Cereal grains share many common traits, but they also have different internal structures, nutrient values, degradation kinetics and digestion features. Heat treatments are commonly used in the feed industry. It is known that heat is able to change the nutrient values of the feed but the effect could be equivocal. In order to understand the effects of heat processing on internal structure and nutrient availability of cereal grains, two batches of wheat, triticale and corn were divided into three groups (control/raw (unheated), dry heating and moist heating) and processed at 121 °C for 80 min. Basic chemical analysis and in situ, in vitro assays were conducted and CNCPS, DVE/OEB and NRC-2001 models were used to determine the nutrient availability of the grains. In addition, two mid-IR molecular spectroscopy techniques (Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) and Synchrotron Radiation Infrared Microspectroscopy (SR-IMS)) were used to gain an insight into the heat-induced changes in the functional groups. Significant (P<0.05) differences were found between the cereal grains in their nutritional availabilities, including their chemical characteristics, protein and carbohydrate fractions, energy values, the ruminal degradation kinetics, hourly effective rumen degradation ratios, potential N-to-energy synchronization, and intestinal digestion of cereal grains. Compared to dry heating, moist heating had more impact on altering the nutrient profiles and showed the potential to increase the nutrient availability of wheat and triticale for dairy cattle. Significant differences (P<0.01) were detected between different feeds and heat treatment groups by using the ATR-FTIR technique. Results were found in consistency with the conventional chemical and animal studies mentioned above despite when using the SR-IMS technique. Significant (P<0.05) correlations were detected between some structure spectral characteristics and nutrient digestion traits. In conclusion, the moist heating had more profound impact than the dry heating in increasing nutrient supplies to ruminants in wheat and triticale. The heat-induced effects found in corn were less positive. The ATR-FTIR technique could detect the internal structural changes in cereal grains, while the sensitivity and accuracy of the SR-IMS technique were not proved in this study.

This work deals with influence of heat processing on longevity of two selected products of the packing company Seliko trading a.s. For the research there were selected products Sterilised sauerkraut in sweet-sour pickle and Fatback spread. Evaluation has been done in laboratory premises of the packing company. There has been monitored mikrobiological stability after heat processing and sensory properties of the mentioned products always with an interval of one month. During the monitored seven months there appeared changes in taste and consistence of the products that are not defective in these products. The microbiological test taken after seven months was negative, just like at the beginning of the experiment. The result of the given findings is that the heat sterilisation was efficient and that during the storage there did not rise number of micro-organisms in the products.

The main objective of this PhD was to provide fundamental information regarding some metabolic aspects of selenium metabolism in cats and dogs. The total selenium content of a range of commercially available petfoods was analysed using a fluorometric method. The petfoods contained a wide range of selenium concentrations, with up to 6 µg Se/g DM found in cat foods. Mean concentrations of selenium in dog and cat foods were 0.40 and 1.14 µg Se/g DM respectively. All petfoods analysed met the recommended current minimum dietary selenium requirements. The use of blood parameters for the assessment of selenium status was investigated in a study in which cats were fed inorganic and organic selenium supplemented at concentrations of up to 2.0 µg Se/g DM for 32 days. Plasma selenium concentrations reflected dietary selenium intakes, however there were no differences between the different levels of supplementation. Whole blood selenium concentrations showed less distinct patterns and were thought to be a more useful indicator of longer term selenium status. Activities of glutathione peroxidase in plasma and whole blood showed no response and the response of cats to supplementation of the different forms of selenium were similar. In the same study, faecal and urinary excretion (µg/kg BW/d) were measured and apparent absorption and retention were estimated during the last seven days of the 32 day trial. Faecal excretion of selenium remained constant whereas urinary excretion of selenium increased with increased dietary intake. The form of selenium had no effect on excretion or apparent absorption however there was a trend in which more selenium was retained in cats fed organic selenium. A study was conducted with cats and dogs fed high levels (10 µg Se/g DM) of inorganic and organic selenium for 21 days to determine whether there were species differences in their metabolic response. Cats and dogs exhibited the same pattern of response, however cats showed higher plasma selenium levels, lower levels in liver and excreted more selenium compared to dogs. It was concluded from this data that cats and dogs differ in their metabolism of selenium. The effect of heat processing on the addition of inorganic and organic selenium to petfoods was investigated in cats fed 3.0 µg Se/g DM for 11 days. Apparent absorption was higher in cats fed inorganic selenium added after processing, whilst less selenium of organic origin was excreted in the urine when added after processing. These preliminary results suggest heat processing may decrease the apparent availability and utilisation of selenium in petfoods.

Les objectifs de cette thèse sont d’une part d'étudier les effets d’un traitement thermique et de l’environnement physico-chimique sur la stabilité de 6 flavonoïdes de structure différente et sur l'évolution de leur activité anti-oxydante. Les conditions du traitement thermique ont été les suivantes : (i) chauffage dans des conditions isothermes durant 2h pour des températures allant de 30 à 130°C et (ii) chauffage dans des conditions non isothermes par microcalorimétrie (de 30 à 130°C, 4°C/ heure). Les flavonoïdes ont été solubilisés dans de l’eau. Nous avons constaté que les flavonoïdes glycosylés sont plus résistants que les flavonoïdes aglycones. Les énergies d'activation de dégradation calculées dépendent aussi de la structure du flavonoïde. Pour se dégrader, les flavonoïdes glycosylés ont besoin d’une énergie élevée par rapport à la forme aglycone. L’exposition à la lumière a été réalisée durant 15 jours avec et sans oxygène, le témoin de l’expérience étant un stockage à l’obscurité avec et sans oxygène. La dégradation des flavonoïdes est influencée par la présence de lumière et par la quantité d'oxygène. Les molécules ont une sensibilité différente en fonction de leur structure, le classement suivant est obtenu d’après : naringine, ériodictyol puis rutine, lutéoline, lutéoline 7-O-glucoside et enfin le mesquitol. En effet, la présence d'un groupe hydroxyle en position 3 et une double liaison C2-C3 diminue la stabilité des flavonoïdes. En outre, il a été observé que, malgré la dégradation totale de certains flavonoïdes par le traitement thermique et l’environnement physico-chimique, les solutions traitées conservent une activité anti-oxydante / The objectives of this thesis are to study the effects of a heat treatment and the physicochemical environment on the stability of 6 flavonoids of different structure and on the evolution of their antioxidant activity. The heat treatment conditions were as follows: (i) heating under isothermal conditions for 2 h at temperatures ranging from 30 to 130 ° C and (ii) heating under non-isothermal conditions by microcalorimetry (30 to 130 ° C, 4 ° C / hour). The flavonoids were solubilized in water. We found that the glycosylated flavonoids are more resistant than the aglyconic flavonoids. The calculated degradation activation energies also depend on the structure of the flavonoid. To degrade, glycosylated flavonoids require high energy relative to the aglycone form. Exposure to light was carried out for 15 days with and without oxygen, the experimental control being a dark storage with and without oxygen. The degradation of flavonoids is influenced by the presence of light and by the amount of oxygen. The molecules have a different sensitivity according to their structure, the following classification is obtained according to: naringine, ériodictyol then rutin, luteolin, luteolin 7-O-glucoside and finally the mesquitol. Indeed, the presence of a hydroxyl group at position 3 and a C2-C3 double bond reduces the stability of the flavonoids. Furthermore, it has been observed that, despite the total degradation of certain flavonoids by the heat treatment and the physical-chemical environment, the treated solutions retain an antioxidant activity

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-06-16T18:18:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucinéia Puiatti Colpo_.pdf: 1175445 bytes, checksum: 02d6bc567dcc6daa45109f74c3e43a4b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-16T18:18:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucinéia Puiatti Colpo_.pdf: 1175445 bytes, checksum: 02d6bc567dcc6daa45109f74c3e43a4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Nenhuma / Há um crescente interesse na relação entre alimentação e saúde, destacando-se o consumo de antioxidantes naturalmente presentes em alimentos. As frutas, principalmente as que apresentam a coloração vermelha/azul, contêm elevadas quantidades de antioxidantes, sendo importantes fontes de compostos fenólicos. Aos compostos antioxidantes tem sido atribuída uma grande gama de efeitos biológicos, incluindo ações de prevenção contra doenças. Acredita-se que o consumo regular destas frutas, aliado a um estilo de vida saudável, incluindo dieta equilibrada e exercícios físicos, pode trazer potenciais benefícios à saúde. Porém, nem sempre as frutas e verduras são consumidas in natura, muitas vezes são consumidas após serem submetidas a algum tipo de processamento, o que pode alterar suas características nutricionais. Com isso se torna muito importante compreender melhor a estabilidade destes compostos em alimentos, frente ao processamento a que são submetidos antes da ingestão. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar o efeito do processamento por diferentes métodos de cocção (sous vide, micro-ondas, fervura e desidratação) sobre as propriedades antioxidantes de frutas vermelhas (amora, mirtilo, cereja, jabuticaba e morango). Para isso, verificou-se o conteúdo de compostos fenólicos e a capacidade antioxidante de cada uma delas in natura e processadas. De uma forma geral, foi possível observar que a jabuticaba foi a fruta que apresentou maior conteúdo de compostos fenólicos e maior atividade antioxidante dentre todas as frutas vermelhas estudadas, em todos os processos avaliados, com exceção da desidratação, na qual amora e morango tiveram os maiores resultados nas condições estudadas. Além disso, foi possível observar também que as frutas em geral processadas por cocção em micro-ondas e desidratação apresentaram maior conteúdo de compostos fenólicos e maior atividade antioxidante do que as submetidas aos demais processos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram haver clara influência do tipo de processo a que a fruta é submetida sobre as propriedades antioxidantes da mesma. Novos estudos, no entanto, se fazem necessários a fim de melhor esclarecer os efeitos do processamento sobre a atividade antioxidante das frutas vermelhas. / There is an increasing interest in the relationship between food and health. Recently the intake of food containing naturally occurring antioxidants has gained increasing evidence. Fruits, specially blue or red ones, contain high amounts of antioxidants and are important sources of total phenolic compounds. A wide range of biological effects, including disease prevention, have already been attributed to antioxidant compounds. It is widely believed that a regular fruit and vegetable consumption, along with a healthy life style including balanced diet and physical exercise, can bring potential benefits to human health. However, fruits and vegetables are not always consumed fresh, they are often consumed after being submitted to some kind of processing, which can alter its nutritional properties. It seems therefore important to study the stability of these compounds in food processed prior to consumption. In this way, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of heat processing by different methods (sous vide, microwave, boiling and dehydration) in the antioxidant properties of red fruit (blackberry, bilberry, cherry, jaboticaba and strawberry). Total phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity of each fruit were evaluated, both fresh and processed by different heating methods. It was observed that jaboticaba presented the highest phenolic compound content and also the highest antioxidant activity among all red fruits studied, in all processes evaluated, except in dehydration, in which blackeberry and strawberry had higher results in the conditions studied. Besides, it could be observed that red fruits processed by microwave and dehydration presented higher phenolic compound content and higher antioxidant activity than those submitted to the other processes studied. Results obtained show that appears to be a clear influence of the kind of process used into red fruits antioxidant properties. However, more studies are needed do better understand the effects of heat processing in antioxidant activity of red fruits.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:48:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hamara_Milaneze_de_Souza.pdf: 588620 bytes, checksum: 4d0117eb8fab60302841b61bb89846ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The largest shelf life of industrialized milk is critical for the lactic supply chain, highlighting its quality both microbiological and physical chemistry, as well as its sensory aspects and its evolution during storage, especially UHT milk by offering significantly long time of storage. This study aims to evaluate the microbiological quality, physicochemical and proteolytic of milk coming from the process of fast pasteurization and UHT and its behavior during shelf life. For this study pasteurized milk samples were collected (1 dairy) and three of UHT milk (dairy 2). The microbiological analysis involved eight bacterial groups (aerobic mesophilic, total psychrotrophic, fecal coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp., Clostridium spp.) and have been made on raw milk, pasteurizer, and three shelf times in duplicate. The physico-chemical and proteolytic analyzes were made in the raw milk and in five different storage times. After pasteurization all samples remained within the limits stipulated by law for all microorganisms studied, however, the aerobic counts of mesophilic and psychrotrophic, dairy 1, 5 and 10 days did not differ statistically from raw milk, and the sample bottled referring to the day of collection resembles statistically with milk after pasteurization. All samples showed absence of microbial inhibitors. It was observed increase in casein macropeptide (CMP) levels in stored UHT milk, exceeding the given limit for direct consumption after 30 days of storage. The sedimentation mass also increased as the storage time increased. These results demonstrate that even though the pasteurized milk and UHT are within the required microbiological standards, the raw milk is still at high microbiological values. As same as UHT milk raw and initially present low concentrations of CMP, the content thereof gradually increases along the shelf life, probably because of proteases psychrotrophic bacteria / O maior tempo de prateleira do leite industrializado é fundamental para a cadeia produtiva láctica, destacando-se sua qualidade tanto microbiológica como físico-química, além de seus aspectos sensoriais e sua evolução durante o armazenamento, em especial o leite UAT, por ofertar tempos significativamente longos de armazenamento. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica, físico-química e proteolítica do leite advindo do processo de pasteurização rápida e da UAT e seu comportamento durante a vida de prateleira. Para a realização deste estudo, foram feitas coletas de leite pasteurizado (laticínio 1) e três de leite UAT (laticínio 2). As análises microbiológicas envolveram oito grupos bacterianos (aeróbios mesófilos, psicrotróficos totais, coliformes termotolerantes, Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp., Clostridium spp.) e foram feitas no leite cru, pasteurizador e três tempos de prateleira, em duplicata. Já as análises físico-químicas e proteolíticas foram feitas, além do leite cru, em cinco tempos diferentes de estocagem. Após a pasteurização, todas as amostras se mantiveram dentro dos limites estipulados pelas legislações, para todos os microrganismos estudados. No entanto, nas contagens de aeróbios mesófilos e psicrotróficos, laticínio 1, com 5 e 10 dias não diferiram estatisticamente do leite cru, e a amostra envasada referente ao dia da coleta assemelha-se estatisticamente com o leite logo após a pasteurização. Todas as amostras analisadas apresentaram ausência de inibidores microbianos. Observou-se acréscimo dos níveis de caseínomacropeptídeo (CMP) no leite UAT estocado, ultrapassando o limite determinado para consumo direto aos 30 dias de estocagem. A massa de sedimentação também foi crescente conforme o tempo de estocagem. Estes resultados demonstram que mesmo que o leite pasteurizado e UAT estejam dentro dos padrões microbiológicos exigidos, o leite cru ainda encontra-se com valores microbiológicos elevados. Desse modo, mesmo o leite cru e UAT tendo inicialmente apresentado baixas concentrações de CMP, o teor deste aumentou progressivamente ao longo da vida de prateleira, provavelmente em função das proteases de bactérias psicrotróficas