<p>The aim of this thesis is to conduct an ethnographic analysis of the traditional male circumcision intervention by government, through the Application of Health Standards<br /> in Traditional Circumcision Act, No 6 of 2001, of the Eastern Cape. More specifically, the thesis seeks to understand how different stakeholders respond to this intervention and what steps they take to indicate their responses.</p>

<p>The aim of this thesis is to conduct an ethnographic analysis of the traditional male circumcision intervention by government, through the Application of Health Standards<br /> in Traditional Circumcision Act, No 6 of 2001, of the Eastern Cape. More specifically, the thesis seeks to understand how different stakeholders respond to this intervention and what steps they take to indicate their responses.</p>

Masters of Art / The aim of this thesis is to conduct an ethnographic analysis of the traditional male circumcision intervention by government, through the Application of Health Standards in Traditional Circumcision Act, No 6 of 2001, of the Eastern Cape. More specifically, the thesis seeks to understand how different stakeholders respond to this intervention and what steps they take to indicate their responses. / South Africa

It is widely acknowledged that international trade is a major pathway for the spread of invasive species. International agreements and domestic legislation aim to reach a balance between facilitating trade and providing nations with the right to protect their environmental, public and economic health. This is achieved through the development of standards that prescribe procedures that must be followed before a commodity is imported. Under Section 22 of the Biosecurity Act (1993) Biosecurity New Zealand of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) develops import health standards for the importation of commodities and sea containers and for the approval and management of transitional facilities. Under current regulations, before being allowed to enter New Zealand, a sea container must first be accompanied by appropriate documentation for the sea container itself and any contents (this includes cargo manifests, any required treatment certificates for the cargo and cleaning certificates for the sea container itself). Upon arriving in New Zealand the sea container is transported to a transitional facility for inspection and unloaded once biosecurity clearance has been obtained. There are approximately 7,000 transitional facilities (both on and off wharf) throughout New Zealand and inspections are conducted by persons that have obtained accreditation from MAF for inspections (MAF accredited persons). Based on current importation procedures and other information made available, mathematical models were developed for three sea importation pathways (sea containers, woodpackaging and used vehicles) that involved the inspection of imported units by MAF accredited persons. These models were designed to predict the effectiveness of the current border inspection policies and procedures. Inspection accuracy was found to have the most influential impact on slippage (the rate at which contamination passes through border procedures undetected) along the measured pathways. Under current conditions, an estimated 5.75% of all sea containers, 4.12% of all sea containers containing woodpackaging and 1.63% of all used vehicles that enter New Zealand annually are contaminated in some manner despite having biosecurity clearance. A 3% increase in inspection efficiency reduced slippage to 0.5% of sea containers, 2.16% of woodpackaging and 0.001% of used vehicles entering New Zealand annually. Given that the accuracy of the inspection was the most influential aspect of the border management procedures, mathematical models were develop to predict the cost of compliance recovered by MAF if all inspections were conducted by MAF inspectors as apposed to MAF accredited persons. Under current regulations the cost of compliance (if MAF inspector conducted inspections of all imported units) was estimated to be $117.36 million for sea containers, $35.16 million for woodpackaging and $5.44 million for used vehicles. Increasing the inspection accuracy to the ideal 100% increased the cost of compliance by 75.36%, 61.96% and 61.92% for sea containers, woodpackaging and used vehicles respectively. These findings indicate that Government investment in the training of inspectors throughout New Zealand would improve current border detection rates. Under current regulations, the cost incurred by MAF inspectors inspecting all imported units is recoverable. Currently the cost of compliance is approximately 1% of the value of annual imports. These costs are seen by the import sector as part of their daily business and understand that these measures are in place for the long term sustainability of their businesses (Anon. 2005).

Sammanfattning Instagram är en digital mötesplats, där människor interagerar via bilder och text. I detta sociala sammanhang uppstår möjligheter för användarna att jämföra sig med varandra i relation till de hälsonormer och hälsobudskap som råder på Instagram. Samtidigt ses ett globalt växande hälsoproblem i form av psykisk ohälsa, där tidigare forskning har påvisat en tydlig koppling mellan användning av Instagram och negativa konsekvenser för användarnas psykiska hälsa. Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur Instagramanvändare uppfattar att hälsonormer och hälsobudskap framställs på Instagram. Vidare var syftet att belysa hur Instagramanvändare uppfattar att dessa hälsonormer och hälsobudskap påverkar deras hälsa och syn på hälsa.Sociokulturellt perspektiv och hälsolitteracitet utgjorde studiens teoretiska referensram. Studien har en socialkonstruktivistisk utgångspunkt med en abduktiv ansats. Den empiriska datainsamlingen grundades i tio intervjuer som analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Studiens resultat visade att Instagramanvändarna uppfattade att hälsobudskap framställdes genom ensidiga hälsonormer, där hälsa gestaltades utifrån ett snävt perspektiv. Detta kunde medföra en uppfattning av att hälsa var svårt att uppnå, samt bidra till en önskan om att uppnå den “perfekta” kroppen och det “perfekta” livet som användarna uppfattade framhölls på Instagram. Vidare upplevde vissa en negativ påverkan på deras psykiska mående, eftersom den snäva hälsosynen kunde medföra känslor av otillräcklighet. Studiens slutsats är att användarna uppfattar att hälsonormer och hälsobudskap på Instagram framhålls genom en snäv syn på hälsa, och att detta kan påverka användarnas syn på hälsa såväl som deras hälsa negativt. / Abstract Instagram is a digital meeting ground where people interact with each other through pictures and texts. In this social context, users can easily compare themselves to others through the health messages and health standards which Instagram gives prominence to. Meanwhile, global health issues regarding mental illness continue to grow, where studies have shown a clear connection between the use of Instagram and a negative impact on the users’ mental health status. The purpose of the study was to describe how Instagram users perceive health norms and health messages are presented on Instagram. Furthermore, the purpose was to shed light on how Instagram users perceive that these health norms and health messages affect their health and view on health. The theoretical frame of reference was based on the Sociocultural perspective and health literacy. The study is based on a social constructivist point of view with an abductive approach. The empirical data collection was based on ten interviews analyzed through a qualitative content analysis. The result of the study showed that health messages generally were perceived to be mediated through unilateral health standards, portraying health from an insular perspective. This could make some users feel a need to strive towards the ideal of the “perfect” body and the “perfect” life portrayed on Instagram. Furthermore, some users experienced a negative effect on their mental health due to feelings of inadequacy as a result of the narrow-minded health views portrayed. The conclusion to the study is that the users of Instagram perceive the health standards and health messages on Instagram to mediate an insular perspective to health and that this negatively affects the health view as well as the actual health of some Instagram users.