As the time goes by, the more computers become advance, the more heat they produce. If the heat sink of electronic device is not good enough to remove the heat, the electric circuit can be destroyed due to the overheat. This thesis discusses a possible heat sink making of diamond thin layer. Appling the sputtering, Cu thin film has deposited on CVD diamond film, and applying electroplate coating, the thickness of Cu film has increased to 100 µm. In this work a satisfied coating condition has been found to deposite Cu film on diamond, such as: substrate temperature at 300 ¢J, the RF power at 100 Watt and vapor pressure at 2 mTorr for the RF sputtering of Cu on diamond. Using scratch test and pull-off test the adhesion of Cu on diamond has been analyzed to have an adhesive force of 1.9 kg/cm2.Through the simulation with FEMLAB, the finite element method, heat flux, thermal convection and temperature gradient have been simulated. A best thickness of the diamond thin film has been found to be no more thick than 100 µm for the heat sink device.

The gastrointestinal epithelium normally sealed by tight junctions, which act as a structural barrier and paracellular channels. Inflammation can increase the permeability of microvasculature that result in plasma leakage. Mammalian intestinal epithelium has many goblet cells which discharge mucus in the inflammatory response. The discharging mucus functioning is as a defensive barrier and lubricant. The mucus layer is the anatomical site at which the host first encounters gut bacteria, physical damage, and chemical stimulant. The heat shock response is one of the most primitive cellular defense mechanism. A variety of stressful situations including environmental (ultraviolet radiation or heavy metals), pathological (infections or malignancies), or physiological (growth factors) stimuli induce heat shock proteins. This study investigated the effect of heat shock on endotoxin-induced plasma leakage and goblet cell mucus discharge in the small intestine of rats of Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Long-Evans (LE) strains. India ink was used as the tracer to detect leaky microvessels. The mucus secretion of the goblet cells of intestinal villi was observed with scanning electron microscopy and calculated with digital morphomertric software SimplePCI. Our results showed that endotoxin-induced plasma leakage and goblet cell discharging in the two strains increased significantly as compared to rat groups receiving saline. Numerous openings on the epithelial surface of villi resulted from compound exocytosis of mucus granules in goblet cells. Either 30 min or 1h after LPS injection, heat shock pretreatment in LE rats LPS-induced plasma leakage in the duodenum and ileum was reduced by 58-80% (P<0.01). 1 h after LPS injection in LE rats pretreated with heat shock, the number of discharging goblet cells in the ileum was reduced (P<0.05). In SD rats, heat shock inhibited LPS-induced plasma leakage in the duodenum and ileum at 1h after LPS injection by 56-68% (P<0.01), and the number of discharging goblet cells was reduced in the duodenum and ileum (P<0.05). In conclusion, heat shock could protect rat intestine from endotoxin-induced inflammation and mucus secretion.

In this thesis we synthesize Pr1.85Ce0.15CuO4 system by mean of X-ray diffraction, electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and low-temperature specific heat. From these data analysis, we hope to more clearly understand the transition of electron-doped superconductor Pr2-xCexCuO4 (0.14<x<0.7) system. The main results show that the system is d-wave pairing symmetry. This conclusion is consisted with C. C. Tsuei¡¦s result. They present phase-sensitive evidence that the electron-doped cuprates Pr1.85Ce0.15CuO4 have d-wave pairing symmetry.

A numerical prediction using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo method (DSMC)has been performed on low speed gas flows through a short parallel plate microchannel(L/Dh=6). Computations were carried out for nitrogen, argon, and helium gas. Micro pressure driven flows are simulated with the inlet value of the Knudsen numbers ranging from 0.09 to 0.2. The effects of varying pressure, wall temperature, inlet flow and gas transport properties on the wall heat transfer, pressure and velocity distribution were examined. Friction factors and heat transfer from the channel were also calculated and compared with those of previous studies. Finally, the averaged Nusselt number was correlated in a simple form of the averaged Peclet number and Knudsen number in the transition flow regime.

The timing of harvest aid application on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is critical, and poses potential problems when mistimed. The consequences of premature harvest aid application could result in reduced profit to the grower through the need for additional applications, reduced lint yield, poor fiber quality, and/or delayed harvest. A delayed application of harvest aid materials may also reduce lint yield and fiber quality if late season inclement weather patterns are established. Currently, there are many methods utilized for determining application of harvest aid materials. One method utilizes accumulated heat units, or growing degree days (HU or DD60??s), following plant physiological maturity. Physiological maturity (cutout) is identified as nodes above white flower equals 5 (NAWF=5). This method triggers the application of harvest aid chemicals when 850 HU have been accumulated beyond cutout. Due to differing environmental and edaphic characteristics across the Cotton Belt, application of harvest aid chemicals at this time may be premature in terms of optimizing lint yield and fiber quality. A two-year study was established to determine the proper timing of harvest aid application for picker harvested cotton in south central Texas. The design utilized a split-plot with four replications. The main plots consisted of three nodal positions(NAWF=3, 4, and 5), and the subplots were five HU accumulations (650, 750, 850, 950, and 1050) that corresponded to each of the nodal positions. In both years, lint yields increased with an increase in HU accumulation. Greater yields were achieved when HU accumulation was initiated after NAWF = 4. This two-year study indicates that harvest aid applications made at NAWF = 4 plus 1050 HU would optimize yield potential for picker harvested cotton in south central Texas.

This study experimentally investigates the effects of rotation, the buoyancy force, and the channel aspect ratio on heat transfer in two-pass rotating rectangular channels. The experiments are conducted with two surface conditions: smooth walls and 45?? angled ribbed walls. The channel aspect ratios include 4:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4. Four Reynolds numbers are studied: 5000, 10000, 25000 and 40000. The rotation speed is fixed at 550 rpm for all tests, and for each channel, two channel orientations are studied: 90?? and 45?? or 135??, with respect to the plane of rotation. Rib turbulators are placed on the leading and trailing walls of the channels at an angle of 45?? to the flow direction. The ribs have a 1.59 by 1.59 mm square cross section, and the rib pitch-to-height ratio (P/e) is 10 for all tests. The effects of the local buoyancy parameter and channel aspect ratio on the regional Nusselt number ratio are presented. Pressure drop data are also measured for both smooth and ribbed channels in rotating and non-rotating conditions. The results show that increasing the local buoyancy parameter increases the Nusselt number ratio on the trailing surface and decreases the Nusselt number ratio on the leading surface in the first pass for all channels. However, the trend of the Nusselt number ratio in the second pass is more complicated due to the strong effect of the 180?? turn. Results are also presented for this critical turn region of the two-pass channels. In addition to these regions, the channel averaged heat transfer, friction factor, and thermal performance are determined for each channel. With the channels having comparable Nusselt number ratios, the 1:4 channel has the superior thermal performance because it incurs the least pressure penalty. In this study, the author is able to systematically analyze, correlate, and conclude the thermal performance comparison with the combination of rotation effects on five different aspect ratio channels with both smooth walls and rib turbulated walls.

Continued development of highly compact and powerful electronic components has led to the need for a simple and effective method for controlling the thermal characteristics of these devices. One proposed method for thermal control involves the use of a micro heat pipe system containing a working fluid with physical properties having been speciffcally selected such that the heat pipes, as a whole, vary in effective thermal conductance, thereby providing a level of temperature regulation. To further explore this possibility, a design scenario with appropriate constraints was established and a model developed to solve for the effective thermal conductance of individual heat pipes as a function of evaporator-end temperature. From the results of this analysis, several working fluids were identified and selected from a list over thirteen hundred that were initially analyzed. Next, a thermal circuit model was developed that translated the individual heat pipe operating characteristics into the system as a whole to determine the system level effects. It was found that none of the prospective fluids could completely satisfy the established design requirements to regulate the device temperature over the entire range of operating conditions. This failure to fully satisfy design requirements was due, in large part, to the highly constrained nature of problem definition. Several fluids, however, did provide for an improved level of thermal control when compared to the unmodified design. Suggestions for improvements that may lead to enhanced levels of thermal control are offered as well as areas that are in need of further research.

The research focuses on testing the heat transfer enhancement in a channel for different spacing of the rib turbulators. Those ribs are put on the surface in the two pass rectangular channel with an aspect ratio of AR=1:2. The cross section of the rib is 1.59 x 1.59 mm. Those ribs are put on the leading and trailing walls of the channel with the angle of flow attack to the mainstream of 45°. The rotating speed is fixed at 550-RPM with the channel orientation at β=90°. Air is used as the coolant through the cooling passage with the coolant-to-wall density ratio ( ρ ρ ∆ ) maintained around 0.115 in the first pass and 0.08 in the second pass. The Reynolds numbers are controlled at 5000, 10000, 25000, and 40000. The rib spacing-to-height ratios (P/e) are 3, 5, 7.5, and 10. The heat transfer coefficient and friction factor are measured to determine the effect of the different rib distributions. Stationary cases and rotational cases are examined and compared. The result shows that the highest thermal performance is P/e=5 for the stationary case and P/e=7.5 for the rotating case.

A bio-refinery is a processing facility that produces liquid transportation fuels and/or value-added chemicals and other products. Because of the dwindling resources and escalating prices of fossil fuels, there are emerging situations in which the economic performance of fossil-based facilities can be enhanced by retrofitting and incorporation of bio-mass feedstocks. These systems can be regarded as bio-refineries or integrated fossilbio- refineries. This work presents a retrofitting analysis to integrated bio-refineries. Focus is given to the problem of process modification to an existing plant by considering capacity expansion and material substitution with biomass feedstocks. Process integration studies were conducted to determine cost-effective strategies for enhancing production and for incorporating biomass into the process. Energy and mass integration approaches were used to induce synergism and to reduce cost by exchanging heat, material utilities, and by sharing equipment. Cost-benefit analysis was used to guide the decision-making process and to compare various production routes. Ethanol production from two routes was used as a case study to illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach and the results were bio-refinery has become more attractive then fossil-refinery.

In this thesis, turbulent forced convective heat transfer downstream of blockages with elongated holes in a rectangular channel was studied. The rectangular channel has a width-to-height ratio of 12:1. The blockages have the same cross section as that of the channel. The diameter of all elongated holes of the blockages is three quarters of the channel height. The blockages are classified into two different types with two different hole-to-blockage area ratios (ratio of total crosssectional area of holes to cross-sectional surface area of the blockage) of 0.5 or 0.6. For each hole-to-blockage area ratio, the blockages are again subdivided into three different cases using three different aspect ratios (hole-width-to-height ratio) which are determined by the number of holes four, six, and eight holes per blockage. Experiments for total six different cases of blockages were performed under a uniform wall temperature condition (50C). The experiments were conducted at three different Reynolds numbers of about 7,000, 12,000, and 17,000, respectively. Three copper plate heaters with twenty one embedded thermocouples were used to measure the average heat transfer on the surface of channel walls between two consecutive blockages. Results from this study showed that the blockages with elongated holes enhance the average heat transfer by up to 5.06 and 4.08 times that by fully developed turbulent flow through a smooth channel at the same Reynolds numbers for small and large holeto- blockage area ratios, respectively. The friction factor ratios for small and large holeto- blockage area ratios of the blockages reached 345 and 89 times, respectively, that by fully developed turbulent flow through a smooth channel at the same Reynolds numbers. TP (Thermal Performance) values varied from 0.65 to 1.11 depending on cases. According to the results, Case L-2, which has six elongated holes and hole-toblockage area ratio of 0.6, is the best option from the TP point of view. But Case S-2, which also had six elongated holes and hole-to-blockage area ratio of 0.5, can be an alternative when more weight should be put on the heat transfer enhancement than TP value.