Helicobacter spp é uma bactéria espiralada gram negativa que pode fazer parte da microbiota gástrica de cães e gatos domésticos, e sua associação com as gastropatias ainda é amplamente discutida na Medicina Veterinária. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a frequência de ocorrência da helicobacteriose gástrica em cães e gatos necropsiados no HOVET-USP e comparar quatro métodos de diagnóstico para a identificação do agente. Fragmentos da mucosa gástrica foram destinados ao TRU, citologia, histopatologia por hematoxilina e eosina (HE) com coloração de Warthin Starry (WS) e imuno-histoquímica (IHQ). Para a análise comparativa, de concordância e de desempenho dos testes, entre os métodos de diagnóstico com o padrão ouro (HE), foram utilizados o teorema de Bayes, o índice Kappa e o índice Youden respectivamente. Nos cães a frequência de ocorrência da helicobacteriose gástrica ficou em 57%, com associação entre a infecção e a faixa etária dos animais. Nos gatos esta frequência de ocorrência foi de 87% pelo método padrão ouro (HE) de diagnóstico escolhido sem associação entre infecção, raça, gênero e idade dos animais. A imunohistoquímica obteve maiores índices de Youden e Kappa nos cães. Nos gatos, a coloração específica a base de prata, Warthin Starry, obteve maior índice Youden e Kappa do que os outros diagnósticos. A determinação da frequência de ocorrência do Helicobacter spp varia conforme o método de diagnóstico adotado. A escolha do método depende dos recursos financeiros disponíveis, das amostras que se pretende estudar, do tempo necessário, da praticidade do método e da sua performance. / Helicobacter spp are gram negative spiral bacterium that can be part of the gastric microbiota of domestic dogs and cats, and its association with gastropathies is still widely discussed in Veterinary Medicine. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of occurrence of gastric helicobacteriose in dogs and cats necropsied at HOVET - USP and compare four diagnostic methods for the identification of the agent. Fragments of gastric mucosa were sent to the rapid urease test (RUT), cytology, histopathology by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining with Warthin Starry (WS) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). For comparative analysis, and concordance and performance between diagnostic methods with the gold standard (HE) were used respectively the Bayes\' theorem, the Kappa index and Youden index. In dogs the frequency of occurrence of gastric helicobacteriose stood at 57 %, with an association between infection and the age of the animals. In cats this frequency of occurrence was 87 % for the gold standard method (HE) and no association between infection, race, gender and age of the animals was found. Immunohistochemistry showed higher Youden index and Kappa in dogs. In cats, the specific staining based on silver, Warthin Starry, demonstrated the highest Youden and Kappa indexes among the other diagnostic methods. The determination of the frequency of occurrence of Helicobacter spp varies according to the diagnostic method adopted. The choice of method depends on the financial resources available, the samples under study, the time required, the practicality of the method and its performance.

Helicobacter spp é uma bactéria espiralada gram negativa que pode fazer parte da microbiota gástrica de cães e gatos domésticos, e sua associação com as gastropatias ainda é amplamente discutida na Medicina Veterinária. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a frequência de ocorrência da helicobacteriose gástrica em cães e gatos necropsiados no HOVET-USP e comparar quatro métodos de diagnóstico para a identificação do agente. Fragmentos da mucosa gástrica foram destinados ao TRU, citologia, histopatologia por hematoxilina e eosina (HE) com coloração de Warthin Starry (WS) e imuno-histoquímica (IHQ). Para a análise comparativa, de concordância e de desempenho dos testes, entre os métodos de diagnóstico com o padrão ouro (HE), foram utilizados o teorema de Bayes, o índice Kappa e o índice Youden respectivamente. Nos cães a frequência de ocorrência da helicobacteriose gástrica ficou em 57%, com associação entre a infecção e a faixa etária dos animais. Nos gatos esta frequência de ocorrência foi de 87% pelo método padrão ouro (HE) de diagnóstico escolhido sem associação entre infecção, raça, gênero e idade dos animais. A imunohistoquímica obteve maiores índices de Youden e Kappa nos cães. Nos gatos, a coloração específica a base de prata, Warthin Starry, obteve maior índice Youden e Kappa do que os outros diagnósticos. A determinação da frequência de ocorrência do Helicobacter spp varia conforme o método de diagnóstico adotado. A escolha do método depende dos recursos financeiros disponíveis, das amostras que se pretende estudar, do tempo necessário, da praticidade do método e da sua performance. / Helicobacter spp are gram negative spiral bacterium that can be part of the gastric microbiota of domestic dogs and cats, and its association with gastropathies is still widely discussed in Veterinary Medicine. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of occurrence of gastric helicobacteriose in dogs and cats necropsied at HOVET - USP and compare four diagnostic methods for the identification of the agent. Fragments of gastric mucosa were sent to the rapid urease test (RUT), cytology, histopathology by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining with Warthin Starry (WS) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). For comparative analysis, and concordance and performance between diagnostic methods with the gold standard (HE) were used respectively the Bayes\' theorem, the Kappa index and Youden index. In dogs the frequency of occurrence of gastric helicobacteriose stood at 57 %, with an association between infection and the age of the animals. In cats this frequency of occurrence was 87 % for the gold standard method (HE) and no association between infection, race, gender and age of the animals was found. Immunohistochemistry showed higher Youden index and Kappa in dogs. In cats, the specific staining based on silver, Warthin Starry, demonstrated the highest Youden and Kappa indexes among the other diagnostic methods. The determination of the frequency of occurrence of Helicobacter spp varies according to the diagnostic method adopted. The choice of method depends on the financial resources available, the samples under study, the time required, the practicality of the method and its performance.

<p>Bakterije koje kolonizuju želudac (Gastrospirillum spp. i Helicobacter spp.) su izolovane kod čoveka i nekoliko animalnih vrsta, uključujući i svinje. Gastritis je rezultat prirodne ili eksperimentalno izazvane infekcije sa H. pylori kod čoveka i konvencionalnih prasića. Kod obe vrste (čovek i svinja), infekcija sa H. pylori pokreće inflamatorni odgovor organizma, međutim postoje razlike u ćelijskoj populaciji u inflamatornom infiltratu. Cilj istraživanja ove disertaciji je identifikacija bakterije Helicobacter spp., različite morfologije (Helicobacter-like organisms and Gastrospirillum-like organisms), kao i patohistolo&scaron;ki pregled i evaluacija gastritisa svinja uzgajanih na intenzivni i ekstenzivni način. Uzeti su uzorci mukoze pars oesophagea, fundusa i pilorusa. Za identifikaciju bakterije Helicobacter spp. kori&scaron;ćene su dve metode bojenja: Loefflermethylene blue i modifikovana Giemsa. Za histolo&scaron;ko ispitivanje, uzorci su obojeni i hematoksilin eozinom (H&amp;E). Stepen gastritisa je određen prema Sidnejskom sistemu za klasifikaciju gastritisa. U humanoj a i u veterinarskoj patologiji, dobro je poznata činjenica o različitoj patogenosti različitih bakterija Helicobacter vrsta. Helicobacter bakterije izolovane iz želuca svinja pripadaju različitim vrstama ovog roda i međusobno se bitno razlikuju kako po patogenosti, tako i po virulentnosti. Tako na primer, Helicobacter&ndash;like bakterije koje su okarakterisane kao visoko patogene, mogu izazvati ulceracije ezofagealnog ili glandularnog dela želuca, gastritis ozbiljnog stepena i formiranje limfoidnih folikula. Rezultati na&scaron;eg istraživanja pokazuju da je stepen gastritisa veći u piloričnoj mukozi HLO-pozitivnih svinja u poređenju sa vrednostima GLO-pozitivnih svinja. Nije postojala pozitivna korelacija između infekcije bakterijama GLO morfologije i ulceracija. Za razliku od perzistentnih infekcija sa H. pylori kod ljudi kod kojih je te&scaron;ka glandularna atrofija udružena sa intestinalnom metaplazijom veoma česta, kod ispitivanih svinja iz</p><p><br /><br />intenzivnog i ekstenzivnog načina uzgoja nisu potvrđeni slučajevi atrofičnog gastritisa i intestinalne metaplazije. Konvencionalne svinje mogu poslužiti kao animalni model infekcije sa H. pylori jer su svinje u funkcionalnom smislu monogastrične životinje po anatomskim i fiziolo&scaron;kim karakteristikama, vrlo slične čoveku. Takođe, patogeneza infekcije je veoma slična kao kod čoveka. Navedene činjenice podržavaju mogućnost upotrebe ovog modela u daljem istraživanju patogeneze nastanka Helicobacter spp. gastritisa. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pružaju dodatni dokaz da HLO mogu biti faktor koji igra krucijalnu ulogu u patogenezi gastritisa kod svinja.&nbsp;<br />Datum</p> / <p>Bacteria that colonize the stomach (Helicobacter spp. and Gastrospirillum spp.) are isolated from humans and several animal species, including pigs. Gastritis is the result of a natural or experimental induced infection with H. pylori in humans and conventionally pigs. In both, humans and pigs, the infection with H. pylori elicited inflammatory response, but there are differences between populations of inflammatory cells. The aims of this dissertation are to identify&nbsp; spp. with two different morphology (Helicobacter-like organisms and Gastrospirillumlike organisms), as well as histolopathological examination and evaluation of gastritis score of gastric mucosa of pigs in intensive and extensive production. Biopsy samples were taken from the pars oesophagea, fundic and pyloric mucosa. For identification of Helicobacter species morphology we used two stain methods: Loeffler-methylene blue and modified Giemsa. All tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) for histopathological evaluation. The severity of gastritis was scored to the Sydney System for the classification of gastritis. In human as well as in veterinary pathology, the fact of the different pathogenicity of various Helicobacter species is well known. The Helicobacter spp. isolated from stomach mucosa of pigs which belong to different genus, differ significantly in both, pathogenicity and virulence. Helicobacter pylori-like bacteria characterised as high pathogenic, has been associated with ulceration of the oesophageal or glandular portion of the stomach, severe gastritis and formation of lymphoid follicles. On the contrast, infection with Helicobacter heilmannii, which has been shown to have low pathogenicity was accompanied by only mild gastritis and no ulceration. The results of current study suggested that the average gastritis score was higher in HLO-positive pyloric mucosa, compared</p><p><br /><br />with the GLO-positive pyloric mucosa. There was signifficance between HLO-positive and HLO-negative pyloric mucosa in both, intensive and extensive production. There was no correlation between GLO-positive mucosa and ulceration. In contrast to persistent H. pylori infection in humans in which severe glandular atrophy associated with intestinal metaplasia is very common, in examined pigs from intensive and extensive breeding, no samples exhibited histological features characteristic for atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia have been confirmed in pigs of both production systems. The conventional piglets as an animal model of the human H. pylori infection offers advantages of a functional monogastric animal with gastric anatomic and physiologic characteristics similar to those of humans. Moreover, the infection and pathogenesis is similar to that in humans. These facts support the usefulness of this model in further research on the pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter spp. associated gastritis. Our findings provide further evidence that HLO can be one of the factors that playing a crucial role in the pathogenesis of gastritis in pigs.<br />Accepted</p>