta de fiscalização dos órgãos sanitário-ambientais competentes e o descaso da própria população que não atenta para os problemas ambientais e de saúde e segurança, decorrentes de um incorreto gerenciamento não só dos resíduos químicos, mas de todos os resíduos de serviço de saúde. Como recomendação, pode-se dizer que se faz necessária uma maior mobilização por parte dos estabelecimentos hospitalares para a discussão e atendimento das legislações aplicáveis e também, o desenvolvimento de uma estrutura gerencial com responsabilidades definidas e ações planejadas, compatíveis com a realidade do serviço público, e que possam levar a alcançar os objetivos e metas de um gerenciamento dos resíduos de serviço de saúde. / The subject of the present study is the management of chemical waste from hospitals. The chemical waste is generated in auxiliary activities in establishments that provide health services such as hospitals, laboratories, services of diagnosis and treatment, health centers, clinics, medical jurisprudence institutions and others. Among all, hospitals are certainly the major generator of this type of waste for their characteristics of attendance. Controling and reducing the inherent risks of this type of waste are legal requirements, but have also become environmental necessities consisting of a challenge to be faced by the administrators of health service establishments. The general objective of this research is to analyze the management of the chemical waste generated in public hospitals of the metropolitan region of the Rio de Janeiro state, presenting the necessities and difficulties faced by these generators that include political, administrative, economic, and in some cases, physicist-structural aspects. To reach such objective, the employed method was divided into two stages: I) Applied Research, in which some public hospitals of the state were visited and a questionnaire to evaluate the questions related with the management of chemical waste was made and II) Case study, in which the management of chemical waste of a university hospital was considered through comments and interviews. Information acquired in seminaries related to the subject, newspaper articles and interviews in specialized sources were used as secondary sources. The results show that the difficulties faced in the management of health waste, including chemical waste, are present in the majority of the public hospitals net. Conclusion: the major problem to be faced by these institutions is directly related to the lack of importance given by employees, doctors and hospital managers concerning correct segregation, storage and handling of this waste. Moreover, the lack of financial resources and, in some cases, the lack of physical space also makes it difficult to deal with this type of waste effectively. Secondary problems are related to the lack of inspection of the competent sanitary- environment agencies and the own population that does not give proper care for the environment, health and security problems caused by the incorrect management not only of the chemical waste, but all of the health service waste. As recommendation, it can be said it is necessary that the hospitals go through a major mobilization to raise discussions and attend the applicable laws and also develop a managing structure with definite responsibilities and planned actions, compatible with the reality of the public service so that the goals of the management of health service waste are reached.

A ampliação dos sistemas de tratamento de esgoto sanitário implica diretamente no aumento da geração de lodos de esgoto, que precisam ser adequadamente dispostos. Devido aos benefícios agronômicos, a incorporação de lodo de esgoto em solo agrícola tem sido, em diversos países, a forma mais sustentável para aproveitamento deste resíduo. A Resolução Conama 375 de 2006 normatiza essa prática no Brasil, e os critérios para a tomada de decisão quanto a ocorrência de poluentes químicos no lodo de esgoto se restringe a determinação de onze compostos inorgânicos, o que gera preocupação em relação a outros compostos presentes na matriz e que podem proporcionar riscos ao ecossistema e à saúde humana. Para complementar a avaliação de matrizes complexas como lodo de esgoto, efluentes, sedimentos, solos contaminados, se tem preconizado o uso de testes de toxicidade, os quais fornecem evidências do perigo da mistura como um todo. O objetivo da tese foi desenvolver um índice para avaliar a periculosidade de lodo de esgoto, utilizando ensaios ecotoxicológicos de curta duração e baixo custo, com objetivo de subsidiar decisões mais rápidas quanto a sua aplicação em solo agrícola. O Índice de Perigo de Lodo de Esgoto (IPLE) integrou os resultados de teste de ecotoxicidade com Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia similis e teste de inibição do alongamento de raiz e da germinação de sementes. A fórmula do IPLE desenvolvido foi: log natural de um somado ao número de testes positivos, multiplicado pela ecotoxicidade média obtida nos testes, convertidos em unidade tóxica. O IPLE foi calculado utilizando os dados publicados pela CETESB de caracterização química e ecotoxicológica de 28 amostras de lodo de esgoto coletadas em 7 Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE) do Estado de São Paulo. O IPLE foi testado pela avaliação do percentual de amostras não conformes por faixa de índice, considerando para tanto os limites de substância química estabelecidos em diferentes normas de uso agrícola de lodo. As amostras com IPLE acima de 2 (n=15) apresentaram maior frequência de não conformidade quando comparado com as amostras com índice abaixo de 2 (n=13). O IPLE parece ser um bom indicador preliminar do perigo de amostras de lodo de esgoto, sugerindo reprovação e aprovação precoce de seu uso agrícola e como instrumento para acompanhamento e gestão da qualidade do lodo e comunicação de perigo / The expansion of urban wastewater treatment plants increases the generation of sewage sludge, that must be properly disposed. Due to the agronomic benefits, the incorporation of sewage sludge on agricultural land has been in several countries, the most sustainable use of this waste. CONAMA Resolution 375 of 2006 regulates the practice in Brazil, and the criteria for chemical pollutants in the sewage sludge are based on the concentration of eleven inorganic compounds, which raises concern in relation to other compounds present in matrix that could provide risk to the ecosystem and human health. Ecotoxicology evaluation of complex samples as sewage sludge, wastewater, sediments, contaminated soils, has been often recommended to provide evidence of the whole mixture. The aim of this thesis was to develop a Sewage Sludge Hazard Index (SSHI) based on short term and low cost bioassays, to be a complementary tool for the decisionmaking process of sewage sludge application to agricultural land. SSHI integrated results from Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia similis and seed elongation/germination test. Sewage Sludge Hazard Index (SSHI) was calculated as the natural logarithm of one plus the number of positive toxic responses multiplied by the average of the toxic units obtained in each bioassay. The index was calculated using data generated by CETESB from chemical and ecotoxicological characterization of 28 samples collected in 7 different wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of Sao Paulo State. SSHI was tested by assessing the percentage of samples non-compliances for indexranks, considering chemical thresholds of pollutants in sewage sludge from differents norms for agricultural use of sludge. All samples with SSHI above 2 (n = 15) had higher incidence of non-compliance then samples below 2 (n = 13). SSHI seems to be a good primary indicator of the hazard of sewage sludge samples, suggesting early approval or disapproval to agricultural use, also as a tool for monitoring and managing the quality of sludge, and for hazard communication

No description available.

This work deals with the use of solidification technology for the disposal of hazardous waste with the aim of its material recovery. The goal of this Master's Thesis is to find and verify a new solidification way that will allow efficient transformation of hazardous waste into new material and its further use in civil engineering.

<p>Predmet&nbsp; izučavanja&nbsp; ove&nbsp; disertacije&nbsp; bio&nbsp; je&nbsp; ispitivanje&nbsp; mogućnosti&nbsp; kori&scaron;ćenja&nbsp; piritne&nbsp;izgoretine&nbsp; u&nbsp; tretmanu&nbsp; otpadnih&nbsp; voda&nbsp; tekstilne&nbsp; industrije&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; dalji&nbsp; tretman&nbsp; mulja&nbsp; nastalog&nbsp;nakon ovog procesa. Naime, nakon iskori&scaron;ćenja ovog otpada &nbsp;u Fenton procesima, iskori&scaron;ćena&nbsp;piritna izgoretina u najvećem procentu čini mulj koji zaostaje nakon tretmana. Kako se piritna&nbsp;ruda jo&scaron; u procesu proizvodnje sumporne kiseline&nbsp; koristi nepreči&scaron;ćena, zaostali&nbsp; mulj koji je&nbsp;potencijalno&nbsp; toksičan&nbsp; i&nbsp; ne&nbsp; može&nbsp; se&nbsp; direktno&nbsp; odlagati&nbsp; bez&nbsp; prethodnog&nbsp; tretmana.&nbsp; Stoga,&nbsp;primenjena&nbsp; je&nbsp; tehnika&nbsp; stabilizacija&nbsp; i&nbsp; solidifikacija&nbsp; (S/S)&nbsp; uz&nbsp; kori&scaron;ćenje&nbsp; portland&nbsp; cementa,&nbsp;kalcijum-oksida, prirodnog zeolita, letećeg pepela, kaolinita,&nbsp; bentonita i&nbsp; autohtone&nbsp; gline &nbsp;za&nbsp;imobilizaciju metala. Istraživanja u ovoj disertaciji vr&scaron;ena su u dve faze. Prva faza imala je za&nbsp;cilj&nbsp; optimizaciju&nbsp; operativnih&nbsp; uslova&nbsp; Fenton&nbsp; tretmana&nbsp; pri&nbsp; kojima&nbsp; se&nbsp; postiže&nbsp; najvi&scaron;i&nbsp; stepen&nbsp;obezbojavanja&nbsp; i&nbsp; mineralizacije&nbsp; ispitivanih&nbsp; efluenata.&nbsp; Takođe&nbsp; ispitivanje&nbsp; je&nbsp; uključilo&nbsp; i&nbsp;karakterizaciju nastalih efluenata kako bi se procenila efikasnost primenjenog, i mogućnost&nbsp;daljeg&nbsp; tretmana.&nbsp; Druga&nbsp; faza&nbsp; uključivala&nbsp; je&nbsp; karakterizaciju&nbsp; nastalog&nbsp; mulja&nbsp; nakon&nbsp; tretmana&nbsp;obojenih&nbsp; efluenata&nbsp; i&nbsp; njegov&nbsp; tretman&nbsp; solidifikacijom&nbsp; i&nbsp; stabilizacijom.&nbsp; Vr&scaron;eno&nbsp; je&nbsp; određivanje&nbsp;efikasnosti&nbsp; primenjenih&nbsp; imobilizacionih&nbsp; agenasa&nbsp; u&nbsp; S/S tretmanu&nbsp; i&nbsp; dominantnog&nbsp; mehanizma&nbsp;<br />izluživanja&nbsp; metala&nbsp; koji&nbsp; opisuju&nbsp; njihov&nbsp; transport&nbsp; iz&nbsp; dobijenih&nbsp; solidifikata.&nbsp; Primenjeni&nbsp; su&nbsp; i&nbsp;modifikovani&nbsp; testovi&nbsp; izluživanja&nbsp; sa&nbsp; ciljem&nbsp; &scaron;to&nbsp; bolje&nbsp; simulacije&nbsp; realnih&nbsp; uslova.&nbsp; Rezultati&nbsp;dobijeni&nbsp; simulacijom&nbsp; uslova&nbsp; će&nbsp; dalje&nbsp; omogućiti&nbsp; modelovanje&nbsp; pona&scaron;anja&nbsp; metala&nbsp; u&nbsp; smislu&nbsp;dugoročnog&nbsp; &quot;izluživanja&quot;&nbsp; iz&nbsp; tretiranog&nbsp; otpada&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; procenu&nbsp; najefikasnijih&nbsp; agenasa&nbsp; za&nbsp;imobilizaciju različitih metala u ovom tipu otpada. TakoĎe primenjeni su testovi izluživanja&nbsp;sa jednom ekstrakcijom kako bi se osiguralo&nbsp; slaganje rezultata sa maksimalno dozvoljenim&nbsp;koncentracijama&nbsp; aktuelnih&nbsp; pravilnika.&nbsp; Na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; dobijenih&nbsp; rezultata&nbsp; zaključeno&nbsp; je&nbsp; da&nbsp; se&nbsp;piritna izgoretina može uspe&scaron;no koristiti kao izvor katalitičkog gvožđa u Fenton tretmanima&nbsp;obojenih&nbsp; efluenata&nbsp; i&nbsp; može&nbsp; se&nbsp; smatrati&nbsp; efektivnom&nbsp; metodom &nbsp; predtretmana&nbsp; za&nbsp;nebiodegradabilne&nbsp; otpadne&nbsp; vode,&nbsp; čineći&nbsp; ih&nbsp; pogodnijim&nbsp; za&nbsp; konvencionalni&nbsp; biolo&scaron;ki&nbsp; tretman.&nbsp;Takođe&nbsp; u&nbsp; drugoj&nbsp; fazi&nbsp; istraživanja,&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; dobijenih&nbsp; rezultata,&nbsp; zaključeno&nbsp; je&nbsp; da&nbsp; je&nbsp; mulj&nbsp;tertian&nbsp; sa&nbsp; navedenim&nbsp; imobilizacionim&nbsp; agensima&nbsp; uspe&scaron;no&nbsp; solidifikovan&nbsp; i&nbsp; stabilizovan&nbsp;materijal.&nbsp; Optimalane&nbsp; su&nbsp; sme&scaron;e&nbsp; koje&nbsp; kao&nbsp; jedan&nbsp; od&nbsp; imobilizacionih&nbsp; agenasa&nbsp; sadrže&nbsp; leteći&nbsp;<br />pepeo, prevashodno u kombinaciji sa cementom i krečom. Dobijeni podaci su &nbsp;neprocenjivi sa&nbsp;aspekta ekonomski i ekolo&scaron;ki prihvatljivog upravljanja opasnim industrijskim otpadom.&nbsp;</p> / <p>This work is concerned with exploring the possibility of using pyrite cinders in the treatment&nbsp;of&nbsp; textile&nbsp; industry&nbsp; effluents&nbsp; and&nbsp; further&nbsp; treatment&nbsp; of&nbsp; sludge&nbsp; generated&nbsp; after&nbsp; this&nbsp; process.&nbsp;Namely,&nbsp; after&nbsp; the&nbsp; utilization&nbsp; of&nbsp; this&nbsp; waste&nbsp; in&nbsp; Fenton&nbsp; processes&nbsp; slag&nbsp; that&nbsp; remains&nbsp; after&nbsp;treatment is mostly composed of used pyrite cinder. As the pyrite ore, in the production of&nbsp;sulfuric&nbsp; acid,&nbsp; is&nbsp; used&nbsp; untreated,&nbsp; sludge&nbsp; that&nbsp; remains&nbsp; is&nbsp; potentially&nbsp; toxic&nbsp; and&nbsp; cannot&nbsp; be&nbsp;disposed&nbsp; directly&nbsp; without&nbsp; treatment.&nbsp; Therefore,&nbsp; the&nbsp; stabilization&nbsp; and&nbsp; solidification&nbsp; (S/S)&nbsp;technique&nbsp; with&nbsp; the&nbsp; usage&nbsp; of&nbsp; portland&nbsp; cement,&nbsp; calcium&nbsp; oxide,&nbsp; zeolite,&nbsp; fly&nbsp; ash,&nbsp; kaolinite,&nbsp;bentonite and native clay was used for metal immobilization. The research in this dissertation&nbsp;was carried out in two phases. The first phase aimed to optimize the operational conditions of&nbsp;Fenton&nbsp; treatment&nbsp; in&nbsp; which&nbsp; the&nbsp; highest&nbsp; degree&nbsp; of&nbsp; decolourization&nbsp; and&nbsp; mineralization&nbsp; was&nbsp;achieved in tested effluents. Also the research has included the characterization of generated&nbsp;effluents in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment applied, and the possibility of&nbsp;further&nbsp; treatment.&nbsp; The&nbsp; second&nbsp; phase&nbsp; involved&nbsp; the&nbsp; characterization&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; generated&nbsp; sludge&nbsp;after the treatment of effluents that contained dyes and its treatment with solidification and&nbsp;stabilization technique.&nbsp; The determination of used immobilization agents effectiveness was&nbsp;Conducted&nbsp; to&nbsp; determine&nbsp; the&nbsp; efficacy&nbsp; of&nbsp; immobilization&nbsp; agents&nbsp; in&nbsp; S&nbsp; /&nbsp; S&nbsp; treatment&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp;dominant&nbsp; mechanism&nbsp; of&nbsp; leaching&nbsp; of&nbsp; metals&nbsp; that&nbsp; describe&nbsp; their&nbsp; transport&nbsp; from&nbsp; the&nbsp; received&nbsp;solidificate . Were applied and modified leaching tests with the aim of better simulation of&nbsp;real&nbsp; conditions.&nbsp; The&nbsp; results&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; by&nbsp; condition&nbsp; simulation&nbsp; will&nbsp; enable&nbsp; the&nbsp; modeling&nbsp; of&nbsp;behavior of metals in terms of long-term leaching period from the treated sludge and assess&nbsp;the most effective agents for the immobilization of various metals in this type of waste. Also,&nbsp;single-extraction leaching tests were applied to ensure the accordance of obtained results &nbsp;with&nbsp;the maximum permissible concentrations of current regulations. Based on these results, it was&nbsp;concluded&nbsp; that&nbsp; the&nbsp; pyrite&nbsp; cinders&nbsp; can&nbsp; be&nbsp; successfully&nbsp; used&nbsp; as&nbsp; a&nbsp; source&nbsp; of&nbsp; catalytic&nbsp; iron&nbsp; in&nbsp;Fenton&nbsp; treatment&nbsp; of&nbsp; effluents&nbsp; containing&nbsp; dyes,&nbsp; and&nbsp; can&nbsp; be&nbsp; considered&nbsp; an&nbsp; effective&nbsp;pretreatment&nbsp; method&nbsp; for&nbsp; non-biodegradable&nbsp; waste&nbsp; waters,&nbsp; making&nbsp; them&nbsp; amenable&nbsp; to&nbsp;conventional biological treatment. Also in the second phase, based on the results obtained, it&nbsp;was concluded that the sludge treated with&nbsp; aforementioned&nbsp; immobilization agents represents&nbsp;a successfully solidified and stabilized material. The optimal mixtures are those that contain&nbsp;fly ash as one of the used immobilization agents, primarily in combination with cement and&nbsp;lime.&nbsp; The&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; data&nbsp; are&nbsp; invaluable&nbsp; in&nbsp; terms&nbsp; of&nbsp; economic&nbsp; and&nbsp; environmentally&nbsp; sound&nbsp;management of hazardous industrial waste.</p>

Thesis (M.COM. (Accounting)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / Corporate environmental investments have traditionally been deemed to be an unnecessary cost to companies because of perceived or no significant return on investment. However, recent literature is highlighting financial benefits accruing from environmental investments. This study investigates the relationship between corporate environmental investment and shareholder value. The study uses the stakeholder and legitimacy theory to define the company‟s engagement with its external society and environment. From that perspective, the study examines the effect of corporate environmental investment on carbon emissions, hazardous solid waste disposal and company share price. Panel data multiple regression was used to investigate the relationship between the variables under study. Findings show a significant positive relationship between investment in carbon emissions and share price while there is an insignificant negative relationship between investment in hazardous solid waste and share price. The study contributes to the notion that reducing the environmental footprint generates positive shareholder gains by bringing new evidence from the South African mining industry. Further studies can be performed with company profitability as a measure of financial performance and further in a different sector such as manufacturing.

Note:

Syftet med förelagda undersökning var att karlägga de krav som ställs vid återvinning av han-delsfartyg i de nya regelverk som antagits av IMO och EU med målet att åstadkomma en miljövänlig fartygsåtervinningsindustri. Fokus har legat på de krav som de aktuella regel-verken ställer på fartygsägare och fartygsåtervinningsanläggningar, främst beträffande hantering och bortskaffning av de miljöfarliga material som finns ombord på fartyg. Med dessa krav som utgångspunkt har det redogjorts för hur ett återvinningsförfarande organiseras för att uppfylla de miljökrav som regelverken ställer. Resultatet av undersökningen pekar på att det med dagens teknik och kunskap i allra högsta grad är möjligt att åstadkomma miljövänlig återvinning av handelsfartyg. De problem och utmaningar som resultatet pekar på ligger på ett annat plan än det rent praktiska, bland annat lyfts den långsamma process som implementering av regelverk är fram som en utmaning för fartygsåtervinningsindustrin. Slutdiskussionen handlar till största delen om implementering av lagstiftningen, men också om hanteringen av fartyget och de material som finns ombord, samt om definitionsfrågor rörande ägendeskap. Vidare diskuteras rollen för andra aktörer inom sjöfartsnäringen och de åtgärder som dessa skulle kunna vidta för att åstadkomma en miljövänlig fartygsåtervinning innan de aktuella regelverken träder i kraft och blir bindande. Avslutningsvis ges förslag på fortsatt forskning som handlar om den problematik som diskuterats, men också om de aspekter som inte rymdes inom ramen för denna undersökning. / The purpose of this thesis was to outline the legal requirements set by the IMO and EU in order to establish an environmentally sound ship recycling industry. The emphasis has mainly been on the two large parties involved in the industry; the ship owner and the ship recycling facility. The requirements for these two parties are mainly focused on the handling and disposal of hazardous materials found onboard end-of-life ships. With an analysis of these requirements as a starting point, a ship recycling scenario has been analyzed and discussed. The result shows that, with today’s technology and knowledge it is possible to establish an environmentally sound ship recycling industry. Though, there are some obstacles along the way, which are of a more administrative nature. Amongst these, the first and most important one is the implementation of the regulations in order to set a worldwide standard for environmentally sound ship recycling. The conclusion of this thesis is divided into two parts: one part where the results of the findings is summarized and one part where the different requirements are discussed. The main focus in the discussion is the future for an environmentally sound ship recycling industry and what needs to be done during the existing gap before the legal requirements enter into force. Finally some examples for future research are given. These are mainly questions that were raised during the discussion, but also some of the aspects that were excluded from this thesis.

The thesis deals with the legal definition of waste; it analyzes the meaning of the concept of waste in international, European and Czech legislation. The paper mentions the rich jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which has significantly influenced the concept of waste in the Directive 2008/98/EC. The thesis also concerns with the Act. No. 185/2001 Coll., on waste, and with the concept of by-product and concept of end-of-waste status. The paper also shows the classification of waste in the Czech legislation and defines the categories of hazardous waste, non-hazardous waste and municipal waste.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Arts. Johannesburg 1995. / This report explores co llect+ve ect+on around opposition to a propo..;ed hazardous waste 1andf t 11. Of concern ;s the role that social movement organisations and social movement activists, organising around environmental issues, can play in entrenching a participatory, non-racial democracy in South Africa's present transitional political phase. The analysis makes use of theories of social movements which argue that collective action is rooted in previous cycles of mobilisation, and that the role of social movement entreprenbJrS or activists is crucial in coll,ctive action mob'l Hsat ton. Data was collected through the use of participant observation and semi-structured interviews, Various documentary sources were also used. This report argues that mobilisation around environmental issues can best be understood by locating such mobilisation in the heritage of previous cycles of mobilisation, most notably in the period of the 19805. Furthermore, this report highlights the fact that the structure and form of ~he transitional state at national, regional and local levels presents certain constraints with regard to the extension and entrenchment of participatory democracy, Finally, it will be argued that while the Chloorkop Coalition demonstrates the pctent ial that environmental issues have for uniting communities across traditional racial and ideological barriers, it ;s not clear whether a lasting cross~racial cooperation can be achieved. / MT2017