Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-81). Also available on the World Wide Web.

For heat transfer through building insulations such as fiberglass, radiation and conduction are important modes of heat transfer. Moreover, materials like fiberglass scatter radiation in a highly anisotropic manner. The equations for heat transfer by simultaneous conduction and radiation are a coupled pair, one of which is of the nonlinear integrodifferential type. Exact solution for transient heat transfer in this case is not available, and the approximate solution available is the two-flux model. The two-flux model does not give good results for transient, combined mode heat transfer, through an absorbing, emitting, and anisotropically scattering medium. In this thesis a higher order approximate solution has been developed. It is found that this model gives appreciably better results than the two-flux model. / Master of Science

An investigation was conducted to determine the effect of organized flow pulsations on mean heat transfer from a single cylinder, in-line arrangements and perpendicular arrangements of cylinders. Pulsation frequencies of up to twice the natural vortex shedding frequency and zero to peak. amplitudes as high as 36 percent were used. Pulsations were sinusoidal with at least 93 percent of the power at the fundamental frequency. Turbulence levels (Tu=0.5 percent) were not altered by the addition of unsteady flow. Reynolds number ranged from 23,000<Re<49,000. Results for heat transfer on the front and back of the cylinder are given for a constant wall temperature boundary condition. Heat transfer measurements were made by applying a heat balance to a thick walled copper tube divided into four individually heated segments with guard. heaters located at each end. Mean heat transfer was found to increase for all three arrangements when organized flow pulsations were applied. For a single cylinder and for perpendicular arrangements, heat transfer increases were found primarily on the back of the cylinder. For in-line arrangements, increases occurred mostly on the front of the cylinder. for the range of pitch ratio most useful to heat exchanger design, in-line arrangements were found to have a higher Nusselt number than perpendicular arrangements. / Master of Science

The temperature distribution in a volume element with internal heat generation satisfies Poisson's equation and for two dimensional cases, this equation becomes ∂²T/∂x² + ∂²T/ ∂Y² = -9(x,y)/K_T where q(x,y) is function describing the heat generation. k,is the thermal conductivity. The voltage distribution in a flat plate with current input normal to the plate is ∂²Y/∂x² + ∂²Y/ ∂Y² = -p^i(x,y) Where, p is the resistivity of the plate. i(x,y) is the function describing the current input. The development of the nuclear reactor for the production of commercial power has made necessary the rapid, economical solution of some of the problems involved. The direct analytical solution of some problems encountered are either impossible or difficult and time consuming. This thesis makes use of the analogy existing between equations (1) and (2) for the solution of certain two dimensional heat flow problems in a reactor. Teledeltos Conducting Paper was used for making the analogue models. The current was introduced into the paper by use of probes protruding through the paper. The desired temperature distribution was found by use of the equation ΔT = 9_e/K_T ΔV/ΔV_sTd where ΔV is potential difference between two points on the analogue model. ΔVstd is the potential drop across a standard resistance through which all current flows. q_t is total heat generated in the element being simulated. ΔTis the temperature difference between two points in the simulated element corresponding to the two points on the analogue model between which AV is measured. The accuracy of the analogue was checked by solving two problems, the solution of which could be determined analytically. A problem involving complex heat generation and boundary conditions was then solved. / Master of Science

Steadily increasing heat dissipation in electronic devices has generated renewed interest in direct immersion cooling. The ideal heat transfer fluid for direct immersion cooling applications should be chemically and thermally stable, and compatible with the electronic components. These constraints have led to the use of Novec fluids and fluroinerts as coolants. Although these fluids are chemically stable and have low dielectric constants, they are plagued by poor thermal properties. These factors necessitate the development of new heat transfer fluids with improved heat transfer properties and applicability. Computer Aided Molecular Design (CAMD) approach was used in this work to systematically design novel heat transfer fluids that exhibit significantly better properties than those of current high performance electronic coolants. The candidate fluids generated by CAMD were constrained by limiting their boiling points, latent heat of vaporization and thermal conductivity. The selected candidates were further screened using a figure of merit (FOM) analysis. Some of the fluids/additives that have been identified after the FOM analysis include C₄H₅F₃O, C₄H₄F₆O, C₆H₁₁F₃, C₄ H₁₂O₂Si, methanol, and ethoxybutane. The heat transfer performance of these new fluids/fluid mixtures was analyzed through pool boiling and flow boiling experiments. All the fluid mixtures tested showed an improvement in the critical heat flux (CHF) when compared to the base fluid (HFE 7200). A pool boiling model was developed using the phase field method available in COMSOL. Although these simulations are computationally expensive, they provide an alternate solution to evaluate several candidate fluids generated using the CAMD approach.

Leitos fluidizados borbulhantes (LFBs) são bem conhecidos como sistemas eficientes para transferência de energia térmica em diversas aplicações industriais. Embora muitos trabalhos reportados na literatura tenham já relatado características do rendimento térmico de trocadores de calor gás-sólido em regime de LFB, evidencia-se pouca informação sobre o projeto destes sistemas voltados à sua avaliação experimental a partir do uso de técnicas de flutuações de pressão para o monitoramento do regime fluidodinâmico. Tendo em vista esta lacuna, o presente trabalho apresenta o procedimento para o dimensionamento de um trocador de calor tipo jaqueta inserido em uma coluna de leito fluidizado borbulhante construída em escala de laboratório, bem como a análise da avaliação experimental do coeficiente de transferência de calor suspensão-parede do dispositivo durante o aquecimento de água. Como garantia da operação do sistema em regime de fluidização borbulhante, incluindo ainda a exploração de condições próximas à da mínima fluidização das partículas, aplica-se o método da frequência central gaussiana como ferramenta para a detecção da desfluidização a partir de medições de flutuações de pressão. Os dados experimentais foram analisados assumindo fluxo de calor uniforme (solução de segundo tipo) ou temperatura uniforme (solução de terceiro tipo) na parede interna da jaqueta d’água. Inicialmente, testes envolvendo vazões mássicas do líquido na faixa de 1,83 ± 0,01 kg/h a 4,46 ± 0,02 kg/h, foram realizados com velocidade de fluidização na razão uo/umf igual a 4. Posteriormente, testes experimentais na vazão mássica fixa de água de 3,62 ± 0,01 kg/h, foram realizados com partículas de diâmetro médio de Sauter de 194 µm e 359 µm e com ar de fluidização alimentado em razões uo/umf de 0,5 a 4,0. Em todos os ensaios deste estudo, o regime de escoamento da água na região anular do trocador de calor foi caracterizado como laminar e termicamente em desenvolvimento. Os resultados apontaram uma variação no coeficiente de transferência de calor suspensão-parede na faixa de 169,93 ± 7,52 W/m²K a 353,28 ± 29,78 W/m²K para solução de segundo tipo, e de 191,54 ± 8,55 W/m²K a 468,43 ± 39,27 W/m²K para solução de terceiro tipo, ao utilizar temperaturas do leito de 50 ºC e 70 ºC. A análise dos dados obtidos confirma que o uso das partículas mais finas e temperaturas maiores do leito promovem o incremento no valor do coeficiente de transferência de calor suspensão-parede. Adicionalmente, os resultados verificaram a presença de um valor máximo do coeficiente de transferência de calor suspensão-parede na faixa de uo/umf analisada. / Bubbling fluidized beds (BFBs) are well known as efficient systems for thermal energy transfer in several industrial applications. Although many works have already pointed out the performance features of gas-solid BFB heat exchangers, more data about the design and operation of these devices are needed when using pressure fluctuation techniques for the hydrodynamics control. Considering this gap, the procedure for the design of a jacket-type heat exchanger placed in a bench scale bubbling fluidized bed column and the experimental assessment of its bed-to-wall heat transfer coefficient under several operating conditions are presented here. As a guarantee for operating the system under a bubbling fluidization regime, as well as in conditions close to the minimum fluidization, the central Gaussian frequency method is applied. By using this method, it is possible to identify the defluidization phenomenon from pressure fluctuations measurements. The experimental information was analyzed assuming uniform heat flux (solution of second type) or uniform temperature (solution of third type) in the inner wall of the water jacket. Initial tests were performed at fluidization velocity uo/umf ratio equal to 4, involving water mass flow rates in the range of 1.83 ± 0.01 kg/h to 4.46 ± 0.02 kg/h. Other experimental tests, this time involving water mass flow rate kept constant at 3.62 ± 0.01 kg/h, were carried out with particles of 194 and 359 μm in Sauter mean diameter and with fluidization air fed in uo/umf ratios changing from 0.5 to 4.0. In all tests of this study, the water flow regime in the annular region of the heat exchanger was identified as laminar and thermally developing. Results indicated that the bed-to-wall heat transfer coefficient varies in the range of 169.93 ± 7.52 W/m²K to 353.28 ± 29.78 W/m²K for the second type solution and from 191.54 ± 8.55 W/m²K to 468.43 ± 39.27 W/m²K for the third type solution, when using bed temperatures of 50 °C and 70 °C. The analysis of these results confirms that by using the finer particle or the higher bed temperature, the value of the bed-to-wall heat transfer coefficient tends to increase. In addition, results suggested that a maximum value of the bed-to-wall heat transfer coefficient can be obtained in the range of uo/umf ratio tested, which is in agree with previous works.

Leitos fluidizados borbulhantes (LFBs) são bem conhecidos como sistemas eficientes para transferência de energia térmica em diversas aplicações industriais. Embora muitos trabalhos reportados na literatura tenham já relatado características do rendimento térmico de trocadores de calor gás-sólido em regime de LFB, evidencia-se pouca informação sobre o projeto destes sistemas voltados à sua avaliação experimental a partir do uso de técnicas de flutuações de pressão para o monitoramento do regime fluidodinâmico. Tendo em vista esta lacuna, o presente trabalho apresenta o procedimento para o dimensionamento de um trocador de calor tipo jaqueta inserido em uma coluna de leito fluidizado borbulhante construída em escala de laboratório, bem como a análise da avaliação experimental do coeficiente de transferência de calor suspensão-parede do dispositivo durante o aquecimento de água. Como garantia da operação do sistema em regime de fluidização borbulhante, incluindo ainda a exploração de condições próximas à da mínima fluidização das partículas, aplica-se o método da frequência central gaussiana como ferramenta para a detecção da desfluidização a partir de medições de flutuações de pressão. Os dados experimentais foram analisados assumindo fluxo de calor uniforme (solução de segundo tipo) ou temperatura uniforme (solução de terceiro tipo) na parede interna da jaqueta d’água. Inicialmente, testes envolvendo vazões mássicas do líquido na faixa de 1,83 ± 0,01 kg/h a 4,46 ± 0,02 kg/h, foram realizados com velocidade de fluidização na razão uo/umf igual a 4. Posteriormente, testes experimentais na vazão mássica fixa de água de 3,62 ± 0,01 kg/h, foram realizados com partículas de diâmetro médio de Sauter de 194 µm e 359 µm e com ar de fluidização alimentado em razões uo/umf de 0,5 a 4,0. Em todos os ensaios deste estudo, o regime de escoamento da água na região anular do trocador de calor foi caracterizado como laminar e termicamente em desenvolvimento. Os resultados apontaram uma variação no coeficiente de transferência de calor suspensão-parede na faixa de 169,93 ± 7,52 W/m²K a 353,28 ± 29,78 W/m²K para solução de segundo tipo, e de 191,54 ± 8,55 W/m²K a 468,43 ± 39,27 W/m²K para solução de terceiro tipo, ao utilizar temperaturas do leito de 50 ºC e 70 ºC. A análise dos dados obtidos confirma que o uso das partículas mais finas e temperaturas maiores do leito promovem o incremento no valor do coeficiente de transferência de calor suspensão-parede. Adicionalmente, os resultados verificaram a presença de um valor máximo do coeficiente de transferência de calor suspensão-parede na faixa de uo/umf analisada. / Bubbling fluidized beds (BFBs) are well known as efficient systems for thermal energy transfer in several industrial applications. Although many works have already pointed out the performance features of gas-solid BFB heat exchangers, more data about the design and operation of these devices are needed when using pressure fluctuation techniques for the hydrodynamics control. Considering this gap, the procedure for the design of a jacket-type heat exchanger placed in a bench scale bubbling fluidized bed column and the experimental assessment of its bed-to-wall heat transfer coefficient under several operating conditions are presented here. As a guarantee for operating the system under a bubbling fluidization regime, as well as in conditions close to the minimum fluidization, the central Gaussian frequency method is applied. By using this method, it is possible to identify the defluidization phenomenon from pressure fluctuations measurements. The experimental information was analyzed assuming uniform heat flux (solution of second type) or uniform temperature (solution of third type) in the inner wall of the water jacket. Initial tests were performed at fluidization velocity uo/umf ratio equal to 4, involving water mass flow rates in the range of 1.83 ± 0.01 kg/h to 4.46 ± 0.02 kg/h. Other experimental tests, this time involving water mass flow rate kept constant at 3.62 ± 0.01 kg/h, were carried out with particles of 194 and 359 μm in Sauter mean diameter and with fluidization air fed in uo/umf ratios changing from 0.5 to 4.0. In all tests of this study, the water flow regime in the annular region of the heat exchanger was identified as laminar and thermally developing. Results indicated that the bed-to-wall heat transfer coefficient varies in the range of 169.93 ± 7.52 W/m²K to 353.28 ± 29.78 W/m²K for the second type solution and from 191.54 ± 8.55 W/m²K to 468.43 ± 39.27 W/m²K for the third type solution, when using bed temperatures of 50 °C and 70 °C. The analysis of these results confirms that by using the finer particle or the higher bed temperature, the value of the bed-to-wall heat transfer coefficient tends to increase. In addition, results suggested that a maximum value of the bed-to-wall heat transfer coefficient can be obtained in the range of uo/umf ratio tested, which is in agree with previous works.

This study experimentally investigated the effect of hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces characteristics on nucleate boiling heat transfer performance for the application of direct immersion cooling of electronics. A dielectric liquid, HFE – 7100 was used as the working fluid in the saturated boiling tests. Twelve types of 1-cm2 copper heater samples, simulating high heat flux components, featured reference smooth copper surface, fully and patterned hydrophobic surface and fully and patterned hydrophilic surfaces. Hydrophobic samples were prepared by applying a thin Teflon coating following photolithography techniques, while the hydrophilic TiO2 thin films were made through a two step approach involving layer by layer self assembly and liquid phase deposition processes. Patterned surfaces had circular dots with sizes between 40 – 250 μm. Based on additional data, both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces improved nucleate boiling performance that is evaluated in terms of boiling incipience, heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux (CHF) level. The best results, considering the smooth copper surface as the reference, were achieved by the surfaces that have a mixture of hydrophobic/hydrophilic coatings, providing: (a) early transition to boiling regime and with eliminated temperature overshoot phenomena at boiling incipience, (b) up to 58.5% higher heat transfer coefficients, and (c) up to 47.4% higher CHF levels. The studied enhanced surfaces therefore demonstrated a practical surface modification method for heat transfer enhancement in immersion cooling applications.

Comprehensive molecular design was used to identify new heat transfer fluids for direct immersion phase change cooling of electronic systems. Four group contribution methods for thermophysical properties relevant to heat transfer were critically evaluated and new group contributions were regressed for organosilicon compounds. 52 new heat transfer fluids were identified via computer-aided molecular design and figure of merit analysis. Among these 52 fluids, 9 fluids were selected for experimental evaluation and their thermophysical properties were experimentally measured to validate the group contribution estimates. Two of the 9 fluids (C6H11F3 and C5H6F6O) were synthesized in this work. Pool boiling experiments showed that the new fluids identified in this work have superior heat transfer properties than existing coolant HFE 7200. The radiative forcing and global warming potential of new fluids, calculated via a new group contribution method developed in this work and FT-IR analysis, were found to be significantly lower than those of current coolants. The approach of increasing the thermal conductivity of heat transfer fluids by dispersing nanoparticles was also investigated. A model for the thermal conductivity of nanoparticle dispersions (nanofluids) was developed that incorporates the effect of size on the intrinsic thermal conductivity of nanoparticles. The model was successfully applied to a variety of nanoparticle-fluid systems. Rheological properties of nanofluids were also investigated and it was concluded that the addition of nanoparticles to heat transfer fluids may not be beneficial for electronics cooling due to significantly larger increase in viscosity relative to increase in thermal conductivity.