Neste trabalho são reportadas medidas realizadas no detector PHENIX do RHIC sobre J/Psi em colisões p+p e Au+Au a s^(1/2) = 200 GeV na região de rapidez central e Psi\' em colisões p+p nas mesmas condições. As medidas incluem a dependência com o momento transverso da produção de charmônio e o fator de modificação nuclear de J/Psis para vários regimes de centralidade de colisão. / This work reports measurements done by the PHENIX detector at RHIC about J/Psi in p+p and Au+Au collisions at s^(1/2) = 200 GeV in the mid-rapidity range and Psi\' in p+p collisions in the same conditions. The measurements include the transverse momentum dependence of charmonium production and J/Psi nuclear modification factor in different centrality regimes.

We perform an event-by-event hydrodynamic analysis for Pb-Pb collisions at the incident energy of sqrt(sNN) = 2.76TeV, also studying the effects of two equations of state under the same initial conditions and freeze-out scenario: one characterized by a critical point and the other based on Lattice QCD (Quantum Chromodynamics) calculations. The observables of interest are particle spectra in terms of pseudorapidity and transverse momentum, as well as flow harmonics, which are coefficients that carry information on the initial anisotropies of the system throughout its evolution. Those are computed and compared with experimental Large Hadron Collider (LHC) data. There are slight differences in the results for each equation of state, caused by their distinct features. Lastly, the LHC-based calculations are compared with previous works related to the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) experimental data. The main techniques of the latter are performed in this work, which results in differences between some aspects in the outcome for each collision type, from initial energy distributions to freeze-out temperatures. / É feita uma análise de hidrodinâmica evento-por-evento para colisões de Pb-Pb à energia incidente de sqrt(sNN) = 2.76TeV. Estudamos os efeitos de duas equações de estado sob as mesmas condições iniciais e desacoplamento: uma é caracterizada por um ponto crítico e a outra é baseada em cálculos de Lattice QCD (Cromodinâmica Quântica). Os observáveis de interesse são os espectros de partículas em termos da pseudo rapidez e momento transversal, assim como os coeficientes harmônicos de Fourier que, por sua vez, carregam as anisotropias iniciais do sistema durante toda a sua evolução. Tais observáveis são calculados e comparados com dados experimentais do Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Por fim, os cálculos baseados em parâmetros referentes às energias do LHC são comparados com trabalhos anteriores feitos com base em dados experimentais do Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC). Os principais métodos usados no caso anterior são aplicados a este trabalho, o que resulta em algumas diferenças entre os resultados dos dois tipos de colisão, desde a distribuição de energia inicial a temperaturas de freeze-out.

Nessa tese serão apresentadas medidas de anisotropia azimutal elíptica de elétrons de decaimentos de quarks pesados feitas no perimento de colisão de íons pesados ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment, em inglês). As medidas foram obtidas em colisões de Pb-Pb com energia de centro de massa por par de nucleons (psNN) igual a 2.76 TeV com o colisor de hadrons LHC (Large Hadron Collider, em inglês). Colisões ultrarelativísticas de íons pesados podem alcançar temperaturas e/ou densidades de energia suficientemente altas para formar o Plasma de Quarks e Gluons (QGP, na sigla em inglês), o estado da matéria onde os partons estão desconfinados dos hadrons. O parâmetro de anisotropia azimutal elíptica é um dos observáveis mais importantes utilizados no estudo da formação do QGP. Esse parâmetro é quantificado pelo segundo harmônico, denominado v2, da distribuição do ângulo azimutal das partículas em relação ao ângulo do plano de reação, o qual é definido pela direção do parâmetro de impacto e pela direção do feixe de partículas. Medidas de anisotropia azimutal elíptica de quarks pesados (charm e beauty) são interessantes, pois os quarks pesados são sondas sensíveis às propriedades do QGP, visto que eles são predominantemente produzidos em processos iniciais de espalhamento duro e interagem com o meio desconfinado. Medidas de v2 de elétrons de decaimentos de quarks pesados em baixos valores de momento transversal indicam movimento coletivo de quarks pesados e possível termalização no QGP. Por outro lado, medidas de v2 de elétrons de decaimentos de quarks pesados em altos valores de momento transversal são interpretadas como uma dependência da geometria do meio por onde os quarks pesados atravessam e perdem energia. Serão mostrados resultados de v2 de elétrons de decaimentos de quarks pesados em função do momento transversal em colisões de Pb-Pb a psNN = 2.76 TeV em eventos com centralidades 20-40% e 30-50%. O resultado é comparado com previsões teóricas e medida obtida em colisões de Au-Au a psNN = 0.2 TeV no experimento RHIC. Resultados preliminares de v2 de elétrons de decaimentos de charm e beauty, separadamente, também serão mostrados em colisões de Pb-Pb a psNN = 2.76 TeV em eventos com centralidade 30-50%. / This thesis presents measurements of the elliptic azimuthal anisotropy of electrons from heavy-flavour decays with the A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE). The measurement is performed for the first time in Pb-Pb collisions at center-of-mass energy per colliding nucleon pair psNN = 2.76 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In heavy-ion collisions at ultrarelativistic energies sufficiently high temperature and/or energy density can be achieved to form the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), the state of matter predicted by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) in which quarks and gluons are deconfined from hadrons. One of the most important probes of the QGP formation is the elliptic azimuthal anisotropy, which is quantified by the second harmonic v2 of the particle azimuthal angle distribution with respect to the angle of the reaction plane, which is defined by the impact parameter direction and the beam direction. In addition, heavy quarks (charm and beauty) serve as a sensitive probe of the QGP properties since they are predominantly produced in initial hard scattering processes and interact with the deconfined medium. The transverse momentum dependence of the heavy-flavour decay electron v2 can be used to investigate the QGP properties. The measurement of v2 of electrons from heavy-flavour decays at low transverse momentum provides a way to test whether heavy quarks take part in the collective motion in the medium. Whereas, v2 of electrons from heavy-flavour decays at high transverse momentum is interpreted as a path length dependence of heavy-quark energy loss within the created dense medium. Results of the elliptic azimuthal anisotropy of electrons from heavy-flavour decays as a function of tranverse momentum obtained in 20-40% and 30-50% central Pb-Pb collisions at psNN = 2.76 TeV will be shown. The measurement is compared with theoretical predictions and previous measurement at the RHIC experiment. Preliminary measurements of the elliptic azimuthal anisotropy of electrons from charm and beauty as a function of tranverse momentum in 30-50% central Pb-Pb collisions at psNN = 2.76 TeV will be shown as well.

The Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) is a form of matter in which quarks and gluons are deconfined, and was suggested to be formed in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. Since the discovery of high-pT hadron suppression in central Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), and the related discovery of the quenching of the away-side jet in these collisions, the role of jets as key probes of the QGP was re-affirmed. The Solenoidal Tracker At RHIC (STAR) detector system, which is suited for jet studies because of its large solid-angle coverage, has produced a number of interesting jet measurements in recent years, including gamma-jet measurements, attempts at full heavy-ion jet reconstruction, and two-dimensional correlations. A long-range correlation in pseudorapidity (the ?Ridge?) was studied (with statistical significance) out to pT^trig. <? 7 GeV /c and was assumed to have an integrated yield independent of pT^trig. Further studies out to higher pT were limited by the minimum biased statistics taken in Run 4 (2004) with STAR. This work presents results of a ridge analysis with (non-reconstructed) pi0s and direct-gamma-rich triggers out to ?13.5 GeV /c in pT^trig. Using triggered data from Run 7 (2007) and Run 10 (2010) Au+Au collisions detected with STAR. Preliminary results seem to indicate that the ridge yield decreases with pT^trig., and that the ridge yield for direct-?-rich triggers is consistent with zero.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-121).

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We study particle production and its density evolution and equilibration in hot dense medium, such as hadronic gas after quark gluon plasma hadronization and relativistic electron positron photon plasma. For this study we use kinetic momentum integrated equations for particles density evolution with Lorentz invariant reaction rates. We extend these equations, used before for two-to-two particles reactions (1 + 2 ↔ 3 + 4), to the case of two-to-one and backward reactions (1 + 2 ↔ 3). One type of hot dense medium, which we study, is hadronic gas produced at quark gluon plasma hadronization in heavy ions collisions in SPS, RHIC and LHC experiments. We study hadron production at quark gluon plasma hadronization and their evolution in thermal hadronic gas phase. We consider non-equilibrium hadronization model, for which the yields of the light quark hadrons are defined by entropy conservation. Yields of hadrons containing heavier (strange, charm, bottom) quarks are mainly controlled by flavor conservation. We predict yields of charm and bottom hadrons within this non-equilibrium statistical hadronization model. Then we use this non-equilibrium hadronization as the initial condition in the study of hadronic kinetic phase. During this time period some hadronic resonances can be produced in lighter hadrons fusion. This reaction is opposite to resonance decay. Production of resonances is dominant over decay if there is non-equilibrium excess of decay products. Within this model we explain apparently contradictory experimental results reported in RHIC experiments: ∑(1385) yield is enhanced while ∧(1520) yield is suppressed compared to the statistical hadronization model expectation obtained without kinetic phase. We also predict Δ(1232) enhancement. The second type of plasma medium we consider is the relativistic electron position photon plasma (EP³) drop. This plasma is expected to be produced in decay of supercritical field created in ultrashort laser pulse. We study at what conditions this plasma drop is opaque for photons and therefore may reach thermal and chemical equilibrium. Further we consider muon and pion production in this plasma also as a diagnostic tool. Such heavy particles can be diagnostic tool to study the properties of EP³ plasma, similar to the role taken by heavy hadrons production in heavy ions collisions. Finally all these theoretical developments can be applied to begin a study of particles evolution in early universe in temperatures domain from QGP hadronization (160 MeV) to nucleosynthesis (0.1 MeV). The first results on pion equilibration are presented here.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2004. / Supervisors: Jerry Hoffmann and C. Fred Moore. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Nessa tese serão apresentadas medidas de anisotropia azimutal elíptica de elétrons de decaimentos de quarks pesados feitas no perimento de colisão de íons pesados ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment, em inglês). As medidas foram obtidas em colisões de Pb-Pb com energia de centro de massa por par de nucleons (psNN) igual a 2.76 TeV com o colisor de hadrons LHC (Large Hadron Collider, em inglês). Colisões ultrarelativísticas de íons pesados podem alcançar temperaturas e/ou densidades de energia suficientemente altas para formar o Plasma de Quarks e Gluons (QGP, na sigla em inglês), o estado da matéria onde os partons estão desconfinados dos hadrons. O parâmetro de anisotropia azimutal elíptica é um dos observáveis mais importantes utilizados no estudo da formação do QGP. Esse parâmetro é quantificado pelo segundo harmônico, denominado v2, da distribuição do ângulo azimutal das partículas em relação ao ângulo do plano de reação, o qual é definido pela direção do parâmetro de impacto e pela direção do feixe de partículas. Medidas de anisotropia azimutal elíptica de quarks pesados (charm e beauty) são interessantes, pois os quarks pesados são sondas sensíveis às propriedades do QGP, visto que eles são predominantemente produzidos em processos iniciais de espalhamento duro e interagem com o meio desconfinado. Medidas de v2 de elétrons de decaimentos de quarks pesados em baixos valores de momento transversal indicam movimento coletivo de quarks pesados e possível termalização no QGP. Por outro lado, medidas de v2 de elétrons de decaimentos de quarks pesados em altos valores de momento transversal são interpretadas como uma dependência da geometria do meio por onde os quarks pesados atravessam e perdem energia. Serão mostrados resultados de v2 de elétrons de decaimentos de quarks pesados em função do momento transversal em colisões de Pb-Pb a psNN = 2.76 TeV em eventos com centralidades 20-40% e 30-50%. O resultado é comparado com previsões teóricas e medida obtida em colisões de Au-Au a psNN = 0.2 TeV no experimento RHIC. Resultados preliminares de v2 de elétrons de decaimentos de charm e beauty, separadamente, também serão mostrados em colisões de Pb-Pb a psNN = 2.76 TeV em eventos com centralidade 30-50%. / This thesis presents measurements of the elliptic azimuthal anisotropy of electrons from heavy-flavour decays with the A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE). The measurement is performed for the first time in Pb-Pb collisions at center-of-mass energy per colliding nucleon pair psNN = 2.76 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In heavy-ion collisions at ultrarelativistic energies sufficiently high temperature and/or energy density can be achieved to form the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), the state of matter predicted by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) in which quarks and gluons are deconfined from hadrons. One of the most important probes of the QGP formation is the elliptic azimuthal anisotropy, which is quantified by the second harmonic v2 of the particle azimuthal angle distribution with respect to the angle of the reaction plane, which is defined by the impact parameter direction and the beam direction. In addition, heavy quarks (charm and beauty) serve as a sensitive probe of the QGP properties since they are predominantly produced in initial hard scattering processes and interact with the deconfined medium. The transverse momentum dependence of the heavy-flavour decay electron v2 can be used to investigate the QGP properties. The measurement of v2 of electrons from heavy-flavour decays at low transverse momentum provides a way to test whether heavy quarks take part in the collective motion in the medium. Whereas, v2 of electrons from heavy-flavour decays at high transverse momentum is interpreted as a path length dependence of heavy-quark energy loss within the created dense medium. Results of the elliptic azimuthal anisotropy of electrons from heavy-flavour decays as a function of tranverse momentum obtained in 20-40% and 30-50% central Pb-Pb collisions at psNN = 2.76 TeV will be shown. The measurement is compared with theoretical predictions and previous measurement at the RHIC experiment. Preliminary measurements of the elliptic azimuthal anisotropy of electrons from charm and beauty as a function of tranverse momentum in 30-50% central Pb-Pb collisions at psNN = 2.76 TeV will be shown as well.

Neste trabalho são reportadas medidas realizadas no detector PHENIX do RHIC sobre J/Psi em colisões p+p e Au+Au a s^(1/2) = 200 GeV na região de rapidez central e Psi\' em colisões p+p nas mesmas condições. As medidas incluem a dependência com o momento transverso da produção de charmônio e o fator de modificação nuclear de J/Psis para vários regimes de centralidade de colisão. / This work reports measurements done by the PHENIX detector at RHIC about J/Psi in p+p and Au+Au collisions at s^(1/2) = 200 GeV in the mid-rapidity range and Psi\' in p+p collisions in the same conditions. The measurements include the transverse momentum dependence of charmonium production and J/Psi nuclear modification factor in different centrality regimes.