Les dommages de masse regroupent de nombreuses situations comme les accidents technologiques, les crises sanitaires ou encore les catastrophes environnementales. Bien qu'elles tendent à se multiplier, ces situations peinent à être prises en compte par le droit pénal actuel. Le but de cette thèse est de rechercher dans quelle mesure le droit pénal peut sanctionner les responsables de tels dommages, quels sont les obstacles à cette prise en compte et comment y pallier. Des questions telles que les difficultés liées à la certitude causale, à la prise en compte de l'ampleur des atteintes portées au corps social ou encore à l'intégration du principe de précaution en droit pénal y sont donc étudiées. / In times of consumerism and mass production, news has provided us examples of technological, sanitary and environmental disasters which have required criminal law. Nevertheless, criminal law doesn’t seem to be perfectly adapted to the reality of mass accidents.In one hand, it appears that the resultant of mass accidents is an assault to a group of people, goods and environmental elements affected by one single harmful event. However, considering that one of the criminal law principles is the indifference to the number of victims, the massive aspect of the mass accident is not taken into account as a resultant of the offence. Thus, these accidents can only be punished by the means of general offences. However, due to the difficulty of establishing the causal link, those offences are not easy to identify. Indeed, such damages are often caused by multiple factors, which leads us to another question about the causal sequence of events and about the certainty of each cause.In the other hand, about repression, mass accidents are often caused by legal entities, which leads us to another difficult question: the criminal liability of societies and enterprises. In the same way, mass accidents are often the resultant of private or public-decisions-makers’ actions or omissions; their link to the offence can follow various rules. The punishment for those massive accidents, especially for the environmental ones, is also a difficult question; therefore, it is necessary to adapt criminal sentences to the specificities of those situations. Eventually, the main question remains the one about the evolution of criminal law, that needs to take into account the collective dimension of massive accidents, notably by creating specifics offences.

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