A college community health improvement plan (CHIP) focusing on the indicators of nutrition and weight status, and physical activity and fitness is designed with the goal of reducing obesity risk, improving health, and preventing chronic disease. The precede proceed model, logic model, innovative care for chronic conditions model, self-care theory, and Bandura's social cognitive learning theory were used as a research design framework for assessing, planning, and managing sustainability through a two-year college health clinic. The research questions were: what are the current health promotion inputs and activities in terms of environment, ecology, education, and policy and what could be supplemented to improve outputs and health outcomes? An integrated review of the literature, observation of the site, regulatory investigation, and focus group sessions were the methods of data collection. The precede-proceed model provided the analytical strategies to assess initiatives and resources, and to determine supplementary initiatives and resources. Results showed that environmental, educational, administrative, and policy resources were available but limited and not well promoted. Conclusions were that health promotion, wellness staffing, and education exist, but are underutilized, under promoted, and funding is necessary. Recommendations include a wellness program, increased activity initiatives, case management, grant funding, and increased community partnerships. The contribution to nursing is to fill a gap-in-practice for health planning in 2-year colleges. The implications for positive social change are improved knowledge, sustained health behaviors, decreased amount of obesity, improved health outcomes and quality of life, decreased chronic diseases, and lower healthcare costs.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 甲第24539号 / 人健博第110号 / 新制||人健||8(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻 / (主査)教授 木下 彩栄, 教授 中尾 恵, 教授 中山 健夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

The present study implemented Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships (MAPP), a comprehensive, multi-component, strategic planning model and tool, in the New River Valley (NRV), Virginia to mobilize the NRV community to improve its own health status and the quality of life of its residents. The current mixed methods study represents one of the first to utilize MAPP in southwest Virginia and Virginia and is the most comprehensive community health needs assessment and strategic planning effort to date in the NRV. Through MAPP, the NRV community strived to determine the most effective ways to achieve optimal community health by considering its unique circumstances and needs, prioritizing public health system issues, identifying resources, and then developing integrated plans and forming effective partnerships for strategic action. The NRV MAPP process provided a solid framework for creating a community-driven needs assessment and strategic planning approach and initiative that brought together diverse public, private, non-profit, and voluntary organizations/agencies, businesses, faith communities, academia, local government, community members, and others who shared the commitment to and had a role in the NRV community's health and overall well-being. The current study also reviews the specific findings, summarizes the benefits and successes, and highlights lessons learned (including challenges and limitations) from the NRV MAPP experience, as well as makes recommendations for current practice and future research. Additionally, it provides a step-by-step overview of the entire MAPP process for potential users as applied to a real-world community, specifically the NRV. / Ph. D.

Background: Policy, systems and environmental (PSE) approaches can sustainably improve opportunities for healthy eating (HE) and active transportation (AT). PSEs require cross-sector collaboration. Adopting and implementing PSEs is complex and not well understood. Methods: First, using a national probability survey dataset of US local health departments (LHD), inclusion of HE and AT PSE strategies in local community health improvement plans (CHIPs) was examined. Next, a content analysis of current CHIP documents provided data for multilevel latent class analyses to identify classes of CHIPs based on patterns of PSE-strategy alignment with six key activities that facilitate change. Lastly, semi-structured interviews informed a qualitative exploration of early stage Complete Streets policy implementation in Worcester, Massachusetts. Results: Less than half of US LHDs reported developing a CHIP containing any HE policy (32%) or AT (46%) strategies. Two classes of CHIPs were identified: CHIPs in Class A (HE: 71%; Physical Activity (PA): 79%) simply identified a PSE solution; Class B CHIPs (HE: 29%; PA 21%) mostly included PSE strategies that comprehensively addressed multiple key activities. Six themes emerged as factors for early Complete Streets implementation. Conclusions: This mixed methods study provides a novel understanding of the status, development and implementation of PSE strategies in relation to collaborative strategic health improvement planning efforts. CHIPs are underutilized to promote PSE strategies and few CHIPs in our study developed strategies that comprehensively address the process of PSE-change. Among other factors, CHIPs may provide a guiding structure for policy adoption and implementation.

The study of health disparities and the social determinants of health has resulted in the call for public health researchers to investigate the mid- and upstream factors that influence the incidence of chronic diseases (Adler & Rehkopf, 2008; Berkman, 2009; Braveman P. , 2006; Braveman & Gottlieb, 2014; Krieger, 2011; Rose, 1985). Social ecological models (SEMs) provide important conceptual tools to inform this research and practice (Krieger, 2011; Golden & Earp, 2012; Story, Kaphingst, Robinson O'Brien, & Glanz, 2008; Glanz, Rimer, & Lewis, 2002). These models can help us look at the social and physical environments in rural Arizona communities and consider how health policies and environmental interventions address mediating factors, such as disparities in access to fresh food, that contribute to ill health in marginalized, rural, populations. Rural residents are at greater risk for obesity than their urban counterparts (Jackson, Doescher, Jerant, & Hart, 2006; Story, Kaphingst, Robinson O'Brien, & Glanz, 2008). And while human life expectancy has steadily increased over the past thousand years, current projections indicate that the rise in obesity-related illnesses will soon result in its decline (Olshansky, et al., 2005). One reason for this decline, may be the reduced availability of healthy food – an important predictor of positive health outcomes including reduced obesity and chronic disease - in many parts of the United States (Brownson, Haire-Joshu, & Luke, 2006; Ahen, Brown, & Dukas, 2011; Braveman & Gottlieb, 2014; Braveman, Egerter, & Williams, 2011). The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) defines food deserts as geographic areas in which there is limited access to grocery stores and whose populations have a high rate of poverty. In Arizona, 24% of the rural census tracts are considered food deserts; compared to an average of eight percent of rural census tracts across the nation (United States Department of Agriculture, 2013). Food deserts are one example of the upstream factors influencing the health of rural populations. Local health departments have been encouraged through the National Association for City and County Health Officials (NACCHO) and through the Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB) to conduct community health assessments (CHAs) in order to identify unique contexts and community resources, health disparities, and the social determinants of health as well as potential areas for advocacy, policy change, environmental interventions, and health promotion interventions. Public health challenges like chronic diseases, which have multiple causes, can be explored in-depth through CHAs. CHAs often contain recommendations for action and/or are followed by community health improvement plans (CHIPs) which help local health departments prioritize resources and set measurable goals. In Florence, AZ recommendations made in a CHA are being acted upon by a non-profit agency, the Future Forward Foundation (3F). This investigation explores two interrelated issues regarding the use of CHAs and CHIPs as practical tools to set public health priorities. First, what makes a CHA useful to rural public health practitioners? What methods of conducting a CHA and subsequently analyzing the data results in actionable policy recommendations and/or environmental level interventions? Second, to what extent can public health agencies engage nontraditional partners to work in partnership to address the social determinants of health? As an example, I will look at the impact of a volunteer-based non-profit agency, located in a rural food desert on improving the social and physical nutrition environment as recommended by a local CHA. This inquiry will provide insights to public health practitioners seeking to identify and implement policy and environmental change addressing complex, multi-causal, public health issues, and provide insights regarding engaging nontraditional partners who may not self-identify as public health agencies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:47:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Elisa Gonzalez Manso.pdf: 3469512 bytes, checksum: bce46797fe96992c1d63e2d9ac214e09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-16 / The Brazilian Supplemental Health System, due to its compulsory legislation, aiming for an improved innovative health service, as well as cost cutting, has been implementing programs of health improvement, disease, and risk prevention. These programs were based on demographic and epidemiological data that show that non transmissible chronic diseases are thoroughly related to elderly mortality and morbidity and the increasing use of health services by this specific group. The health improvement program based on principles of attention integrality, department cooperation, equality, participation, group-work and sustainability seeks health management people autonomy, being intrinsically related to WHO principles concerning active aging. By this approach, the term quality-of-life, as a social and historic process, gets shaped. This research is presented aiming to appraise quality-of-life of a group of elders, all chronic degenerative disease bearers associated to a health improvement program sponsored by a health insurance company. With specific goals, we intend to establish a socialdemographic and morbidity profile to test an instrument that allows us to measure quality-of-life concept understanding, to learn the interpretation the elders attribute to the quality-of-life concept, to verify if these elders acknowledge the NTCD they suffer from to affect their qualityof- life and how they see the program s contribution to the last. The chosen methodology aims to be faithful to the proposed methodological base, and in doing so, it employs a combination of quantity and quality methods. For the quantity methods, we understand the use through three surveys: social-demographic aspects, WHOQOL-OLD and WHOQOL-BREF. On the other hand, the quality stage was based on semi-structured interviews. Twenty-four elders took part in the quantity research. These elders are associated with a health improvement program created in 2009 by a health insurance company, which is based on cooperative medical work, belongs to UNIMED system, and is located in the city of Sao Paulo. In the quality stage, 13 elders were interviewed. It was established that most of the group was composed of female elders with an average age of 73; however, men who participated were older and sicker. Most are retired, well educated, married and have more than one non transmissible chronic disease. The group sees their quality-of-life as good or very good, being physically satisfied with their health. The lowest scores in the different fields that compose the WHOQOL modules were associated with factors as age below 70, being a widower, living alone, being highly educated, being a smoker and being hospitalized. The group associates quality-of-life mainly with well being and social integration highlighting that the chronic diseases affect it by restricting their activities, these, however, are able to overcome. The program participation is evaluated as providing well being, social integration opportunity and learning. It is noticed the importance the group asserts to autonomy. It is believed that this research has achieved its proposed goals; however, there are areas that require a deeper study yet / O sistema de saúde suplementar brasileiro, em virtude de obrigação normativa e com vistas tanto à busca de um novo modelo de atenção à saúde, mais cuidador, quanto à redução de custos, vem implantando programas de promoção da saúde e prevenção de doenças e riscos. Estes programas são apoiados em dados demográficos e epidemiológicos que demonstram que as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis estão diretamente relacionadas à mortalidade e morbidade da população idosa e ao aumento da utilização de serviços de saúde por este segmento populacional. A promoção da saúde, baseada nos princípios da integralidade da atenção, intersetorialidade, equidade, participação, emponderamento e sustentabilidade, busca a autonomia da gestão da saúde pelos indivíduos, estando inter-relacionada com os princípios propostos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde ao abordar o envelhecimento ativo. Neste sentido, o termo qualidade de vida, enquanto processo social e histórico, ganha corpo. Com o objetivo geral de avaliar a qualidade de vida de um grupo de idosos, todos portadores de doenças crônico-degenerativas e vinculados a um programa de promoção da saúde patrocinado por uma operadora de planos de saúde, propõe-se esta pesquisa. Como objetivos específicos pretende-se estabelecer um perfil sócio-demográfico e de morbidade deste grupo, testar um instrumento que permita a mensuração do construto qualidade de vida, apreender a interpretação que os idosos participantes dão ao conceito qualidade de vida, verificar se estes idosos avaliam que as DCNT que os acometem interferem em sua qualidade de vida e como vêm a contribuição do programa que freqüentam para esta última. A metodologia escolhida visa atender ao marco metodológico proposto, para tanto, utiliza-se da combinação de métodos quantitativos e qualitativo. Por métodos quantitativos entende-se a aplicação de três questionários: aspectos sócio-demográficos, WHOQOL-OLD e WHOQOL-BREF. Já a etapa qualitativa realizou-se mediante entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Participaram do estudo quantitativo, 24 idosos vinculados a um programa de promoção da saúde realizado por uma operadora de planos de saúde, modalidade cooperativa de trabalho médico e pertencente ao sistema UNIMED, localizada na cidade de São Paulo, no ano de 2009. Na etapa qualitativa, 13 idosos foram entrevistados. Contatou-se que a maioria do grupo é composta por idosas do sexo feminino, com média de idade 73 anos, porém os homens que participam são mais velhos e mais doentes. A maioria é aposentada, de elevado grau de instrução, casados e portadores de mais de uma doença crônica não transmissível. O grupo avalia sua qualidade de vida como boa e muito boa, estando satisfeitos com sua saúde. As menores pontuações obtidas nos diferentes domínios que compõem os módulos WHOQOL foram relacionadas à idade abaixo de 70 anos, ser viúvo, morar sozinho, ter alto grau de instrução, ser fumante e já ter sido internado. O grupo relaciona qualidade de vida principalmente com bem-estar e convívio social, destacando que as doenças crônicas a afetam por imporem restrições à suas atividades, estas, porém, são superáveis. A participação no programa é avaliada como proporcionando bem-estar, oportunidade de convívio social e aprendizado. Nota-se a importância que o grupo atribui à autonomia. Acredita-se que a pesquisa atingiu os objetivos propostos, existindo, entretanto, pontos que necessitam de maior aprofundamento

Adventists following a plant-based diet have half the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes than nonvegetarian Adventists. This study used a quantitative, correlational study design to assess if there was a significant difference in type 2 diabetes prevalence rate between Adventists and non-Adventists preprogram, and if there were significant differences in biometrics between Adventists and non-Adventists with diabetes pre- and post-Complete Health Improvement Program (CHIP). This study incorporated the social ecological model for its conceptual framework and examined pre- and postprogram changes among Adventists (n=210; 20.1%) and non-Adventists (n=836; 79.9%) with type 2 diabetes. It used secondary data from participants in the volunteer-delivered CHIP intervention from 2006 to 2012 (n=7,172), a whole foods, plant-based, vegan health program. Analysis showed a significant difference in the pre-CHIP diabetic state between the two groups in step one, but not after controlling for covariates in step two (OR=0.96 and 0.91; CI=1.21 and 1.24). A repeated measures MANOVA analysis indicated that religious affiliation (Adventist or non-Adventist) was the determining factor in improved biometric outcomes pre- and post-CHIP for TC (F(1) = 5.65; p = 0.02), and LDL (F(1) = 5.76; p = 0.02) but not for HDL (F(1) = 0.00; p = 0.99), TG (F(1) = 0.19, p = 0.67), FPG (F(1) = 2.71, p = 0.10), SBP (F(1) = 2.25; p = 0.13), DBP (F(1) = 1.20; p = 0.27), and BMI (F(1) = 1.65; p = 0.20). However, both groups improved post-CHIP in all biometrics. The implications for positive social change from this study showed that CHIP is an effective lifestyle model for improving type 2 diabetes outcomes for both Adventists and non-Adventists, a model that does not involve the use of pharmaceuticals.

Objectives. Evaluate C-reactive protein (CRP) levels according to weight and physical activity. The study explored how changes in CRP were associated with baseline CRP, weight, and physical activity and changes in these variables. Methods. A randomized controlled study design assigned 348 individuals to the intervention or control group with measurements taken at baseline, 6 weeks, and 6 months of body weight, physical activity, and serum CRP levels. Participants attended an intensive 40-hour educational course delivered over a four-week period. Results. At baseline, CRP was negatively associated with total steps/week, and positively associated with weight, BMI, percent fat, and saturated fat at baseline. CRP significantly decreased through 6 weeks and also through 6 months for only those with high CRP at baseline. For those with high CRP at baseline, the decrease was significant for normal, overweight, and obese groups of people. Changes in weight or physical activity were not significantly associated with changes in CRP. Conclusions. Over 6 week and 6 month follow-up periods, the intervention failed to discriminate changes in CRP. Changes in CRP were only associated with baseline levels of CRP and BMI and were not associated with changes in any of the selected variables considered.