L’isolation thermique par l’extérieure (ITE) constitue une solution technique intéressante pour améliorer les performances énergétiques du secteur du bâtiment. Cependant, l’ITE peut venir modifier l’équilibre hygrothermique de l’enveloppe et affecter sa durabilité, notamment au regard de l’humidité. Dans ce contexte, un premier travail a consisté à étudier en laboratoire le comportement hygrothermique de trois systèmes d’ITE rapportés sur une paroi en parpaing : un système ETICS (PSE sous enduit mis en œuvre par voie humide) et deux systèmes sous bardage (mis en œuvre par voie sèche), dont un incluant des matériaux biosourcés (laine de bois et ouate de cellulose). Des expériences en enceinte biclimatique, combinées à des simulations numériques des transferts couplés de chaleur et de masse, ont permis d’appréhender le comportement hygrothermique de ces parois rénovées à différents stades : lors de la pose des solutions d’ITE, en usage « normal » et dans des conditions conduisant à des risques de condensation. Les résultats du système ETICS montrent le rôle important de la colle et la difficulté à appréhender numériquement son comportement. Les résultats des systèmes sous bardage soulignent l’intérêt d’utiliser des matériaux biosourcés dans des conditions à risques, mais également la sensibilité des simulations numériques aux propriétés hydriques des matériaux hygroscopiques. Un second travail portant sur l’analyse in situ d’un système d’ITE sous bardage a souligné l’absence de risques majeurs liés à l’humidité durant les deux années étudiées. Par ailleurs, la comparaison simulation/expérience a mis en évidence le rôle important joué par la lame d’air ventilée. / External thermal insulation (ETI) is an interesting technical solution for improving the energy performance of the building sector. However, ETI may change the hygrothermal balance of the envelope and affect its durability, especially with regard to moisture. With this in mind, a first work consisted in studying the hygrothermal behavior of three systems of ETI set on a hollow concrete block wall in the laboratory: an ETICS system (wet process) and two systems under cladding (dry process), with one of them composed with bio-based materials (wood wool and cellulose wadding). Experiments in a bi-climatic enclosure, combined with numerical simulations of coupled heat and mass transfers, made it possible to apprehend the hygrothermal behavior of these renovated walls at different stages: during the installation of ETI solutions, in "normal" use and under conditions leading to risks of condensation. The results of the ETICS system show the important role of the glue and the difficulty to understand numerically its behavior. The results of the cladding systems underline the interest of using bio-based materials under hazardous conditions, but also the sensitivity of numerical simulations to the hydric properties of hygroscopic materials. A second study on the in situ analysis of a cladding ETI system highlighted the absence of major risks related to humidity during the two years studied. In addition, the simulation / experiment comparison highlighted the important role played by the ventilated air.

Orientador: Eduardo Carlos Bianchi / Co-orientador: Santiago del Rio Oliveira / Banca: Sandro Donnini Mancini / Banca: Manoel Cleber de Sampaio Alves / Banca: Alessandro Roger Rodrigues / Banca: Leonardo Roberto da Silva / O Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem carater institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi / Resumo: As técnicas de lubri-refrigeração, Convencional e Mínima Quantidade de Lubrificante - MQL, foram analisadas e o particionamento de energia na região de contato foram determinadas para o processo de retificação plana de uma peça de aço ABNT 1020 com um rebolo convencional de Óxido de Alumínio (Al2O3), para diferentes profundidades de retificação. Para isso foi desenvolvido um modelo térmico obtido pela equação da difusão de calor bidimensional transiente com as suas condições de contorno, a equação resultante foi dicretizada pelo método dos Volumes Finitos, com formulação, implícita no tempo devido ao fato desta técnica não apresentar limitação quanto à escolha do intervalo de tempo. O sistema de equação resultante foi resolvido pelo método das Relaxações Sucessivas (Sucessives Over Relaxation). A técnica de transferência de calor reversa da Seção Àurea foi aplicada para estimar o fluxo de calor que entra na peça pela interface peça/rebolo. As temperaturas geradas pelo modelo térmico foram comparadas com as temperaturas experimentais medidas por um termoar tipo K localizado a uma determinada distância da superfície de retificação. As técnicas de lubri-refrigeração foram comparadas mostrando que para o método de lubri-refrigeração MQL em relação ao Convencional , o fluxo de calor que entra na peça foi 43% maior para a profundidade de retificação de 30um, 137% para 45um e 184% para 60um, enquanto que o calor removido pelo fluido de corte na lubri-refrigeração MQL representa 2,62% para 30um, 4,35 para 45um e 5,21% para 60um em relação ao Convencional / Abstract: Techniques for lubrification and cooling. Conventional and Minimum Quantify Lubrificant - MQL, were determined for the process of grinding a plane workpiece of steel SAE 1020 with a conventional grinding Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3), for different depths of rectification. For that obtained by a thermal model of transient two-dimensional heat diffusion with its boundary conditions, the equation resulting equation was discretized by the Finite Volume Method with implicit formulation in time was developed due to the fact that this techique does not introduce restriction on the choise time interval. The resulting system of equations was solved by the method of SOR (Successives Over Relaxation). The technique of reverse transfer of heat from the Golden Section was applied to estimate the flow of theat that enters the part number for the workpiece/wheel interface. The temperature generated by the thermal model were compared with measurements by a K-type thermocouple located at a given distance from the surface grinding experimental temperatures. The lubrification and cooling techniques were compared showing that for the method of lubrification and cooling compared to conventional MQL, the heat flux entering the number was 43% higher for the grinding depth of30um, 137% to 45um and to 184% for 60um, while the heat removed by the cutting fluid in the lubrification and cooling MQL is 2.62% to 30um, 45um 4.35% to 5.21% for 60 um of the Conventional / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T11:52:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-11Bitstream added on 2015-03-03T12:07:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000806271.pdf: 1523040 bytes, checksum: d3e9dfa1a844d8df5e57c99e224bda33 (MD5) / As técnicas de lubri-refrigeração, Convencional e Mínima Quantidade de Lubrificante - MQL, foram analisadas e o particionamento de energia na região de contato foram determinadas para o processo de retificação plana de uma peça de aço ABNT 1020 com um rebolo convencional de Óxido de Alumínio (Al2O3), para diferentes profundidades de retificação. Para isso foi desenvolvido um modelo térmico obtido pela equação da difusão de calor bidimensional transiente com as suas condições de contorno, a equação resultante foi dicretizada pelo método dos Volumes Finitos, com formulação, implícita no tempo devido ao fato desta técnica não apresentar limitação quanto à escolha do intervalo de tempo. O sistema de equação resultante foi resolvido pelo método das Relaxações Sucessivas (Sucessives Over Relaxation). A técnica de transferência de calor reversa da Seção Àurea foi aplicada para estimar o fluxo de calor que entra na peça pela interface peça/rebolo. As temperaturas geradas pelo modelo térmico foram comparadas com as temperaturas experimentais medidas por um termoar tipo K localizado a uma determinada distância da superfície de retificação. As técnicas de lubri-refrigeração foram comparadas mostrando que para o método de lubri-refrigeração MQL em relação ao Convencional , o fluxo de calor que entra na peça foi 43% maior para a profundidade de retificação de 30um, 137% para 45um e 184% para 60um, enquanto que o calor removido pelo fluido de corte na lubri-refrigeração MQL representa 2,62% para 30um, 4,35 para 45um e 5,21% para 60um em relação ao Convencional / Techniques for lubrification and cooling. Conventional and Minimum Quantify Lubrificant - MQL, were determined for the process of grinding a plane workpiece of steel SAE 1020 with a conventional grinding Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3), for different depths of rectification. For that obtained by a thermal model of transient two-dimensional heat diffusion with its boundary conditions, the equation resulting equation was discretized by the Finite Volume Method with implicit formulation in time was developed due to the fact that this techique does not introduce restriction on the choise time interval. The resulting system of equations was solved by the method of SOR (Successives Over Relaxation). The technique of reverse transfer of heat from the Golden Section was applied to estimate the flow of theat that enters the part number for the workpiece/wheel interface. The temperature generated by the thermal model were compared with measurements by a K-type thermocouple located at a given distance from the surface grinding experimental temperatures. The lubrification and cooling techniques were compared showing that for the method of lubrification and cooling compared to conventional MQL, the heat flux entering the number was 43% higher for the grinding depth of30um, 137% to 45um and to 184% for 60um, while the heat removed by the cutting fluid in the lubrification and cooling MQL is 2.62% to 30um, 45um 4.35% to 5.21% for 60 um of the Conventional

Thesis (DTech( Mechanical Engineering)-- Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014 / Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow of an electrically conducting viscous incompressible fluid with a convective surface boundary condition is frequently encountered in many industrial and technological applications such as extrusion of plastics in the manufacture of Rayon and Nylon, the cooling of reactors, purification of crude oil, textile industry, polymer technology, metallurgy, geothermal engineering, liquid metals and plasma flows, boundary layer control in aerodynamics and crystal growth etc. Nanofluid is envisioned to describe a fluid in which nanometer-sized particles are suspended in conventional heat transfer base fluids to improve their thermal physical properties. Nanoparticles are made from various materials, such as metals (Cu, Ag, Au, Al, Fe), oxide ceramics (Al2O3, CuO, TiO2), nitride ceramics (AlN, SiN), carbide ceramics (SiC, tiC), semiconductors, carbon nanotubes and composite materials such as alloyed nanoparticles or nanoparticle core–polymer shell composites. It is well known that, conventional heat transfer fluids, such as oil, water, and ethylene glycol, in general, have poor heat transfer properties compared to those of most solids. Nanofluids have enhanced thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity; thermal diffusivity, viscosity and convective heat transfer coefficients compared with those of base fluids like oil or water. Owing to their enhanced properties, nanofluids can be used in a plethora of technical and biomedical applications such as nanofluid coolant: electronics cooling, vehicle cooling, transformer cooling, computers cooling and electronic devices cooling; medical applications: magnetic drug targeting, cancer therapy and safer surgery by cooling; process industries; materials and chemicals: detergency, food and drink, oil and gas, paper and printing and textiles.

Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011. / Nanofluid, which was first discovered by the Argonne laboratory, is a nanotechnology- based heat transfer fluid. This fluid consists of particles which are suspended inside conventional heat transfer liquid or base fluid. The purpose of this suspension is for enhancing thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer performance of this base fluid. The name nanofluid came about as a result of the nanometer- sized particles of typical length scales 1-100nm which are stably suspended inside of the base fluids. These nanoparticles are of both physical and chemical classes and are also produced by either the physical process or the chemical process. Nanofluid has been discovered to be the best option towards accomplishing the enhancement of heat transfer through fluids in different unlimited conditions as well as reduction in the thermal resistance by heat transfer liquids. Various manufacturing industries and engineering processes such as transportation, electronics, food, medical, textile, oil and gas, chemical, drinks e.t.c, now aim at the use of this heat transfer enhancement fluid. Advantages such organisations can obtain from this fluid includes, reduced capital cost, reduction in size of heat transfer system and improvement of energy efficiencies. This research has been able to solve numerically, using Maple 12 which uses a fourth- fifth order Runge -kutta- Fehlberg algorithm alongside shooting method, a set of nonlinear coupled differential equations together with their boundary conditions, thereby modelling the heat and mass transfer characteristics of the boundary layer flow of the nanofluids. Important properties of these nanofluids which were considered are viscosity, thermal conductivity, density, specific heat and heat transfer coefficients and microstructures (particle shape, volume concentration, particle size, distribution of particle, component properties and matrixparticle interface). Basic fluid dynamics equations such as the continuity equation, linear momentum equation, energy equation and chemical species concentration equations have also been employed.

Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / The performance of a wall Mounted space comfort heater has been studied with respect to the geometry of its mounting condition. Tests were conducted in a laboratory with the heater positioned at various heights from the floor and the channel that is created by the various gaps with the wall on which the heater was mounted. Tests were also performed with the heater mounted on the wall whose emissivity was adjusted to low, medium and high values as well as placing insulation material on the wall directly behind the heater. The outcome of the experiments revealed an acceptable geometry of the heater’s mounting at least 200 mm above the floor, and 50 mm off-set from the wall. The results of the heater mounted against the wall revealed a drop in performance as compared to the heater’s “benchmark” performance when it was freely standing on the floor of the laboratory; with an efficiency of about 41% (almost evenly shared by each face). This efficiency, which is based on the convective heat transfer generated by the heater’s warm/hot surfaces, is relative to the electrical energy input and it dropped when the heater was mounted against a grey wall to around 35%, of which only 26% was produced inside the channel. The heat transfer by radiation from the heater’s surface is treated as net loss to the walls of the room/enclosure.The performance of the heater when mounted against the wall improved almost to the benchmark value when the wall behind the heater was made refelective (low emissivity). It is recommended that further research should be undertaken to thoroughly investigate the “mode” of heat transfer, by the induced flow through the channel, in a more formal or scientific modelling approach.

Orientador: Flávio Luis Schmidt / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T16:23:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vieira_LuanaReis_M.pdf: 12427431 bytes, checksum: 43cbcc66f7d6f2b06d12185e0be5c71d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O mel pode ser definido como uma solução concentrada de açúcares. Possui enzimas,ácidos orgânicos e outros compostos. O aquecimento do mel é usualmente utilizado para descristalizar e facilitar o processamento. Atualmente na indústria o mel é aquecido por convecção forçada de ar e pode demorar de 4 a 7 dias, onerando o processamento. O emprego de altas temperaturas no mel pode alterar muitas de suas propriedades, como diminuição da enzima diastase e aumento do hidroximetilfurfural (HMF), importantes indicadores de qualidade. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar o processo de descristalização do mel frente ao tratamento térmico em banho de água sob agitação,visando desenvolver métodos mais eficientes para a descristalização do produto. A partir dos dados da história térmica do mel, os parâmetros cinéticos de transferência de calor e os impactos do aquecimento nas propriedades do mel foram verificados. Foram utilizados três tipos de méis para avaliação de suas propriedades sob influência do aquecimento e determinação das cinéticas de reação. Avaliaram-se as alterações no pH, acidez, índice de formol e cor, além da atividade diastásica e conteúdo de HMF formados nas temperaturas de 50, 70 e 90ºC. Para os estudos de descristalização foram realizados 12 ensaios utilizando-se mel de eucalipto, safra 2010, aquecido nas temperaturas de 58, 75 e 95ºC e velocidades de rotação 0, 20, 30 e 40 rpm. O aquecimento a 50 e 70ºC não produziu importantes alterações na sua composição inicial, entretanto a 90ºC as alterações começaram a se evidenciar. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a formação de HMF e a destruição da diastase puderam ser descritos pelo modelo cinético de primeira ordem com Ea (energia de ativação) de 19,5 kcal/mol, z (índice térmico) de 27,7ºC e Q10 (quociente de velocidade) de 2,3; para a formação do HMF e Ea de 31,4 kcal/mol, z de 17,8ºC e Q10 de 4,3 para a degradação da diastase, sendo notada a maior dependência desta com a temperatura. Foram encontrados menores valores de fh (parâmetro do efeito da temperatura) com o aumento da agitação das embalagens e também com o aumento da temperatura empregada, sendo possível a partir da cinética das reações, estimarem as concentrações finais de HMF e diastase. O ensaio com melhores resultados para a descristalização do mel foi a 75ºC e 20 rpm onde o mel apresentou-se totalmente descristalizado e sem perdas significativas da qualidade. O fh encontrado para este ensaio foi de 16 min e coeficiente de transferência de calor 54,2 W/m2.ºC. Foi possível concluir que o uso de tratamento térmico em banho sob agitação para descristalização do mel melhora as propriedades de transferência de calor reduzindo o tempo total de processo, mantém as características de qualidade do mel em níveis aceitáveis, podendo ser empregado para otimização, rapidez de fluxo, eficiência da descristalização e aumento da produtividade nas indústrias / Abstract: Honey can be defined as a concentrated solution of sugars, containing many organic acids, pigments and other compounds. Heating of honey is usually utilized to dissolve the sugar crystals, making a more acceptable product. Nowadays, at big industries, honey is heated by forced air convection, which takes 4 to 7 days. This process is quite onerous,becoming a problem on honey processing. High temperatures can change many properties of honey, like decrease in diastase activity and increase in hydroxymetylfurfural (HMF) contents, important indicators of honey¿s quality. The aim of the present work was to study the liquefying crystallized honey process using thermal treatment in water bath under stirring, in order to develop more efficient methods of doing it. The work intended to verify, based on data from the thermal history of honey, the kinetic parameters of heat transfer and the consequences of heating on honey properties. To evaluate these consequences and to determine the reaction kinetics, three kinds of honey were used. The parameters: pH, acidity, formaldehyde contents and color, besides diastase activity and HMF contents were evaluated at 50, 70 and 90oC. To study liquefying crystallized honey process only eucalyptu's honey, crop 2010, was used. It was submitted to 12 essays, using temperatures of 58, 75 and 95oC, and stirring speed of 0, 20, 30 and 40 rpm. At 50 and 70ºC the changes observed in honey properties were not important, becoming significant at 90ºC. The results obtained demonstrated that production of HMF and degradation of diastase could be described by the kinetic model of first order with Ea of 19,52 kcal/mol, z of 27,7oC and Q10 of 2,32 for HMF production and Ea de 31,4 kcal/mol, z de 17,8ºC e Q10 de 4,27 for diastase. It was noted that diastase had the great temperature dependency. Increase in temperature and stirring speed of honey container, leds to decrease in fh (parameter of temperature effect) values. The reaction kinetics provided, in addition to kinetic parameters, estimated values of final concentrations of HMF and diastase. The essay with best results for liquefy crystallized honey was that of 75oC and 20rpm, in which honey was fully liquefied with no significant loss of quality. In this essay a fh value of 16 min and a heat transfer coefficient of 54,2 W/m2.OC were found. It was possible to conclude that use of heating treatment in water bath under stirring for liquefying crystallized honey improve the heat transfer properties, reducing total processing time,keep quality characteristics of honey at acceptable levels and, therefore, can be employed at the honey processor industries for optimization, flow quickness, efficiency in liquefying crystallized honey and increase in productivity / Mestrado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientador: Luiz Fernando Milanez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T01:50:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santiago_Fabio_M.pdf: 8778625 bytes, checksum: 682efcdc5efb8549b7c4dbd3564ef87e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é utilizar o método da integral dupla na obtenção de soluções analíticas aproximadas para problemas de condução térmica unidimensional em regime transitório. Sendo o método da integral dupla um refinamento do amplamente utilizado método da integral simples, também conhecido Karman-Pohlhausen para a camada limite ou método de Goodman para mudança de fase, inicialmente foi proposto um minucioso estudo do capítulo Application of Integral Methods to Transient Nonlinear Heat transfer, cujo objetivo era compreender o funcionamento deste método, assim como selecionar os problemas apresentados neste trabalho. Posteriormente realizou-se o estudo do artigo primordial de aplicação do método da integral dupla publicado por Volkov, bem como dos principais trabalhos envolvendo o método da integral dupla. Ao todo foram selecionados seis casos do trabalho original de Goodman, os quais foram resolvidos com o uso do método da integral dupla para perfis quadrático e cúbico. A escolha de perfis polinomiais se justifica uma vez que estes são de fácil manipulação diante das operações de diferenciação e integração comum os métodos integrais, além disso, o uso de perfis de grau distinto tem como objetivo mostrar a influência da variação deste na obtenção de melhores aproximações. De modo a convalidar os resultados apresentados pelo método da integral dupla, estes foram comparados com as soluções analíticas exatas presente na literatura assim como, com as soluções aproximadas apresentadas por Goodman e com a solução numérica obtida pelo método de volumes de controles. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho revelam o melhor desempenho do método da integral dupla quando comparado com os resultados obtidos por Goodman em seu trabalho anteriormente citado / Abstract: The objective of this work is to use the method of the double integral to obtain approximate analytical solutions for one-dimensional heat conduction problems in the transitional regime. As the method of a double integral refinement of the widely used simple integral method, also known Karman-Pohlhausen for the boundary layer or the Goodman method for phase change, was initially proposed a thorough study of Chapter Application of Integral Methods to Transient Nonlinear Heat transfer, the objective of which was to understand the functioning of this method as well as selecting the problems presented in this paper. Subsequently we carried out the study of the primary article of the method of the double integral posted by Volkov as well as major works involving the method of double integral. In all six cases were selected from the original work of Goodman, which were solved using the method of the double integral for quadratic and cubic profiles. The choice of polynomial profiles is justified as they are easy to handle before the operations of common differentiation and integration methods, moreover, the use of profiles of different degree is intended to show the influence of the variation in obtaining better approximations. In order to validate the results presented by the method of the double integral, they were compared with the exact analytical solutions in the literature as well as with the approximate solutions presented by Goodman and the numerical solution obtained from a volume control. The present results show the improved performance of the method of the double integral compared with the results obtained by Goodman in their work cited above / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

D. Ing. / Power electronics refers to electronic processing of electrical power. In this process the electrical power is controlled by switching of power semiconductor devices as well as electromagnetically stored in electrical and magnetic fields while the energy flow is directed through selective conduction paths. The losses/power-efficiency of all these actions is of paramount importance in the processing. The lack for standardisation and the absence of a modular approach is a barrier to the development of more compact systems. Recently more research resources have been invested in development of integrated power electronic modules as an attempt to solve this problem. By integrating power electronic components, an increase in the power density is achieved, which unfortunately also leads to higher internal heat-generation and higher operating temperatures. This has an unfavourable effect on electronic behaviour and the reliability of the structures. In order to maintain the advances made in volume reduction of integrated power electronics, efficient and cost effective methods for removing heat is of essence. In this investigation the performance of rectangular cross-section embedded solid-state heatextraction inserts to increase thermal heat spreading and the reduction of steady-state peak temperatures was evaluated theoretically and experimentally. Theoretically, the cross sectional aspect ratio of such inserts was thermally optimised for a wide range of dimensional, thermal, and material property conditions. Possible materials investigated for use as heat extractors in power electronics include aluminium nitride, beryllium oxide, and synthetic diamond. The presence of interfacial thermal resistance was theoretically found to have a significant detrimental influence on the thermal performance of an integrated heat-extraction system and should be minimised as far as possible. For conditions commonly found in integrated power passives, continuous embedded heatextraction layers are proposed. Theoretically it is shown that such inserts can aid in the increase of power density by reducing the temperature increase per unit volume of heat-generation. Experimental test results corresponded closely with the theoretically expected allowed increase in heat-generation that could be accommodated due to the heat-extraction action of the inserts. As an experimental system, insertion of aluminium nitride into ferrite in an integrated electromagnetic power passive module was investigated. An increase of 187% in the effective power density could be achieved due to the presence of aluminium nitride heat-extraction layers embedded into ferrite. Preliminary magnetic flux density optimisation, in terms of the volume fraction occupied by a parallel-layered heat-extraction system, was performed for a wide range of heat-extraction materials, and interfacial resistance values.

D.Ing.