Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T11:52:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-25Bitstream added on 2015-03-03T12:07:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000806426.pdf: 1586940 bytes, checksum: bec5d3b671da69ab305d6d64214561f3 (MD5) / A retificação é um processo de acabamento, sendo normalmente o último processo da sequência de fabricação. Assim, qualquer benefício obtido na retificação é de grande valor para todo o processo de fabricação. Danos térmicos são uma das principais limitações do processo de retificação, por isso, é importante compreender os fatores que afetam a temperatura de retificação. o desempenho da técnica de lubri-refrigeração otimizada foi investigada e comparada com a técnica de lubri-refrigeração convencional para estimar o fluxo do calor dissipado para a peça de trabalho e assim verificar o máximo aumento da temperatura superficial da zona de contato entre o rebolo convencional de Al2O3 e a peça de aço ABNT 1020, levando-se em conta variáveis tais como a distribuição total de fluxo de calor e como ele é modelado (retangular ou triangular), as características térmicas da peça de trabalho e assim por diante. O problema direto foi solucionado a partir da equação de difusão de calor associado ao problema de condução de calor bidimensional em regime transiente utilizando-se do Método de Volumes Finitos para a sua discretização. Para a solução do problema inverso em transferência de calor fez-se o uso das temperaturas medidas experimentalmente para estimar o fluxo de calor na interface entre o rebolo e a superfície da peça (função objetivo). Foi aplicada a técnica inversa da Seção Áurea para a estimativa do fluxo de calor. Quando comparada à técnica do método convencional de aplicação de fluido, o fluxo de calor conduzido para a peça de trabalho foi reduzido em 84,0% nos ensaios realizados com profundidade de corte de 30um, em 74% nos ensaios com 45um e em 62,2% nos ensaios mais severos de 60um, demonstrando de forma clara e aplicabilidade do método otimizado de aplicação de fluido. O método otimizado foi efetivo na redução das temperaturas superficiais das regiões afastadas da região... / Grinding is a finishing process, usually being the last sequence of the manufacturing process. Thus, any benefit obtained in the grinding is of great value to the entire manufacturing process. Thermal damage is one of the main limitations of the grinding process, so it is important to understand the factors that affect the temperature rectification. The technial performance of optimized lubrification and cooling was investigated and compared with the conventional lubrification and cooling technique to estimate the flow of heat dissipated into the workpiece and thus to check the increase in the maximum surface temperature in the contact zone between the conventional grinding wheel Al2O3 and the piece of AISI 1020, taking into account variables such as the total distribution of heat flow and how it is modeled (rectangular or triangular), the thermal characteristics of the workpiece, the geometry of the grinding wheel/workpiece interface and so on. The direct problem was solved from the heat diffusion equation associated with the problem of two-dimensional heat conduction in transient regime utilizing the finite volume method for its discretization. For the solution of the inverse problem of theat transfer the experimentally measured temperatures was used to estimate the heat flux at the interface between the grinding wheel and workpiece surface (objective function). The inverse technique of Golden Section was applied to estimate heat flow. When compared to the conventional technique of method of application fluid, the heat flow conducted to the workpiece was reduced by 84,0% in the tests performed with cutting depth of 30um, at 74,0%in the tests with 45 um and 62,2% in the tests practices of 60 um, clearly demonstrating the applicability of the optimized method of fluid application. The optimized method was effective in reducing the surface temperature of the remotest regions in the cutting region indicating that the front and back cooling...

Orientador: José Antônio Perrella Balestieri / Coorientador: Mateus Ricardo Nogueira Vilanova / Banca: Rubens Alves Dias / Banca: Diovana Aparecida dos Santos Napoleão / Resumo: Um dos grandes problemas existentes ainda no mundo diz respeito ao destino dado ao esgotamento doméstico, tanto do ponto de vista ambiental quanto do ponto de vista de planejamento de cidades. Diversas formas de aproveitamento dos resíduos de esgoto podem ser propostas, seja na forma de energia, seja na forma de produção de algum recurso ou matéria prima, tais como biogás, nutrientes, biocombustíveis, bioplásticos, biopesticidas, dentre outros. As tecnologias usualmente empregadas para o aproveitamento energético de resíduos de esgoto são as turbinas, microturbinas e motores adaptados ao uso de biogás. O presente estudo tem por objetivos modelar ciclos térmicos de geração termelétrica e de cogeração movidos por biogás derivado do tratamento de esgotos a partir de levantamento tecnológico, avaliar o custo dos produtos energéticos gerados pelas centrais térmicas analisadas, bem como o potencial de aplicação das centrais geradoras de energia em diferentes escalas de capacidade, visando a maior sustentabilidade energética de cidades. A modelagem é feita com base em dados de três municípios com aproximadamente 10 mil, 100 mil e um milhão de habitantes e são feitas análises para o cenário atual, com análise de sensibilidade ao preço de compra e venda de energia elétrica e à taxa de juros, além de analisar alternativas utilizando comercialização de créditos de carbono, cargas parciais e biogás de aterro sanitário em conjunto com o biogás de esgoto. Como resultado tem-se que em nenhu... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: One of the still big problems in the world with regard to the destination of the domestic sewage from an environmental point of view and from the point of view of city planning. Various forms of utilization of sewage waste can be brought, either in the form of energy production is in the form of a resource or raw material, such as biogas, nutrients, biofuels, bioplastics, biopesticides, among others. The technologies usually employed for energy recovery of waste sewage are the turbines, engines and micro turbines adapted to the use of biogas. This study aims to model thermal cycles of thermal generation and cogeneration fueled by biogas derived from sewage treatment from technological survey, assess the cost of energy products generated by the analyzed thermal power plants, as well as the application potential of central power generating capacity at different levels, aimed at greater energy sustainability of cities. The modeling is based on three municipalities data with approximately 10.000, 100.000 and 1 million people and analyzes are made to the current situation, with sensitivity analysis to the purchase and sale price of electricity and interest rate, and analyzing alternatives using the trading of carbon credits, partial loads and landfill biogas with biogas sewage. As a result it has been that in any analysis was generating power to the city of 10.000 inhabitants and in cities of 100.000 and 1 million inhabitants the energy generated does not meet the needs of the sew... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Luiz Fernando Milanez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T23:56:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santim_ChristianoGarciadaSilva_M.pdf: 4969690 bytes, checksum: ce0fa0a331e41c2ba678acb1f055dad6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O presente trabalho trata do estudo numérico da fusão de materiais de mudança de fase (PCMs-Phase Change Materials) no interior de uma cavidade retangular e de um cilindro horizontal, usando-se de um aquecimento isotérmico na parede de tais geometrias, utilizando-se de um código CFD. Inicialmente o material sólido encontra-se sub-resfriado. O objetivo é verificar a influência do aquecimento no processo de fusão, bem como o efeito do subresfriamento neste. Algumas hipóteses simplificadoras foram assumidas no modelo matemático. As propriedades termofísicas dos PCMs foram consideradas constantes, exceto para a densidade, onde a aproximação de Boussinesq fora utilizada e, para a fusão do gelo, empregou-se a relação proposta por Gebhart e Mollendorf (1977). O problema foi resolvido usando uma formulação matemática baseada no método da entalpia-porosidade, o qual permite o uso de uma grade espacial fixa. As grades computacionais utilizadas foram selecionadas após verificar-se que os resultados não variavam mais com o refinamento. O fluxo total de calor na superfície interna das paredes também fora obtido para os sistemas, bem como perfis de temperatura, linhas de correntes e perfis das frentes de fusão. Correlações para os tempos totais de fusão dos PCMs em função dos números adimensionais de Stefan e Rayleigh também foram apresentados. Os resultados numéricos foram comparados a resultados experimentais disponíveis na literatura, apresentando boa concordância / Abstract: The present work deals with the numerical study of melting of PCMs inside a rectangular cavity with all isothermally heated walls and inside a horizontal cylinder with isothermally heated wall, utilizing a CFD code. Initially the solid material is sub-cooled. The objective is to verify the influence of the heating in the melting process as well as the sub-cooling effect. Some simplifying hypotheses were assumed in the mathematical model. The thermophysical properties of phase change material were considered constants, except for the density where the Boussinesq aproximation was utilized and, for the ice melting, a relation proposed by Gebhart and Mollendorf (1977) was employed. The problem was solved by using a mathematical formulation based on the enthalpy-porosity method, which allows the use of a fixed spatial grid. The computational grid used was selected after checking that the results did not vary with more refinement. The total heat flux on the inner surfaces was obtained for the systems, as well as several temperature profiles, streamlines and melting front positions. Correlations for the total PCM melting time as a function of the dimensionless numbers of Stefan and Rayleigh were presented. Numerical results were compared with experimental results suitable in the literature showing be in good agreement / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

A fundamental step in the further developments of comprehensive modelling of the diffusive processes in liquids requires the possibility of obtaining reliable and accurate experimental data of the diffusion and thermodiffusion coefficients of multicomponent liquid systems. In the present work, we perform an experimental investigation of the diffusive properties of binary and ternary liquid systems. Two experimental techniques, the ‘Open Ended Capillary’ technique and the ‘Transient Interferometric Technique’ have been developed. Those techniques have been used for the experimental characterization of several systems composed of 1,2, 3,4-Tetrahydrnaphtalene, Isobutylbenzene and Dodecane at ambient temperature. Those particular species were selected as a simplified multicomponent system modelling the fluids contained in natural crude oils reservoirs. <p>For each of these techniques, experimental set-ups were designed, implemented and calibrated. The procedures for identifying the ternary diffusion coefficients from the measured compositions fields were studied in details. <p>The Open Ended Capillary Technique was applied under gravity condition to study isothermal diffusion binary and ternary systems. Difficulties related to a new procedure for interpreting the data collected at short times of the experiments are highlighted and its implication in the generalization of the technique for the study of multicomponent systems is discussed.<p>The Transient Interferometric Technique was used to perform an experimental study of three binary systems under gravity conditions. It was also applied for the investigation of ternary systems under microgravity condition in the frame of the DSC on SODI experiment, which took place aboard the International Space Station in 2011. The experimental results are reported and the analysis of the accuracy of the technique is presented. The TIT is the first technique ever providing accurate experimental measurements of the complete set of diffusion and thermodiffusion coefficients for ternary liquid systems.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Due to a relative high thermal efficiency, the gas turbine engine has wide ranging applications in various industries today. The aerospace and power generation sectors are probably the best known. One method of increasing the thermal efficiency of a gas turbine engine is to increase the turbine inlet temperature. This increase in temperature will result in an additional thermal load being placed on the turbine blades and in particular the nozzle guide vanes. The higher temperature gradients will increase the thermal stresses. In order to prevent failure of blades due to thermal stresses, it is important to accurately determine the magnitude of the stresses during the design phase of an engine. The accuracy of the thermal stresses mainly depends on two issues. The first is the determination of the heat transfer from the fluid to the blade and then secondly the prediction of the thermal stresses in the blade as a result of the thermal loading. In this study the flow and heat transfer problem is approached through the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The principal focus is to predict the heat transfer and thermal stresses for steady state cases for both cooled and uncooled nozzle guide vanes through numerical modelling techniques. From the literature, two studies have been identified for which experimental data was available. These case studies can therefore be used to evaluate the accuracy of using CFD to simulate the thermal loading on the blades. One study focused only on solving heat transfer whilst the other included thermal stress modelling. The same methodology is then applied to a three-dimensional application in which flow and heat transfer was solved for a nozzle guide vane of a commercial gas turbine engine. The accuracy of results varied with the choice of turbulence model but was, generally within ten percent of experimental data. It was shown that the accurate determination of the heat transfer to the blade is the key element to accurately determine the thermal stresses. / Dissertation (M Eng (Mechanical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / unrestricted

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In the zinc slag fuming process, zinc is extracted from lead blast furnace slag by reduction with a coal/air mixture injected into the slag through submerged tuyeres. The furnace is constructed of water-cooled jackets to contain the molten bath and freeze a protective slag layer. The slag layer greatly reduces vessel wear caused by the corrosive and violently agitated bath. However, the jackets are known to develop cracks in the working face panel that initiate on the slag face and propagate towards the water cavity. If the cracks reach the water cavity explosions may result should the molten slag come into contact with the water. In this study an analysis of heat transfer in the jacket has been carried out using in-plant measurements and mathematical modelling. The working face of a water jacket was instrumented with thermocouples and positioned in a fuming furnace at the Trail smelter of Cominco Ltd. Measurements revealed the presence of large thermal transients or temperature "spikes" in the panel approximately 20 cm above the tuyeres. The transients were observed during charging and tapping of the furnace and are likely associated with slag fall-off due to surface wave action and gas injection effects when the bath level is low. Temperatures at the mid-thickness were seen to rise by as much as 180 °C above the steady-state level. Under these conditions large compressive stresses are produced in the panel that are sufficient to cause yielding. Over time, the transients lead to low-cycle fatigue of the working face panel with crack formation initiating at pre-existing surface flaws. A mathematical modelling analysis of the transient freezing phenomena has been carried out using the finite element method. The results indicate that the temperature spikes are associated with the sudden removal of patches of slag and molten slag coming into direct contact with the jacket. The temperature spikes are large enough to generate compressive stresses that cause yielding of the material in the exposed area. In order to reduce the damage caused by the removal of the slag shell an increased number of anchoring studs should be used in critical areas and a higher water circulation velocity should be employed to increase the size of the frozen slag layer and its strength. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Materials Engineering, Department of / Graduate

The main motive for studying turbulent flow in an urban environment is to understand the processes governing momentum, heat and mass exchange between the atmosphere and a very inhomogeneous and aerodynamically rough surface. This exchange regulates the microclimate wherein about 40% of the current world population lives. An understanding of its mechanisms is essential for a variety of reasons and applications. The structure of the atmosphere close to this irregular surface is not homogeneous and there is reason for concern that traditional micrometeorological theories are inadequate to describe the turbulent transfer in this environment. The main objective of the present study is to investigate the turbulent transfer mechanism and the applicability of the Monin Obukhov similarity framework in an unstable suburban atmosphere. In addition the first full set of energy balance data including longer term directly-measured sensible and latent heat fluxes is presented. The results suggest that the (co)spectra in respect to shape and location of the peaks are relatively insensitive to surface features. They generally agree well with homogeneous surface layer data with the exceptions of u, T, uw and possibly q which all exhibit slight anomalies which may be attributed to particular surface features. The non-dimensional dissipation functions and most of the integral statistics results follow the trends predicted by similarity theory (i.e. they are a function of stability), however, the magnitudes are often smaller. Analysis of the correlation coefficients shows that under near neutral and slightly unstable conditions the transfers of momentum and heat are most efficient (and enhanced compared to the homogeneous surface layer) whereas the transfer efficiency of moisture is generally least efficient. This results in a dissimilar behaviour of heat and moisture. It is shown that the humidity statistics not only depend on surface boundary conditions but are also influenced by the entire PBL. Observational support in this respect is obtained from a time series analysis of humidity signals which shows the sporadic occurrence of strong, dry downdrafts (under mainly cloudy conditions) which result in positive contributions to the moisture flux. There is evidence that the present observation levels are sometimes within the roughness sub-layer. At around noon and in the early afternoon the Bowen ratio measured using the gradient approach was often larger than the Bowen ratio obtained from directly measured fluxes. This affects the turbulent fluxes derived from the Bowen ratio-energy balance approach. It is suggested that beside the inequality of the transfer efficiencies sampling problems affect the gradient measurements. The average diurnal energy balance is in general agreement with previous summertime observations from the same site. The results indicate that the storage heat flux, obtained as the energy balance residual using directly measured turbulent fluxes, peaks slightly earlier than predicted by the objective hysteresis model. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

M.Tech. (Mechanical Engineering Technology) / Please refer to full text to view abstract