As nanotecnologias são um conjunto multidisciplinar de técnicas que manipulam a matéria em escala nanométrica, mais precisamente partículas abaixo de 100 nanômetros, cujas características por conta do tamanho diminuto são essencialmente diferentes daquelas encontradas no material em sua forma macro. Em função destas novas propriedades dos materiais, existem lacunas de conhecimento relativas aos efeitos destas partículas sobre o organismo humano e sobre o meio ambiente. Embora ainda sejam consideradas tecnologias emergentes, seu crescimento é cada vez mais acelerado e o número de produtos que fazem uso de nanotecnologia em alguma fase de sua produção continua crescendo, bem como o número de pesquisadores envolvidos com o tema. Considerando este cenário e a literatura pertinente, este trabalho objetivou desenvolver uma sistemática de ações de segurança e saúde no trabalho (SST) para laboratórios de pesquisa com atividades de nanotecnologia. Esta sistemática é fundamentada na estrutura das diretrizes para um sistema de gestão de segurança e saúde no trabalho proposto pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT). A esta base foram agregadas diversas recomendações nanoespecíficas, sendo desta maneira consolidada a Sistemática de SST para Laboratórios com Nanotecnologia (S-SST/LabNano). Além da comparação desta sistemática com outras apresentadas por outros autores, uma pesquisa survey foi realizada, com o propósito de obter um retrato da SST em laboratórios com atividades de nanotecnologia no Brasil. De forma complementar, objetivando a adequação prática, a S-SST/LabNano foi avaliada em relação a realidade de SST encontrada em laboratório. O resultado final da tese, além da sistemática em si (S-SST/LabNano), almeja oferecer elementos de reflexão que possam auxiliar a gestão e o controle de riscos ocupacionais associados às nanotecnologias. / Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary set of techniques that manipulates material at nanoscale, precisely particles below 100 nanometers whose characteristics, due to the small size, are essentially different from those found in material while in macro format. In the light of these new properties of materials, there are knowledge gaps regarding the effects of these particles on the human body and the environment. Although still considered emerging technologies, their growth is increasingly accelerated and the number of products that use nanotechnology in some stage of its production continues to grow, as well as the number of researchers involved with the topic. Given this scenario and its relevant literature, this study aimed to develop a proposed methodology of actions in occupational safety and health (OSH) to research laboratories with nanotechnology activities. This methodology is based on the structure of the International Labour Organization (ILO) guidelines for a management system in safety and health at work. Several specific recommendations were added, named Participatory Nano Safety Lab (PNSL). Besides the confrontation of this proposal with other authors, a research survey was conducted with the purpose to obtain a general picture of the OSH in laboratories with nanotechnology activities in Brazil. In a complementary way, aiming a practical suitability, the PNSL was confronted with the reality of OSH found in laboratory. The final result of this thesis, besides the methodology itself (PNSL), aims to provide elements of reflection that may assist management and occupational risk control associated to nanotechnology.

The use of nanoparticles in biomedical applications has greatly increased in recent years due to their unique properties, which allow them to supplement or even surpass the effectiveness of traditional treatments. Multiple types of nanoparticles are currently utilized or proposed for use in medicine, including gold, silver, and iron oxide. Each of these substances confer a unique set of benefits; gold has anti-inflammatory properties, silver is antibacterial, and iron oxide, in addition to being relatively inert, is useful is treating those with anemia. Unfortunately, many of the properties which make nanoparticles potentially useful for medical applications frequently contribute to their toxicity. While studies have been performed which examine the toxicity of nanoparticle therapeutics, virtually all have taken place in healthy conditions. This is not representative of the conditions in which these nanoparticles will be used, as treatments are, by definition, given to individuals who are somehow unhealthy. Additionally, a large and growing proportion of the population in the United States and worldwide suffer from a chronic disease, with some of the most common being obesity, high cholesterol, and metabolic syndrome. It is therefore important to consider these individuals in the development and testing of nanoparticle therapeutics. Specifically, these diseases alter the content of the circulation beyond the differences which exist solely due to individual variability. This may in turn may alter the biocorona, the term given to the coating of biomolecules which forms on the nanoparticle surface following exposure to a physiological environment. We hypothesized that individual variability and disease, specifically the common diseases obesity, high cholesterol, and metabolic syndrome, would alter the content of the biocorona, and that this would translate to differential nanoparticle toxicity.It was determined that both disease and individual variability caused distinct alterations in the biomolecular content of the biocorona. Further, these alterations were found to elicit distinct inflammatory responses when comparing between individuals or healthy to diseased conditions. These results have implications for the use of nanoparticles in biomedicine, as the variability observed within the biocoronain disease and between individuals may have a significant impact on the efficacy of the treatment,as well as any toxicological effects. It is therefore in the interest of public health to modify the process of developing, testing, and utilizing nanoparticle therapeutics such that the biocorona may work in conjunction with or regardless of differences in the biological milieu which exist as a result of individual variability or disease. By this, researchers 18ABSTRACTThe use of nanoparticles in biomedical applicationshas greatly increased in recent years due to their unique properties, which allow them to supplement or even surpass the effectiveness of traditional treatments. Multiple types of nanoparticles are currently utilized or proposed for use in medicine, including gold, silver, and iron oxide. Each of these substances confer a unique set of benefits; gold has anti-inflammatory properties, silver is antibacterial, and iron oxide, in addition to being relatively inert, is useful is treating those with anemia. Unfortunately, many of the properties which make nanoparticles potentially useful for medical applications frequently contribute to their toxicity. While studies have been performed which examine the toxicity of nanoparticle therapeutics, virtually all have taken place in healthy conditions. This is not representative of the conditions in which these nanoparticles will be used, as treatments are, by definition, given to individuals who are somehow unhealthy. Additionally, a large and growing proportion of the population in the United States and worldwide suffer from achronic disease, with some of the most common being obesity, high cholesterol, and metabolic syndrome. It is therefore important to consider these individuals in the development and testing of nanoparticletherapeutics. Specifically, these diseases alter the content of the circulationbeyond the differences which exist solely due to individual variability. This mayin turn may alter the biocorona, the term given to the coating of biomolecules whichforms on the nanoparticle surface following exposure toa physiologicalenvironment. We hypothesized that individual variability and disease, specifically the common diseases obesity, high cholesterol, and metabolic syndrome, would alter the content of the biocorona, and that this would translateto differential nanoparticle toxicity.It was determined that both disease and individual variability caused distinct alterations in the biomolecular content of the biocorona. Further, these alterations were foundto elicit distinct inflammatory responses when comparing between individuals or healthy to diseased conditions. These results have implications for the use of nanoparticles in biomedicine, as the variability observed within the biocoronain disease and between individuals may have a significant impact on the efficacy of the treatment,as well as any toxicological effects. It is therefore in the interest of public health to modify the process of developing, testing, and utilizing nanoparticle therapeutics such that the biocorona may work in conjunction with or regardless of differences in the biological milieu which exist as a result of individual variability or disease. By this, researchers.

Exercise induces a residual post-exercise increase in the core temperature threshold at which cutaneous vasodilation and sweating begins. The hypothesis that exercise intensity causes a parallel increase in the post-exercise onset threshold for cutaneous vasodilation mediated by an attenuation of active vasodilator activity, was tested in nine subjects. The effect of exercise intensity on the esophageal temperature threshold for the onset of sweating was also evaluated. Esophageal temperature was monitored as an index of core temperature while sweat rate was measured using a ventilated capsule placed on the upper back. Increases in forearm skin blood flow and mean arterial blood pressure were measured and used to calculate cutaneous vascular conductance at two superficial sites, one with intact alpha-adrenergic vasoconstrictor activity and one infused with bretylium tosylate. On four separate days, subjects either remained seated for 35 min or performed 15 min treadmill running at 55, 70 or 85% VO2max followed by 20 min seated recovery. A liquid conditioned suit was used to increase mean skin temperature until cutaneous vasodilation and sweating occurred. It is concluded that intensity of exercise has a prolonged residual effect on the post-exercise vasomotor and sudomotor response by increasing the esophageal temperature at which onset of vasodilation and sweating occurs. Furthermore, the post-exercise increase in onset threshold for vasodilation is likely caused by an attenuation of active vasodilator activity modulated by baroreceptor reflexes in response to post-exercise hypotension.

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