Kommersiella tunga transporter står för en stor del av utsläppen av växthusgaser. För att minska det globala fotavtrycket hos kommersiella fordon är det vanligt att använda biodrivmedel som ”drop in” bränslen. De avancerade motorer som för närvarande finns på marknaden är känsliga för olösliga föroreningarna, vilka benämns ”mjuka partiklar” av Scania. Dessa partiklar bildas som ett resultat av att biodieseln åldras, p.g.a. oxidationsinstabilitet, och en växelverkan med metalltillsatser i bränslet. Mjuka partiklar orsakar interna dieselinjektoravlagringar (IDID) och ett snabbt åldrande av bränslefilters genom igensättning. Avsikten med denna studie var att analysera det sistnämnda problemet genom att undersöka bränslefiltrets filtreringseffektivitet av oönskade mjuka partiklar. Ett protokoll över utförandet av feltreringstesterna utvecklades och skalades upp från en småskalig filterrestrigg vid KTH (Fas 1) till en fullskalig filtertestrigg på Scania (fas 2). Den experimentella uppställningen var ett försök att reproducera fältscenarier för filtrering i verkliga lastbilar. Tyngdpunkten i fas 1 riktades mot accelererade tester i den småskaliga testriggen med höga koncentrationer av tvålmjuka partiklar av zinkneodekanoat och syntetiskt producerade mjuka kalciumpartiklar. Separationseffektiviteten hos bränslefilter undersöktes med hjälp av GC-MS-analys. ICP mätningar gjordes för att upptäcka Zn2+ och Ca2+-joner i tvålämnena. Dessa tvålämnen identifierades tidigare på igensatta bränslefiltren och värden från dessa konventionella bränslefilter jämfördes med resultat från en absorptionsfiltreringsprocess med hjälp av ler(silikat)filter. Syftet med jämförelsen var att studera en alternativ bränslefiltreringsteknik för fordonstillämpningar. Mätningar med SEM-EDS gav rimliga förklaringar angående effektivitetsvärden för Zn-och Ca-tvålämnen för olika filtren, som används i försöken. Adsorptionsfiltret av lera hade 99 % filtreringseffektivitet och är en intressant lösning för framtida studier. Fas 2 fokuserade på en uppskalning av försöksprotokoll för filtreringstester med biobränslen och inkluderade sex olika riggförsök. Resultaten visade på tillförlitliga och exakta värden av tryckvariationer och filtereffektiviteten med en maximal effektivitet på 63,3 % för huvudfiltret och 75 % för förfiltret, som ett resultat av GC-MS-analysen. De uppmätta tryckvariationerna visar att förfiltret fångar in en majoritet (över 70 %) av de mjuka partiklarna, vilket resulterar i en ökning av tryckfallet över tiden. Med hänsyn till resultaten så rekommenderas försöksförfarandet för fortsatta framtida studier. / Commercial heavy duty transportation accounts for a major share of greenhouse gas emissions. In order to reduce the global footprint, commercial vehicles are widely known to use biodiesel as drop in fuels. The advanced engines, currently on the market, are sensitive to the insoluble contaminants, termed as soft particles in Scania. They are formed because of aging of biodiesel and the interaction with metal additives in the fuel. This is a common problem associated with the fuel due to high oxidation instability. Soft particles are responsible for causing Internal Diesel Injector Deposits (IDIDs) and premature fuel filter clogging. This report deals with the analysis of the latter problem. The purpose of the project is to investigate the fuel filter efficiencies against desired soft particles. A protocol of experiments was developed and scaled up from a small-scale filter rig at KTH (Phase 1) to a full-scale filter test rig at Scania (Phase 2) at ambient temperatures. The experimental campaign in this project is an attempt to replicate on field scenarios of filtration in real trucks. In Phase 1, the emphasis of the accelerated tests (higher concentrations) was on using soap soft particles, zinc neodecanoate and synthetically produced calcium soft particles for the small-scale filter rig. Separation efficiencies of fuel filters were examined using GC-MS analysis. Whereas ICP measurements were done to detect Zn2+ and Ca2+ ion in these soaps. These soaps were successfully identified to be present on the clogged fuel filters. Values from conventional fuel filters were compared with results from absorption filtration process using clay (silicate) filters. The purpose of the comparison was to study an alternate fuel filtration technique for vehicle application. Furthermore, SEM-EDS provided reasonable explanations about the efficiency values of the filters against Zn and Ca soaps used in the operation. The adsorption clay filter as had 99% of filtration efficiency proving an interesting solution for future investigations. Phase 2 started with an initiation of the scaling up or the protocol for test fuels, including six different rig operations. The maximum efficiencies of the filters (63.3% for main filters and 75% for pre filters) were noted as a result of quantification of the GC-MS results of the samples obtained from the rig. The pressure variations recorded proved, that the pre filters were trapping majority (over 70%) of the soft particles showing a rise in pressure drops over time. According to the results, the full-scale filter rig gave reliable and accurate values of pressure variations and filter efficiencies. Thus, it is suggested to use in the future investigations.

Hitachi Energy, one of the largest transformer manufacturers in the world, has a factory based in the small town of Ludvika, Sweden. Here, all of the production is carried out, from order to delivery, and the key to reaching the rest of the world lies within the Swedish railway network. Utilizing specialized railway wagons, Hitachi Energy transports the transformers to the industrial ports for further export to the rest of the world. To ensure safe transportation, with loads exceeding 400 tons, transportation consoles made for this exact purpose are used to carry the transformer's weight and keep them in place during transportation. However, with their current solution having stayed the same for many years, they now aspire to a new solution for the transportation consoles to fulfill both the physical and human-centered demands better. In this master's thesis, in industrial design engineering, a new solution for transportation consoles is being developed. To ensure the quality of the project, a design process with four stages - a learning phase, an ideation phase, a development phase, and a delivery phase - has been used. Three research questions have been in focus during the project:  What are the needs and requirements for the new transportation console? How can we identify both user needs and product requirements for the new transportation consoles through an industrial design engineering approach? How would a completely new solution for transportation consoles be designed and used in detail?  Several industrial design methods have been utilized in these phases to gain a broad knowledge of the problem and generate ideas. A product cycle analysis was conducted based on interviews and observations to better understand the product. When the knowledge was gathered, several brainstorming methods, scamper, and virtual prototyping were used to generate several new solutions and ideas. To test and develop the concepts in detail, computer-aided engineering has been used, with computer-aided design to virtually prototype the concepts and finite element analysis to verify them. The learning phase showed the need for a more user-friendly solution and how a slimmer console profile could improve the workers' overall experience. Multiple concepts of solving these problems in different ways were found in the ideation phase. After design reviews with the stakeholders and consultation with the supervisors, a final concept, Arc, for a new transportation console was chosen to continue with into the two later stages of the process. Arc's foundation lies within a human-centered design and the people interacting with it weekly. It has several advantages compared to the previous design, with its adjustability and slim design facilitating the workload and enabling easier transportation. Analyses of its durability against external accelerations have been conducted, leaning towards a promising outcome. However, further testing and verifications are needed to ensure its durability before use.