The focus of this field investigation was an analysis of the work demands being placed on South African forestry workers, in particular Chainsaw Operators and Stackers. Working postures, physiological and perceptual responses were assessed on a sample of 58 workers (29 Chainsaw Operators and 29 Stackers) during a ‘normal’ working shift. Body mass was measured before and after work in order to determine dehydration levels. Polar heart rate monitors were fitted to six workers each day over a period of two weeks in order to record ‘working’ heart rates. Fluid and food intake was monitored and recorded during this initial data collection phase. The Rating of Perceived Exertion and Body Discomfort Scales were explained in Zulu, their native language, and workers were asked to rate their perceptions of effort at regular intervals during work, while areas and intensity of body discomfort was obtained on completion of work. After completing a work shift, a 30 minute ‘recovery’ period was given, thereafter a portable ergospirometer, the k4b², was attached to the worker who then participated in a progressive, submaximal step test for the purpose of establishing individual, and group, heart rate-oxygen uptake (HR/VO[subscript 2]) regressions for predicting oxygen uptake from ‘working’ heart rate responses. These procedures were repeated four weeks later following the introduction of a fluid and nutritional supplement during work which was delivered to the workers while they were executing their tasks. The results revealed awkward working postures with a predominance of trunk flexion during all the harvesting tasks; these postures, adopted for long periods during work, are very likely to lead to the development of musculoskeletal injuries. The mean working heart rates were 123.3 bt.min[superscript (-1)] and 117.6 bt.min[superscript (-1)] during chainsaw operations and stacking respectively. During the step test, the mean heart rate and oxygen uptake responses were 127.9 bt.min[superscript (-1)] and 22.9 mlO[subscript 2].kg[superscript (-1)].min[superscript (-1)] (Chainsaw Operators) and 116.9 bt.min[superscript (-1)] and 24.0 mlO[subscript 2].kg[superscript (-1)].min[superscript (-1)] (Stackers), revealing no significant difference between the ‘working’ heart rates and the heart rates recorded during the step test. Physiological responses were analyzed over the full work shift which was divided into four quarters. Heart rate and oxygen uptake were significantly higher during the last half of the Chainsaw Operators’ work shift compared to the first half. Heart rate increased from 120.7 bt.min[superscript (-1)] during the first quarter to 127.4 bt.min[superscript (-1)] during the last quarter of chainsaw operations. Likewise, oxygen uptake increased from 19.9 mlO[subscript 2].kg[superscript (-1)].min[superscript (-1)] to 22.9 mlO[subscript 2].kg[superscript (-1)].min[superscript (-1)] from the first to the last quarter of work. During stacking the heart rate (mean of 117.6 bt.min[superscript (-1)]) and oxygen uptake (mean of 24.6 ml.kg[superscript (-1)].min[superscript (-1)]) responses remained stable over the duration of the working shift. Workers lost, on average, 2.8% body mass during work while felling and cross-cutting and 3.6% during stacking. This reduced significantly to a loss of 0.4% body mass when re-tested following the introduction of water and food during the work period. Likewise, the energy deficit was significantly improved due to the introduction of a nutritional supplement. Pre-intervention the deficit was 8861.8 kJ (Chainsaw Operators) and 8804.2 kJ (Stackers) while in the post-intervention phase this deficit was reduced by approximately 50% for both groups of workers.

Despite the unprecedented improvement in child health in last 15 years, burden of stillbirth and neonatal death remain the key challenge in Nepal and the reduction of these deaths will be crucial for reaching the health targets for Sustainable development goal by 2030. The aim of this thesis was to explore the risk factors for stillbirth and neonatal death and change in perinatal outcomes after the introduction of the Helping Babies Breathe Quality Improvement Cycle (HBB QIC) in Nepal. This was a prospective cohort study with a nested case-control design completed in a tertiary hospital in Nepal. Information were collected from the women who had experienced perinatal death and live birth among referent population; a video recording was done in the neonatal resuscitation corner to collect information on the health workers’ performance in neonatal resuscitation.  Lack of antenatal care had the highest association with antepartum stillbirth (aOR 4.2, 95% CI 3.2–5.4), births that had inadequate fetal heart rate monitoring were associated with intrapartum stillbirth (aOR 1.9, CI 95% 1.5–2.4), and babies who were born premature and small-for-gestational-age had the highest risk for neonatal death in the hospital (aOR 16.2, 95% CI 12.3–21.3). Before the introduction of the HBB QIC, health workers displayed poor adherence to the neonatal resuscitation protocol. After the introduction of HBB QIC, the health workers demonstrated improvement in their neonatal resuscitation skills and these were retained until six months after training. Daily bag-and-mask skill checks (RR 5.1 95% CI 1.9–13.5), preparation for birth (RR 2.4, 95% CI 1.0–5.6), self-evaluation checklists (RR 3.8, 95% CI 1.4–9.7) and weekly review and reflection meetings (RR 2.6, 95% 1.0–7.4) helped the health workers to retain their neonatal resuscitation skills. The health workers demonstrated improvement in ventilation of babies within one minute of birth and there was a reduction in intrapartum stillbirth (aOR 0.46, 95% CI 0.32–0.66) and first-day neonatal mortality (aOR 0.51, 95% CI 0.31–0.83).  The study provides information on challenges in reducing stillbirth and neonatal death in low income settings and provides a strategy to improve health workers adherence to neonatal resuscitation to reduce the mortality. The HBB QIC can be implemented in similar clinical settings to improve quality of care and survival in Nepal, but for primary care settings, the QIC need to be evaluated further.

L’analyse visuelle du rythme cardiaque fœtal (RCF) est une excellente méthode de dépistage de l’hypoxie fœtale. Cette analyse visuelle est d’autre part sujette à une variabilité inter- et intra-individuelle importante. L’hypoxie fœtale au cours du travail s’exprime par des anomalies du RCF. La sous-évaluation de la gravité d’un RCF entraine une prise de risque indue pour le fœtus avec une augmentation de sa morbi-mortalité et sa surévaluation entraine un interventionnisme obstétrical inutile avec une augmentation du taux de césariennes. Ce dernier point pose par ailleurs en France un problème de santé publique.L’analyse automatisée du signal RCF permet de diminuer la variabilité inter- et intra-individuelle et d’accéder à d’autres paramètres calculés visant à augmenter la valeur diagnostique. Les critères d’analyse morphologiques du RCF (ligne de base, nombre d’accélérations, nombre et typage des ralentissements, variabilité à long terme (VLT)) ont été décrits ainsi que d’autres tels que les surfaces des ralentissements, les indices de variabilité à court terme (VCT) et les analyses fréquentielles. Il n’en demeure pas moins que la définition de la ligne de base, à partir de laquelle sont repérés les accélérations et les ralentissements reste, dans certains cas, difficile à établir.L’objectif principal de la thèse est d’établir un modèle prédictif de l’acidose fœtale à partir d’une analyse automatisée du RCF. L’objectif secondaire est de déterminer la pertinence des différents paramètres élémentaires classiques (CNGOF 2007) (fréquence de base, variabilité, accélérations, ralentissements) et celle d’autres paramètres inaccessible à l’œil (indices de variabilité à court terme, surfaces des ralentissements, analyse fréquentielle…). Par la suite, nous voulons identifier des critères de décision qui aideront à la prise en charge obstétricale.Nous proposons d’aborder l’analyse automatisée du RCF pendant le travail par l’intermédiaire d’une étude cas-témoins ; les cas étant des tracés RCF de nouveau-nés en acidose néonatale (pH artériel au cordon inférieur ou égal à 7,15) et les témoins, des tracés RCF de nouveau-nés sans acidose (pH artériel au cordon supérieur ou égal à 7,25). Il s’agit d’une étude monocentrique à la maternité de l’hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, GHICL – Lille, sur notre base de données « Bien Naitre » (archivage numérique des tracés RCF depuis 2011), comptant un un nombre suffisant de cas sur ce seul centre. La maternité Saint Vincent de Paul (GHICL) présente depuis 2011 environ 70 cas par an d’acidose néonatale (pHa ≤ 7,10) (3,41%). Le logiciel R sera utilisé pour l’analyse statistique / Visual analysis of the fetal heart rate FHR is a good method for screening for fetal hypoxia but is not sufficiently specific. The visual morphological analysis of the FHR during labor is subject to inter- and intra-observer variability – particularly when the FHR is abnormal. Underestimating the severity of an FHR leads to undue risk-taking for the fetus with an increase in morbidity and mortality and overvaluation leads to unnecessary obstetric intervention with an increased rate of caesarean section. This last point also induces a French public health problem.FHR automated analysis reduces inter and intra-individual variability and accesses other calculated parameters aimed at increasing the diagnostic value. The FHR morphological analysis parameters (baseline, number of accelerations, number and typing of decelerations, long-term variability (LTV)) were described as well as others such as the decelerations surfaces, short-term variability (STV) and frequency analyzes. Nevertheless, when attempting to analyze the FHR automatically, the main problem is computation of the baseline against which all the other parameters are determined.Automatic analysis provides information on parameters that cannot be derived in a visual analysis and that are likely to improve screening for fetal acidosis during labor.The main objective of the thesis is to establish a predictive model of fetal acidosis from a FHR automated analysis. The secondary objective is to determine the relevance of the classical basic parameters (CNGOF 2007) (baseline, variability, accelerations, decelerations) and that of other parameters inaccessible to the eye (indices of short-term variability, surfaces of decelerations, frequency analysis ...). Later, we want to identify decision criteria that will help in the obstetric care management.We propose to validate FHR automated analysis during labor through a case-control study; cases were FHR recordings of neonatal acidosis (arterial cord pH less than or equal to 7.15) and controls, FHR recordings of neonatal without acidosis (arterial cord pH upper than or equal to 7.25). This is a monocentric study at the maternity hospital of Saint Vincent de Paul Hospital, GHICL - Lille, on our « Well Born » database (digital archiving of RCF plots since 2011), with a sufficient number of cases on this only center. Since 2011, the Saint Vincent de Paul hospital (GHICL) has had about 70 cases per year of neonatal acidosis (pHa less than or equal to 7.10) (3.41%). The R software will be used for statistical analysis.

The primary objective of this PhD program was to investigate the impact of training at a constant-load moderate-intensity (FATmax) compared to work-matched high-intensity intervals (HIIT) on the metabolic, physiological and psychosocial health profiles of sedentary overweight and obese men. This study was unique in that it was the first time the effect of exercise intensity had been investigated to examine concurrently the components of whole-body energy metabolism and body composition as measured using gold standard techniques. Based upon the positive alterations in blood lipids, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and substrate oxidation, it appears that training at FATmax can positively impact health parameters as well as, or if not better than, high-intensity training. Furthermore, there are ramifications for public health messages and obesity management strategies arising from these findings, primarily attributable to the increased exercise adherence and the reduction in health risks stemming from the significant loss of abdominal visceral adipose tissue after FATmax training.

Master Thesis presents the system consisting of software and components of Arduinoplatform along with modules compatible with it, intended for use indoor. The device fulfils thefollowing requirements which are: to ensure privacy preservation, low energy consumptionand the wireless nature. This thesis reports the development of a prototype that would ensure step detection,posture detection, indoor localization, tumble detection and heart rate detection using themicrocontroller, AltIMU-10 v4 module, heart rate monitor, WiFi module and battery. Veryimportant part of the thesis is algorithm, which uses comparison function. Thanks to thewireless nature of a prototype, the system collects data regardless of an environment and sendthem directly to every device supported by Microsoft Windows platform, Linux platform orOS X platform, which are monitored by the supervisor, who takes care of the solitary person. The main contributions of the prototype are: indoor localization, identification andclassification of occurring situations and monitoring vital signs of the solitary person. To ensure indoor localization the prototype must collect data from accelerometer. Ofcourse data from AltIMU-10 v4 module in basic form are useless for the supervisor, so thealgorithm, using by the prototype, is programmed to processing and filtering it. Algorithm is also used to identification and classification occurring situations. Datafrom accelerometer are processed by it and compared with the created pattern. Monitoring vital signs of the solitary person are more complicated function, because itrequires not only data from accelerometer, but also from heart rate monitor. This sensor isusing to the analyzing condition of the patient when dangerous situation occurs.

The aim of this thesis is to develop a wireless monitoring belt based on literature review. The belt will be capable of scanning heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, motion, position, and falling of the user. Another aim is to also design a software for data reception and analysis focusing on pulse, respiratory rate, and temperature alarms.

No description available.

Consistently, reports in the literature have identified that a sedentary lifestyle contributes to the progression of a range of chronic degenerative diseases. The measurement of energy expenditure and physical activity pattern in children is a challenge for all professionals interested in paediatric health and from a broader perspective, the public health fraternity charged with considering longer term health consequences of physical inactivity. The primary objective of this thesis was to identify a suitable indirect and objective measurement technique for the assessment of energy expenditure and physical activity pattern in children. The ideal characteristics of such a technique are that it should be reproducible and have been validated against a criterion reference method. To achieve this goal, a series of methodological studies were undertaken (Chapters II and III). This work was essential to increase accuracy during the individualised laboratory calibration process and further minimise prediction errors when analysing data from 7 days of monitoring under free-living conditions in the second part of the study (Chapters IV and V). In the first study to verify the combined effect of body position, apparatus and distraction on children's resting metabolic rate (RMR), experiments were carried out on 14 children aged 8-12 (mean age = 10.1 years ± 1.4). Each participant underwent 2 test sessions, one week apart under three different situations: a) using mouthpiece and nose-clip (MN) or facemask (FM); b) sitting (SEAT) or lying (LY) and c) TV viewing (TV) or no TV viewing. In the first session, following 20 min rest and watching TV, the following protocol was used: LY: 20 min - stabilisation; 10 min using MN and 10 min using FM. Body position was then changed to seated: 20 min stabilisation; 10 min using FM; 10 min using MN. In the second session, FM and MN order was changed and participants did not watch TV. Data were analysed according to the eight combinations among the three studied parameters. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated statistically significant differences for &VO2 (p=0.01) and RMR (p=0.02), with TVMNSEAT showing higher values than TVFMLY. Bland-Altman analysis showed a bias for &VO2, &VCO2, RQ and RMR between TVFMLY and TVMNSEAT of -17.8±14.5 ml.min-1, -8.8±14.5 ml. min-1, 0.03±0.05 and -115.2±101.9 kcal.d-1, respectively. There were no differences in RMR measurements due to body position and apparatus when each variable was isolated. Analyses of distraction in three of four combinations indicated no difference between TV and no TV. In summary, different parameter combinations can result in increased bias and variability and thereby reported differences among children's RMR measurement. The second study dealt with treadmill adaptation and determination of self-selected (SS) walking speed. Assessment of individual and group differences in metabolic energy expenditure using oxygen uptake requires that individuals are comfortable with, and can accommodate to, the equipment being utilised. In this study, a detailed proposal for an adaptation protocol based on the SS was developed. Experiments were carried out on 27 children aged 8-12 (mean age = 10.3±1.2 yr). Results from three treadmill tests following the adaptation protocol showed similar results for step length with no significant differences among tests and lower and no statistically significant variability within- and between-days. Additionally, no statistically significant differences between SS determined over-ground and on a treadmill were verified. These results suggest that SS speed determined over-ground is reproducible on a treadmill and the 10 min familiarisation protocol based on this speed provided sufficient exposure to achieve accommodation to the treadmill. The purpose of the third study was to verify within- and between-day repeatability and variability in children's oxygen uptake ( &VO2), gross economy (GE) [ &VO2 divided by speed] and heart rate (HR) during treadmill walking based on SS. 14 children (mean age = 10.2±1.4 yr) undertook 3 testing sessions over 2 days in which four walking speeds, including SS, were tested. Within- and between-day repeatability was assessed using the Bland and Altman method and coefficients of variability (CV) were determined for each child across exercise bouts and averaged to obtain a mean group CV value for &VO2, GE and HR per speed. Repeated measures ANOVA showed no statistically significant differences in within- or between-day CV for &VO2, GE or HR at any speed. Repeatability within and between-day for &VO2, GE and HR for all speeds was verified. These results suggest that submaximal &V O2 during treadmill walking is stable and reproducible at a range of speeds based on children's SS. In the fourth study, the objective was to establish the effect of walking speed on substrate oxidation during a treadmill protocol based on SS. Experiments were carried out on 12 girls aged 8-12 (mean age = 9.9±1.4 yr). Each participant underwent 2 test sessions, one week apart. Workloads on the treadmill included 2 speeds slower than SS (1.6 [V1] and 0.8 km.h-1 [V2] slower than SS), SS (V3), and a speed 0.8 km.h-1 faster than SS (V4). Indirect calorimetry from respired gas measurements enabled total fat (FO) and carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation rates to be calculated according to the non-protein respiratory quotient (Peronnet and Massicote, 1991) and percentage of CHO and FO calculations using equations from McGilvery and Goldstein (1983). Repeated measures ANOVA followed by a Tukey Post Hoc test (p< 0.05) was used to verify differences in CHO and FO rates among speeds. Paired T-test was used to verify differences in CHO and FO rates between tests per velocity. The reliability between-day was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results showed significant differences for CHO among all speeds, as well as significant differences for FO between V1 and V2 against V3 and V4 in both tests. Analyses between trials per velocity showed no significant substrate use differences as well as acceptable reliability. At the self-selected speed (V3) there was an accentuation in FO reduction as well as an increase in CHO oxidation. The purpose of the fifth study was to determine whether there were differences in substrate oxidation between girls (G) and women (W) during a treadmill protocol based on SS. Experiments were carried out on 12 G aged 8-12 (mean age = 9.9±1.4 yr) and 12 W aged 25-38 (mean age = 32.3±3.8 yr). The treadmill protocol included 6 min workloads followed by 5 min rest periods. Workloads included 2 speeds slower than SS (1.6 (V1) and 0.8 km.h-1 (V2) slower than SS), SS (V3), and a speed 0.8 km.h-1 faster than SS (V4). Total fat and carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation rates were calculated from indirect calorimetry according to the non-protein respiratory quotient. Repeated measures ANOVA followed by a Tukey Post Hoc test was used to verify intra-test differences in CHO and fat oxidation rates among speeds. Intergroup differences were analysed using paired T-test. Fat utilisation in W achieved a plateau at a relative velocity 0.8 km.h-1 slower than SS, but for G, fat utilisation increased until SS, and then stabilised upon reaching the higher velocity. CHO oxidation curves rose abruptly above V2 for W, while for G the acute increase occurred after SS (V3). Collectively, these results indicate that as walking intensity increases G are able to meet the energy demands of the work by increasing fat oxidation together with the increased CHO oxidation up to SS. In contrast for W, increasing CHO oxidation is associated with an early decrease in fat utilisation at a velocity slower than the self-selected speed. The sixth study dealt with validation of indirect techniques for the measurement of energy expenditure in free-living conditions against the DLW technique. Experiments were carried out on 19 children aged 8-12 (mean age = 10.3±1.0 yr). To indirectly predict energy expenditure 12 different procedures were used. Only one procedure, combining activity and heart rate (AHbranched), was based on a group equation, the others were based on individualised regression. Three of the individually-based techniques were able to accurately predict energy expenditure in free-living conditions. These tecniques were HRPAnetRMR using HRnet [HR exercise minus sleep HR (SHR)] against PAnet (measured PA exercise minus measured RMR) and upper and lower body equations corrected by RMR; HRPAnet4act using the same procedure but corrected by the mean resting &VO2 for 4 resting activities [(4act) = supine watching TV, sitting watching TV, sitting playing computer games and standing], and HRPALBnet4act using only lower body activities and corrected by 4act. HRPAnetRMR was only slightly more accurate than HRPAnet4act and HRPALBnet4act, but this technique is only adjusted by RMR whereas the other two are heavily dependent on more complex laboratory calibration. Bland and Altman (1986) analyses showed no significant differences between AHbranched predicted and measured TEE using the DLW technique. A SEE of 79 kcal.d-1 and a mean difference of 72 kcal.d-1, with a 95% CI ranging from -238 to 93.9 kcal.d-1 was found. In addition, no significant differences between predicted HRPAnetRMR and measured TEE using DLW were found, showing an SEE of 99 kcal.d-1 and a mean difference of -67 kcal.d-1, and a 95% CI ranging from -276.6 to 141.9 kcal.d-1. AHbranched and HRPAnetRMR were both valid and similarly suitable for the prediction of energy expenditure in children under free-living conditions. Significant associations between DLWAEE and the after-school time window indicated that this time window as an important discretionary period representative of children physical activity. However, the duration of the after-school time windows should be more carefully considered. Accelerometer data showed a better association between the largest after-school time window (3.5 hr) and measured TEE. The final study, completed with 19 children aged 8-12 (10.3±1.0 yr) highlighted, under laboratory conditions across a range of walking and running speeds, the inadequacy of the use of the standard MET in children. This traditional approach overestimates energy expenditure with an increased difference linearly related to speed increments. Minute-by-minute analyses of 7 days of free-living monitoring showed an average overestimation of 64 minutes per day for moderate-to-vigorousphysical- activity (MVPA) using the standard MET compared with the individually measured MET. For all intensities, these differences were statistically significant (p< 0.001). The second part of this study showed a variability of 20% in the average time spent at MVPA when comparing HR I 140 bpm and HR > 50%P &VO2 (P &VO2 = the highest &VO2 observed during an exercise test to exhaustion). Results of the current study compared to observations in the literature showed that HR I 140 bpm consistently estimates lower MVPA time than HR > 50%P &VO2. When these two PA indices were compared with individual and standard MET measured minute-byminute, statistically significant differences were verified among all of them at MPA, but no differences were verified at VPA, except between individual and standard METs. However, whether each one of the PA indices used are under- or overestimating time at MVPA is still debatable due to the lack of a gold standard. Finally, each index used in this study classified different numbers of participants as achieving the PA target of 60 min.d-1. The wide variability between indices when attempting to classify children who are achieving the recommended target is cause for great concern because habitually these indices are utilised as screening tools in paediatric and public health settings and used to guide behavioural interventions.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Autonomic innervation of the heart begins in utero and continues during the neonatal phase of life. A balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic arms of the autonomic nervous system is required to regulate heart rate as well as the force of each contraction. Our lab studies the development of sympathetic innervation of the early postnatal heart in a conditional knockout (cKO) of Src homology protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (Shp2). Shp2 is a ubiquitously expressed non-receptor phosphatase involved in a variety of cellular functions including survival, proliferation, and differentiation. We targeted Shp2 in post-migratory neural crest (NC) lineages using our novel Periostin-Cre. This resulted in a fully penetrant mouse model of diminished cardiac sympathetic innervation and concomitant bradycardia that progressively worsen. Shp2 is thought to mediate its basic cellular functions through a plethora of signaling cascades including extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1 and 2. We hypothesize that abrogation of downstream ERK1/2 signaling in NC lineages is primarily responsible for the failed sympathetic innervation phenotype observed in our mouse model. Shp2 cKOs are indistinguishable from control littermates at birth and exhibit no gross structural cardiac anomalies; however, in vivo electrocardiogram (ECG) characterization revealed sinus bradycardia that develops as the Shp2 cKO ages. Significantly, 100% of Shp2 cKOs die within 3 weeks after birth. Characterization of the expression pattern of the sympathetic nerve marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) revealed a loss of functional sympathetic ganglionic neurons and reduction of cardiac sympathetic axon density in Shp2 cKOs. Shp2 cKOs exhibit lineage-specific suppression of activated pERK1/2 signaling, but not of other downstream targets of Shp2 such as pAKT (phosphorylated-Protein kinase B). Interestingly, restoration of pERK signaling via lineage-specific expression of constitutively active MEK1 (Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase1) rescued TH-positive cardiac innervation as well as heart rate. These data suggest that the diminished sympathetic cardiac innervation and the resulting ECG abnormalities are a result of decreased pERK signaling in post-migratory NC lineages.

Text in English with abstracts in English, Northern Sotho, Tshivenda and Xitsonga / The purpose of this study was to determine the self-reported competence of newly qualified professional nurses on the critical midwifery skills. The study was conducted in the four public hospitals designated for community service in Gauteng Province. A quantitative descriptive design was used with a structured self-report questionnaire as data collection instrument. Non-probability convenience sampling was used for the study. The sample size was eighty-four newly qualified professional nurses. The Stata 15 software was used for statistical analyses. The researcher used descriptive statistics to describe and synthesize the collected data. The findings revealed that most newly qualified professional nurses had no knowledge in identifying different types of decelerations, management of late and variable decelerations, but had knowledge in most of the skills related to management of third stage of labour. / Maikemišetšo a dinyakišišo tše e be e le go hwetša bokgoni bja go ipega ka nnoši bja baoki bao ba ithutetšego profešene ya booki ka go bokgoni bjo bohlokwa bja pelegišo. Dinyakišišo di dirilwe dipetleleng tše nne tša bohle tšeo di kgethetšwego tirelo ya setšhaba ka Profenseng ya Gauteng. Khwanthitheitif diskriptif disaene ‘Quantitative descriptive design’ e dirišitšwe gammogo le lenaneopotšišo leo le beakantšwego la go ipega ka nnoši ‘structured self-report questionnaire’ bjalo ka sedirišwa sa go kgoboketša bohlatsi. “Non-probability convenience sampling” e dirišitšwe mo go kgetheng banyakišišwa. Bogolo bja sešupo e be e le baoki ba masomeseswai-nne ba baswa bao ba ithutetšego profešene ya booki. “Stata 15 software” e dirišitšwe tshekatshekong ya dipalopalo. Monyakišiši o dirišitše dipalopalo tša tlhalošo ‘descriptive statistics’ go hlaloša le go kopanya ‘data’ yeo e kgobokeditšwego. Ditšweletšo di utollotše gore bontši ba baoki ba baswa bao ba ithutetšego profešene ya booki ga ba na le tsebo ya go hlatha mehuta yeo e fapanego ya diphokotšo, taolo ya diphokotšo tša morago le tša go fetoga, efela ba na le tsebo ka go bokgoni bjo bontši bjoo bo amanago le taolo ya kgato ya boraro ya lešoko. / Ndivho ya ngudo iyi yo vha u wanulusa nḓivho ya vhukoni ha iwe muṋe ya vhaongi vhaswa vha kha ḓi bvaho u phasa vhuongi uri vha na zwikili zwa ndeme zwa vhuongi vhubebisi u swika ngafhi. Ngudo iyi yo itwa kha zwibadela zwiṋa zwa muvhuso zwo ṋewaho u isa tshumelo zwitshavhani kha vunḓu ḽa Gauteng. Kha u kuvhanganya mafhungo muṱoḓisi o shumisa ngona ya u ṱalutshedza ya khwanthithethivi ho ṱanganyiswa na mbudziso dzo dzudzanyiwaho dzi bviselaho khagala kha iwe muṋe (structured self-report questionnaire). Vhunanguludzi ho shumiswaho kha ngudo iyi ho vha “Non-probability convenience”. Tshivhalo tsha vhashelamulenzhe vho nanguludzwaho tsho vha vhaongi vhaswa vha kha ḓibvaho u phasa vha fumalo ina. “The Stata 15 software” ndi tshishumiswa tsho shumiswaho kha u sengulusa mafhungo o kuvhanganywaho. Muṱoḓisisi o shumisa zwisiṱatisitika zwa u ṱalutshedza kha u ṱalutshedza na u dzudzanya mafhungo o kuvhanganyiwaho. Ngudo iyi yo bvisela khagala uri vhunzhi ha vhaongi vhaswa vha kha ḓi bvaho u phasa a vha na nḓivho ya u vhona tshaka dzo fhambanaho dza kurwele kwa mbilu ya ṅwana na u langa u lenga ha u rwa ha mbilu ya ṅwana zwo katela na u sa dzudzanyea fhethu huthihi ha kurwele kwa mbilu ya ṅwana, honeha vha na nḓivho ya zwikili zwi yelanaho na vhulanguli ha tshipiḓa tsha vhuraru tsha u beba. / Xikongomelo xa ndzavisiso lowu i ku kuma vuswikoti lebyi munhu a byi twisisaka hi vaongori lava ha ku thwaselaka tidyondzo ta vuongori eka swikili swa nkoka hi vusungukati. Ndzavisiso lowu wu endliwile eka swibedlhele swa mune swa mani na mani leswi yisaka vukorhokeri evanhwini eka Phurovhinsi ya Gauteng, laha ku tirhisiweke maendlelo ya tinhlayo lama hambanaka na swivutiso ku hlengeleta timhaka. Ku tirhisiwile xiphemu xo karhi xa vanhu ku kuma vuxokoxoko hi mayelano na vona hinkwavo. Xiphemu lexi tirhisiweke i xa nhlayo ya vaongori vo ringana makumenhungu-mune wa vaongori lawa ha ku thwaselaka tidyondzo ta vuongori. Ku tirhisiwile “stata software” ku hlela tinhlayo leti tirhisiweke. Mulavisisi u tirhisile tinhlayo, tinhlayonhlamuselo ku hlamusela no katsakanya mahungu lama a ma hlengeleteke. Leswi kumiweke swi paluxa leswaku vunyingi bya vaongori lava ha ku thwaselaka tidyondzo ta vuongori va hava vutivi byo hambanisa mabelo ya mbilu, ku hlawula ku hlwela no hambana ka mabelo ya mbilu, kambe va na vutivi eka swikili mayelana no lawula xiyimo xa vunharhu xo lumiwa. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing)