This study investigated social contextual factors influencing poor uptake of HIV counselling and testing (HCT) services by middle-aged black men in Ratanda, Heidelberg. A qualitative research approach was used in which ten men and two key informants were interviewed. Themes explored were the participants’ biographical characteristics; knowledge of HIV and AIDS; health-seeking behaviours; understanding of multiple sexual partnerships and male circumcision and challenges in utilising HCT services. Various social behaviour change theories formed the theoretical framework guiding this study. It was found that fear, stigma and cultural factors largely contributed to poor HCT uptake. Moreover despite the men’s high HIV risk perceptions, behaviour change lags behind. Greater efforts to establish a men’s forum to discuss sexual health matters in Ratanda is recommended. / Health Studies / M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV/AIDS)

This study investigated social contextual factors influencing poor uptake of HIV counselling and testing (HCT) services by middle-aged black men in Ratanda, Heidelberg. A qualitative research approach was used in which ten men and two key informants were interviewed. Themes explored were the participants’ biographical characteristics; knowledge of HIV and AIDS; health-seeking behaviours; understanding of multiple sexual partnerships and male circumcision and challenges in utilising HCT services. Various social behaviour change theories formed the theoretical framework guiding this study. It was found that fear, stigma and cultural factors largely contributed to poor HCT uptake. Moreover despite the men’s high HIV risk perceptions, behaviour change lags behind. Greater efforts to establish a men’s forum to discuss sexual health matters in Ratanda is recommended. / Health Studies / M. A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV/AIDS)

Nur ein Bruchteil der in den Schlagwortnormsätzen abgelegten Informationen wird von heutigen OPACs für die Benutzerrecherche nutzbar gemacht. Wie man das Input-Output-Verhältnis der bibliothekarischen Erschließungsleistung verbessern kann, wird am Beispiel der ISO-Ländercodes gezeigt. Diese werden nicht nur in Datensätzen für Geographika erfasst, sondern z.B. auch bei Personen und Körperschaften. Macht man sie im OPAC recherchierbar, so können sie als Basis für eine Einschränkung nach dem geographischen Raum dienen. Dadurch erhöht sich der Recall bei Anfragen vom Typ "Tourismus in Baden-Württemberg" oder "Klima in Afrika" teils dramatisch, ohne dass sich die Precision verschlechtern würde. Denn über die Ländercodes wird auch Literatur zu kleineren geographischen Einheiten gefunden (z.B. Landkreise, Städte, Landschaften), die bei einer einfachen Schlagwortsuche ausgeblendet bleiben. Im HEIDI-Katalog der UB Heidelberg und im Primo-Katalog der UB Mannheim wurde die Ländercode-Recherche vor kurzem prototypisch in Form eines Drill-down-Menüs realisiert.

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the composition of Themeda triandra Renosterveld in part of the Grootvadersbosch Conservancy and the effects of selected environmental and management variables to provide guidelines for promoting the presence of Themeda triandra in the veld. The Zürich-Montpellier phytosociological method was used to determine the composition of the Renosterveld communities. The point quadrat method was used to determine the cover of Themeda triandra at three grass dominated sites and compare cover from one site with past cover measurements at the specific site. Ordination was used to examine the effects of the environmental and management variables on the plant communities. Two community groups, five communities and five subcommunities were identified and described. The Themeda triandra – Stoebe phyllostachys Grassland Community Group consists of two communities of which one has two subcommunities. The Themeda triandra – Elytropappus rhinocerotis Shrubland Community Group consists of three communities of which one has three subcommunities. The vegetation units described in this study have not been described previously in the literature. One community belongs to Silcrete Fynbos while another subcommunity is transitional between Renosterveld and thicket and gallery forest. The rest of the plant communities fit the definition for Renosterveld (the local Renosterveld type is Eastern Rûens Shale Renosterveld). Cover of Themeda triandra did not differ significantly either between sites or between years. The comparison of Themeda triandra cover between years was done at a site that had been burnt between the last two sampling times yet the cover was not significantly different. This indicates that fire and other management practices did not have a negative impact on Themeda triandra at the site. Unconstrained ordination of the dataset in which cover/abundance values were included, grouped the relevés by moisture and disturbance but the presence/absence dataset indicates that the two community groups have a slight transitional overlap. Constrained ordination of both datasets with a) soil variables and b) management variables, both showed a tendency to separate the relevés into community groups, that did not happen with topographic and vegetation variables. Ordination did not separate the community groups into their subdivisions. The soil variables (both nutrients and texture) influence the vegetation structure and the community distribution. Under the existing grazing management regime, fire at three to five year intervals promoted the dominance of Themeda triandra by affecting the structure of the plant communities, the abundance of species other than Themeda triandra, and influencing which plant community is present. The use of fire as a management tool was regulated by the importance of the natural veld pastures to the farmers. The natural veld pastures are not suitable for dairy cattle in milk. Thus dairy farmers are less likely to burn the natural veld (no planned burns only chance fires) than those who farm with mutton or beef (planned burns on a three to five year interval). / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie het die samestelling van Themeda triandra Renosterveld in ’n deel van die Grootvadersbosch-Bewaria en die uitwerking van geselekteerde omgewings- en bestuursveranderlikes ondersoek om riglyne vir die bevordering van Themeda triandra in die veld daar te stel. Die Zürich-Montpellier fitososiologiese metode is gebruik om die samestelling van die Renosterveldgemeenskappe te bepaal. Die puntkwadraat-metode is gebruik om ’n skatting van die dekking van Themeda triandra by drie gras-gedomineerde persele te bepaal en om ’n vergelyking te maak tussen die huidige en vorige dekking van ’n enkele perseel. Ordinasie is gebruik om die invloed van omgewings- en bestuursveranderlikes op die plantgemeenskappe te bepaal. Twee gemeenskapsgroepe, vyf gemeenskappe en vyf subgemeenskappe is geïdentifiseer en gedefinieer. Die Themeda triandra – Stoebe phyllostachys Grasland-gemeenskapsgroep bestaan uit twee gemeenskappe waarvan een in twee subgemeenskappe onderverdeel is. Die Themeda triandra – Elytropappus rhinocerotis Struik-gemeenskapsgroep bestaan uit drie gemeenskappe waarvan een in drie subgemeenskappe onderverdeel is. Die plantegroei-eenhede wat in die studie beskryf is, is nie voorheen in die literatuur beskryf nie. Een gemeenskap behoort aan Silkreet-fynbos en ’n ander subgemeenskap is ’n oorgangsfase tussen Renosterveld en struikbosveld of woud, terwyl die res van die plantgemeenskappe binne die definisie van Renosterveld val (die plaaslike Renosterveld tipe staan bekend as Oostelike Rûens Skalierenosterveld). Die bedekking van Themeda triandra het nie betekenisvol gevarieer tussen óf die verskillende lokaliteite óf die verskillende jare nie. Die vergelyking van Themeda triandra-bedekking oor tyd is onderneem in ’n gebied wat tussen opnames gebrand is. Die bedekking het nie betekenisvol verskil nie. Dit dui aan dat vuur en ander bestuurspraktyke nie ’n negatiewe invloed op Themeda triandra in hierdie gebied het nie. Onbeperkte ordinasie van die datastel met die vergelyking van bedekking/volopheidwaardes, groepeer die relevés volgens vogtigheid en versteuring, terwyl die datastel ten opsigte van teenwoordigheid/ afwesigheid aandui dat die twee gemeenskapsgroepe ’n effense oorgangs-oorvleueling het. Beperkte ordinasie van beide datastelle met a) grondveranderlikes en b) bestuursveranderlikes, toon albei ’n neiging om die gemeenskapsgroepe te skei, wat nie gebeur het met die topografiese- en plantegroeiveranderlikes nie. Ordinasie het nie die gemeenskapsgroepe onderverdeel in gemeenskappe of subgemeenskappe nie. Die grondveranderlikes (beide voedingstowwe en tekstuur) beïnvloed die struktuur en die verspreiding van die plantegroei. Met die bestaande weidingsbestuur bevorder brande met ’n interval van tussen drie tot vyf jaar die oorheersing van Themeda triandra deur die struktuur van die teenwoordige plantgemeenskap te beïnvloed, deur die getal van die verskillende plantsoorte te beïnvloed en selfs deur die plantgemeenskap se voorkoms te beïnvloed. Die waarde wat die boer aan die natuurlike veld as weiveld heg bepaal die mate waartoe hulle veldbrand gebruik as ’n deel van bestuur. Die natuurlike veld is nie geskik vir melkkoeie wat in die melkproduksiestadium is nie. Die melkboere is dus minder geneig om die natuurlike veld te brand (geen beplande brande nie net kans brande) as die boere wat met vleisbeeste of skape boer (beplande brande elke drie tot vyf jaar).

O Brasil é hoje o segundo maior produtor de carne de frango do mundo e o primeiro país exportador, o que faz com que as criações avícolas necessitem de um criterioso programa de biosseguridade a fim de impedir o surgimento de patógenos que possam causar danos aos plantéis e ao produto final. Neste cenário, tem fundamental importância a Salmonella e, mais recentemente, a Salmonella Heidelberg por sua alta prevalência e importância frente a casos de saúde pública, principalmente no que diz respeito à resistência a sanitizantes e antimicrobianos. A dificuldade no combate e eliminação desse patógeno em toda a cadeia avícola, seu potencial zoonótico e aumento de resistência a antimicrobianos motivou a realização deste trabalho. Portanto, os objetivos foram comparar 20 isolados de S. Heidelberg do ano de 2006 e 20 isolados do ano de 2016, testando-os quanto à eficácia de dois sanitizantes, hipoclorito de sódio (concentrações 0,5% e 1,0%) e cloreto de benzalcônio (concentrações 100 ppm e 200 ppm), em temperatura de 25°C e 12°C e tempos de contato de 5 e 15 minutos. Ainda, foi determinada a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (MIC) dos antimicrobianos ácido nalidíxico, ciprofloxacina, cloranfenicol, enrofloxacina, gentamicina e tetraciclina, além de verificar a presença de isolados multirresistentes. O teste de suspensão por diluição dos sanitizantes revelou que, nas duas concentrações utilizadas, independentemente do ano de isolamento, o hipoclorito de sódio se mostrou mais eficiente do que o cloreto de benzalcônio, eliminando 100% dos isolados com tempo de contato de 15 minutos. Por outro lado, o cloreto de benzalcônio, mesmo na maior concentração e tempo de contato, não foi totalmente eficiente para os isolados de 2006 e 2016. O cloreto de benzalcônio foi mais eficiente a 25°C do que a 12°C, em ambos os períodos e, quando comparados os anos, os isolados de 2016 foram mais resistentes ao cloreto de benzalcônio a 200 ppm, 25°C e tempo de contato de 5 minutos. Nos teste de MIC, quando comparados os dois períodos, 2006 e 2016, houve aumento significativo de isolados categorizados como nWT à tetraciclina, passando de 5% em 2006 para 75% em 2016. Nos dois períodos foi observada uma alta taxa de isolados nWT para ácido nalidíxico (50% e 65%), porém, todos os isolados foram categorizados como WT ao cloranfenicol e à enrofloxacina. Dentre os isolados de 2016, 5 (25%) apresentaram fenótipo de multirresistência. Os isolados sensíveis a todos os antimicrobianos totalizaram 40% para 2006 e 20% para 2016. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que há progressão da resistência de S. Heidelberg aos antimicrobianos com o passar do tempo, o que implica no aparecimento de isolados multirresistentes. Ações devem ser tomadas com o intuito de incentivar o uso prudente desses fármacos na medicina humana e, principalmente, em qualquer que seja a área de produção animal. / Brazil is now the second largest producer of chicken meat in the world and the first exporting country, which means that poultry farms need a careful biosecurity program to prevent the emergence of pathogens that can cause damage to the farms and to the final product. In this scenario, Salmonella Heidelberg plays a fundamental role because of its high prevalence and significance in public health cases, especially with regard to resistance to sanitizers and antimicrobials. Motivated by the difficulty in eliminating this pathogen throughout the poultry chain, its zoonotic potential and increased antimicrobial resistance, this study aimed to compare 20 isolates of S. Heidelberg from the year 2006 and 20 isolates from the year 2016. The isolates were tested against the efficacy of two sanitizers, sodium hypochlorite (0.5% and 1.0% concentrations) and benzalkonium chloride (concentrations of 100 ppm and 200 ppm), at 25°C and 12°C, and contact times of 5 and 15 minutes. In addition, the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the antimicrobials nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, gentamicin and tetracycline were determined, as well as the presence of multiresistant isolates. The dilution suspension test of the sanitizers revealed that in the two concentrations used, sodium hypochlorite was more efficient than benzalkonium chloride, eliminating 100% of the isolates with a contact time of 15 minutes, regardless of the year of isolation. On the other hand, benzalkonium chloride, even at the highest concentration and contact time, was not fully efficient for the isolates of 2006 and 2016. Benzalkonium chloride was more efficient at 25°C than at 12°C in both periods. When the years were compared, the isolates from 2016 were more resistant to benzalkonium chloride at 200 ppm, 25°C and contact time of 5 minutes. In the MIC tests, when comparing the two periods of 2006 and 2016, there was a significant increase of isolates categorized as nWT to tetracycline, from 5% to 75%. In both periods, a high rate of nWT isolates for nalidixic acid (50% and 65%) was observed. All isolates were categorized as WT to chloramphenicol and 5nrofloxacina. Among the isolates from 2016, five (25%) had a multidrug resistance phenotype. Forty percent of isolates from 2006 and 20% from 2016 were sensitive to all antimicrobials tested. The results show that there is progression of resistance of S. Heidelberg to antimicrobials over time, which implies the appearance of multiresistant isolates. Actions should be taken in order to encourage the prudent use of these drugs in human medicine and veterinary.

Based on the author's Thesis (doctoral)--University of Oxford. / Includes bibliographical references and index.

Texte remanié de: Diss.--Fakultät 8--Universität Stuttgart, 2000. / Bibliogr. p. 510-549. Index.

Based on the author's Thesis (doctoral)--University of Oxford. / Includes bibliographical references and index.

O Brasil é hoje o segundo maior produtor de carne de frango do mundo e o primeiro país exportador, o que faz com que as criações avícolas necessitem de um criterioso programa de biosseguridade a fim de impedir o surgimento de patógenos que possam causar danos aos plantéis e ao produto final. Neste cenário, tem fundamental importância a Salmonella e, mais recentemente, a Salmonella Heidelberg por sua alta prevalência e importância frente a casos de saúde pública, principalmente no que diz respeito à resistência a sanitizantes e antimicrobianos. A dificuldade no combate e eliminação desse patógeno em toda a cadeia avícola, seu potencial zoonótico e aumento de resistência a antimicrobianos motivou a realização deste trabalho. Portanto, os objetivos foram comparar 20 isolados de S. Heidelberg do ano de 2006 e 20 isolados do ano de 2016, testando-os quanto à eficácia de dois sanitizantes, hipoclorito de sódio (concentrações 0,5% e 1,0%) e cloreto de benzalcônio (concentrações 100 ppm e 200 ppm), em temperatura de 25°C e 12°C e tempos de contato de 5 e 15 minutos. Ainda, foi determinada a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (MIC) dos antimicrobianos ácido nalidíxico, ciprofloxacina, cloranfenicol, enrofloxacina, gentamicina e tetraciclina, além de verificar a presença de isolados multirresistentes. O teste de suspensão por diluição dos sanitizantes revelou que, nas duas concentrações utilizadas, independentemente do ano de isolamento, o hipoclorito de sódio se mostrou mais eficiente do que o cloreto de benzalcônio, eliminando 100% dos isolados com tempo de contato de 15 minutos. Por outro lado, o cloreto de benzalcônio, mesmo na maior concentração e tempo de contato, não foi totalmente eficiente para os isolados de 2006 e 2016. O cloreto de benzalcônio foi mais eficiente a 25°C do que a 12°C, em ambos os períodos e, quando comparados os anos, os isolados de 2016 foram mais resistentes ao cloreto de benzalcônio a 200 ppm, 25°C e tempo de contato de 5 minutos. Nos teste de MIC, quando comparados os dois períodos, 2006 e 2016, houve aumento significativo de isolados categorizados como nWT à tetraciclina, passando de 5% em 2006 para 75% em 2016. Nos dois períodos foi observada uma alta taxa de isolados nWT para ácido nalidíxico (50% e 65%), porém, todos os isolados foram categorizados como WT ao cloranfenicol e à enrofloxacina. Dentre os isolados de 2016, 5 (25%) apresentaram fenótipo de multirresistência. Os isolados sensíveis a todos os antimicrobianos totalizaram 40% para 2006 e 20% para 2016. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que há progressão da resistência de S. Heidelberg aos antimicrobianos com o passar do tempo, o que implica no aparecimento de isolados multirresistentes. Ações devem ser tomadas com o intuito de incentivar o uso prudente desses fármacos na medicina humana e, principalmente, em qualquer que seja a área de produção animal. / Brazil is now the second largest producer of chicken meat in the world and the first exporting country, which means that poultry farms need a careful biosecurity program to prevent the emergence of pathogens that can cause damage to the farms and to the final product. In this scenario, Salmonella Heidelberg plays a fundamental role because of its high prevalence and significance in public health cases, especially with regard to resistance to sanitizers and antimicrobials. Motivated by the difficulty in eliminating this pathogen throughout the poultry chain, its zoonotic potential and increased antimicrobial resistance, this study aimed to compare 20 isolates of S. Heidelberg from the year 2006 and 20 isolates from the year 2016. The isolates were tested against the efficacy of two sanitizers, sodium hypochlorite (0.5% and 1.0% concentrations) and benzalkonium chloride (concentrations of 100 ppm and 200 ppm), at 25°C and 12°C, and contact times of 5 and 15 minutes. In addition, the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the antimicrobials nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, gentamicin and tetracycline were determined, as well as the presence of multiresistant isolates. The dilution suspension test of the sanitizers revealed that in the two concentrations used, sodium hypochlorite was more efficient than benzalkonium chloride, eliminating 100% of the isolates with a contact time of 15 minutes, regardless of the year of isolation. On the other hand, benzalkonium chloride, even at the highest concentration and contact time, was not fully efficient for the isolates of 2006 and 2016. Benzalkonium chloride was more efficient at 25°C than at 12°C in both periods. When the years were compared, the isolates from 2016 were more resistant to benzalkonium chloride at 200 ppm, 25°C and contact time of 5 minutes. In the MIC tests, when comparing the two periods of 2006 and 2016, there was a significant increase of isolates categorized as nWT to tetracycline, from 5% to 75%. In both periods, a high rate of nWT isolates for nalidixic acid (50% and 65%) was observed. All isolates were categorized as WT to chloramphenicol and 5nrofloxacina. Among the isolates from 2016, five (25%) had a multidrug resistance phenotype. Forty percent of isolates from 2006 and 20% from 2016 were sensitive to all antimicrobials tested. The results show that there is progression of resistance of S. Heidelberg to antimicrobials over time, which implies the appearance of multiresistant isolates. Actions should be taken in order to encourage the prudent use of these drugs in human medicine and veterinary.

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - EMBRAPA / Reusing litter is a common practice in broiler farming. However, it requires the adoption of efficient procedures for inactivating and controlling residual microorganisms during downtime between flocks to ensure sanitary control over the next flock and the quality of the broiler meat. The broiler production adopts a series of stringent precautionary measures to avoid sanitary emergencies and should be able to employ appropriate control measures. In addition, international consumer markets require proof of the efficiency of treatment methods for broiler litter reuse. The efficiency of broiler litter treatments on pathogens is variable and multifactorial and can be influenced by the treatment method and/or microorganisms evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of different strategies of treatment of broiler litter on Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and Salmonella Heidelberg. Total enterobacteria counts were carried out as an indicator of microbiological quality of litter. First, the experimental contamination of the broiler litter by viruses was standardized, comparing the seeder birds inoculated versus the direct spray of the virus in the broiler litter. To evaluate the treatments, reused broiler litter was contaminated with the three microorganisms and submitted to the treatments (T): T1- shallow fermentation; T2- quicklime; T3- shallow fermentation followed by quicklime; and, T4- untreated. The broiler litter was submitted to bacteriological and physico-chemical analyzes during treatment. Sentinel chicks were housed on the broiler litter treated and further monitored by clinical evaluation, as well as microbiological, serological and molecular tests. The results demonstrated that seeder birds were efficient to stablish viral contamination in broiler litter. T1 was superior in reducing total enterobacteria in the broiler litter. The evaluation of sentinel chicks also indicated that T1 and T3 inactivated IBDV in the broiler litter. T2 was not able to reduce the microorganisms evaluated, and its association with T1 (T3) did not enhance the treatment action. NDV did not survive in broiler litter, regardless of the treatment applied. S. Heidelberg survived in broiler litter after all treatments evaluated and was also detected in the sentinel chicks. The antimicrobial activity of T1 and T3 was associated to ammonia levels present in the broiler litter. The results reveal that shallow fermentation is efficient to control residual IBDV and total enterobacteria in recycled broiler litter. However, other strategies should be considered in the presence of S. Heidelberg. / A reutilização da cama aviária é uma prática comum na avicultura de corte. Porém, o reuso da cama requer a adoção de procedimentos eficientes na inativação e controle de micro-organismos indesejáveis no intervalo entre os lotes, para preservar a saúde avícola e a qualidade do alimento produzido. A preocupação com as questões sanitárias na avicultura engloba a saúde dos frangos e do consumidor. A produção está sujeita às emergências sanitárias e deve estar preparada para empregar medidas adequadas de contenção e controle. Além disso, os mercados consumidores internacionais demandam comprovação da eficiência dos métodos de tratamento para o reuso da cama entre lotes de frangos. A eficiência dos tratamentos de cama sobre os patógenos é variável e multifatorial e pode ser influenciada pelo método de tratamento e/ou pelos micro-organismos avaliados. Deste modo, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a eficiência de diferentes estratégias de tratamento da cama aviária sobre vírus da Doença de Newcastle (VDNC), vírus da Doença Infecciosa da Bursa (VDIB) e Salmonella Heidelberg. Enterobactérias totais foram analisadas como indicador da qualidade microbiológica da cama aviária. Inicialmente, a contaminação experimental pelos vírus aviários foi padronizada, comparando-se a excreção por aves inoculadas (seeder birds) versus a aspersão direta dos vírus na cama. Para avaliação dos tratamentos, cama aviária reutilizada foi contaminada com os três micro-organismos e submetida aos tratamentos (T): T1- fermentação plana; T2- cal virgem; T3- fermentação plana seguida de adição de cal virgem; T4- não tratado. A cama aviária foi submetida às análises bacteriológicas e físico-químicas durante o tratamento. Aves sentinelas foram alojadas sobre a cama tratada, sendo monitoradas por meio de avaliação clínica e análises microbiológicas, sorológicas e moleculares. Os resultados demonstraram que as seeder birds foram eficientes em estabelecer a contaminação viral da cama. O T1 foi superior na redução de enterobactérias totais na cama aviária. A avaliação das aves sentinelas indicou que ambos T1 e T3 inativaram VDIB na cama aviária. O T2 não foi eficiente sobre os micro-organismos avaliados e sua associação ao T1 (T3) não potencializou a ação do tratamento. O VDNC não sobreviveu na cama, independente do tratamento aplicado. S. Heidelberg permaneceu viável na cama de todos os tratamentos, sendo também detectada nas aves sentinelas. A atividade antimicrobiana dos T1 e T3 foi relacionada aos maiores teores de amônia presentes na cama aviária. Os resultados indicam que a fermentação plana é eficiente para o controle do VDIB e enterobactérias totais residuais na cama aviária reutilizada. Todavia, na presença de S. Heidelberg outras alternativas devem ser consideradas no controle deste agente de importância na saúde animal e pública.