Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Commonwealth University, 2007. / Prepared for: Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology . Bibliography: leaves 130 - 137 . Also available online via the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2005 / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 155 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-80).

Dans les sols, les champignons ectomycorhiziens (ECM) forment une symbiose très répandue avec les racines des arbres et contribuent ainsi à leur croissance et à leur santé. Des études antérieures ont montré que certaines bactéries pouvaient influencer positivement la symbiose entre les ECM et les arbres, appelées BAM pour Bactéries Auxiliaires de la Mycorhization. Les mécanismes de l’effet auxiliaire des BAM sont encore peu connus. En amont de cette thèse, il avait été montré in vitro que la BAM Pseudomonas fluorescens BBc6 formait des structures similaires à des biofilms sur les hyphes de l'ECM Laccaria bicolor. Dans ce contexte, afin d'enrichir les connaissances concernant les interactions entre les ECM et les BAM, cette thèse a porté sur l'interaction physique entre ces deux organismes. L'étude a en partie été réalisée via une méthode d'analyse par microscopie confocale, développée durant cette thèse. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que cette bactérie formait des biofilms localisés préférentiellement sur la région apicale des colonies de l'ECM ce qui pourrait indiquer une interaction trophique. L'existence d'une telle interaction a d'ailleurs par la suite été confirmée. Les résultats ont également montré que l'interaction physique entre Laccaria bicolor et BBc6 n'est pas spécifique puisque l'ensemble des treize autres souches bactériennes testées a formé des biofilms sur les hyphes de Laccaria bicolor. En revanche, BBc6 s'est montrée incapable de former des biofilms sur certains champignons appartenant aux Ascomycètes, suggérant des mécanismes d'inhibition. De plus, l'étude de la matrice des biofilms formés par BBc6 a révélé la présence de réseaux de filaments constitués d'ADN qui semblent structurer ces biofilms et qui ont aussi été observés chez l'ensemble des souches bactériennes testées. Ces résultats révèlent un rôle structural de la molécule d'ADN qui, bien qu'il semble répandu, n'a que peu été reporté jusqu'à présent. Enfin, il a été montré que des mutants de BBc6 qui ont perdu leur effet auxiliaire forment des biofilms différents de la souche sauvage sur une surface abiotique suggérant un lien potentiel entre l'effet auxiliaire et la formation de biofilms / In soil ecosystems, ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) form a widespread symbiosis with roots of trees, contributing to tree growth and health. It has been shown that some bacteria, called mycorrhization helper bacteria (MHB), stimulate mycorrhizal symbiosis. The mechanisms of this helper effect are poorly understood. Previous studies have shown that the MHB Pseudomonas fluorescens BBc6 formed biofilm-like structures around the hyphae of the ECM Laccaria bicolor during their in vitro interaction. In this context, in order to increase knowledge concerning MHB/ECM interactions, the work presented here focuses on the physical interaction between these two organisms. To this purpose, a method of analysis based on confocal microscopy was developed. The results showed that the bacteria formed biofilms preferentially localized on the apical region of the ECM colonies, which could indicate a trophic interaction. Such an interaction has been subsequently confirmed. The results also showed that the physical interaction between L. bicolor and BBc6 is not specific since all thirteen other bacterial strains tested formed biofilms on the hyphae of L. bicolor. On the other hand, BBc6 was unable to form biofilms on some fungi belonging to Ascomycetes, suggesting the existence of inhibition mechanisms. Moreover, the study of the BBc6 biofilm matrix revealed networks of DNA-containing filaments which seem to structure these biofilms and which have also been observed in all the bacterial strains tested. These results reveal a structural role of the DNA molecule, a role that has been rarely reported so far despite its probable high occurrence. Finally, it has been shown that BBc6 mutants having lost their helper effect presented a modified phenotype concerning their biofilm formation on abiotic surface, suggesting a potential link between the helper effect and the biofilms formation

Early growth response (Egr) gene 2 and 3 are genes encoding transcription factors important for maintaining immune homeostasis. Here we define a fundamental role of Egr2 and 3 to control T cell proliferation and differentiation of effector T cells. Egr2 and Egr3 deficiency in T cells resulted in impaired T cell proliferation, but hyper-activation and excessive differentiation of T cells in response to viral infection, while, conversely, sustained Egr2 expression enhanced proliferation, but severely impaired effector differentiation in to T helper (Th) subsets, such as, Th1 and Th17 subtypes. T-bet is important for differentiation of effector T cells in response to pathogen and in particular it is a master regulator for modulating the T helper 1 lineage specific differentiation programme. Although T-bet has been extensively studied in T cells, the regulation of T-bet function is less well known. We have now discovered that Egr2 and 3 are potent inhibitors for Tbet function in CD4 and CD8 effector T cells. Together with Egr2 and 3, T-bet is induced in naïve T cells by antigen stimulation, but the expression was reciprocally regulated by IFNγ, which inhibited Egr2 and 3, but promoted Tbet expression. The expression of Egr2 and 3 in CD4 T cells under TH2 and TH17 condition was essential to suppress TH1 differentiation in vitro. In response to viral infection, sustained Egr2 expression in T cells profoundly inhibited differentiation of effector cells, while Egr2 and 3 deficient T cells produced excessive levels of IFNγ. We found that both Egr2 and 3 can directly interact with the Tbox domain of T-bet, block its DNA binding and inhibit T-bet mediated production of IFNγ. Thus, Egr2 and 3 are antagonists for T-bet function in effector T cells and essential for the control of T cell differentiation and immune pathology.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-01-16T10:34:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 robsonluisthome.pdf: 1427745 bytes, checksum: e479bcae7fa50b924eba378700b20706 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-02-07T14:14:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 robsonluisthome.pdf: 1427745 bytes, checksum: e479bcae7fa50b924eba378700b20706 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-02-07T14:14:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 robsonluisthome.pdf: 1427745 bytes, checksum: e479bcae7fa50b924eba378700b20706 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-07T14:14:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 robsonluisthome.pdf: 1427745 bytes, checksum: e479bcae7fa50b924eba378700b20706 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-21 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho tem o objetivo de divulgar e incentivar o incremento de ferramentas auxiliadoras no aprendizado da matemática associadas às inovadoras tecnologias educacionais. A motivação para a escolha desse tema está baseada nos bons resultados obtidos e na oferta de sistemas e ferramentas eficazes que propõem o fortalecimento e a motivação do aprendizado. Inicialmente abordamos o sistema educacional do ponto de vista histórico, tanto no mundo quanto no Brasil, sob uma perspectiva evolutiva, ligadas aos interesses e fatos que transformaram a Educação. Nesse contexto, identificamos sobre tudo os interesses políticos, religiosos e econômicos como fatores preponderantes no rumo do sistema educacional. A evolução tecnológica e suas consequências na área educacional são apresentadas e abordadas como elo da sintonia entre a tecnologia e a educação, identificada principalmente pela disseminação dos sistemas computacionais e por propostas pedagógicas diferenciadas e atuantes. Finalizando, apresentamos a robótica e algumas das principais e mais conceituadas plataformas educacionais on-line existentes e disponíveis no Brasil. Detalhamos o conceito das plataformas, mostrando suas operacionalidades, segmentos de atuação e avanços no desenvolvimento do aprendizado. Nesse trabalho, identificamos o potencial e o alcance que as plataformas oferecem e o quanto a associação “tecnologia e educação” estão presentes e insolúveis no processo da educação contemporânea, consolidando-se assim uma ferramenta valiosa identificada pela dinamização e eficiência. / The objective of this work is to promote and increase the use of helper tools in learning mathematics associated this tools to innovative educational technologies. The motivation for choosing this theme is based on the good results achieved and the provision of effective systems and tools that proposes strengthening and learning motivation. At first we approached the educational system from the historical point of view both in the world and in Brazil under an evolutionary perspective connected to the interests and facts that transform education. In this context, we have identified political, religious and economic interests as major factors in the direction of the educational system. Technological developments and their consequences in education are presented and discussed as a link in the line between technology and education, mainly identified by different and active pedagogical proposals and the dissemination of computer systems. To complete we present the robotics and some of the main and most prestigious educational online platforms existing in Brazil. We detail the concept of platforms, showing their operability, business segments and advances in the development of learning. This work identified the potential that platforms can offer and how the association – technology and education – are present and insoluble in the contemporary education process, thereby consolidating a valuable tool identified by the dynamism and efficiency of itself.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women. It is a highly heterogeneous disease in terms of histology, therapeutic response and patient outcomes. Early and accurate detection of breast cancer is crucial as the patient prognosis varies greatly depending on the diagnosis of the disease. Patient outcomes have been linked to the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in solid tumors. In human BC, higher TIL infiltration is associated with a better prognosis and also predicts relevant responses to pre-operative chemotherapy. TIL are primarily composed of T cells, albeit around 20% of BC patients (pts) show significant B cell infiltration, and can organize in tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) located in the peritumoral stroma, which are associated with survival in HER2+ and triple negative BC patients. Further, these studies revealed that CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells producing CXCL13 were specifically associated with peritumoral TLS. CXCL13 is an important B cell chemoattractant whose function is to recruit B cells to the germinal center (GC) in secondary lymphoid organs and TLS, where they can mature and differentiate into memory or antibody-producing B cells. The principal objective of this thesis project was to investigate the role of CXCL13 and Tfh cells play in the development and/or maintenance of GC-like structures in BC-associated TLS.Further understanding of the factors that promote TLS formation in vivo could provide important insight for treatment decisions in BC. CXCL13 expression was originally identified as an important signal associated with TLS that was predictive for patient outcomes. We investigated factors capable of inducing CXCL13 expression in CD4+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood, using flow cytometry analysis. Treatment with TGFβ1 alone, or together with several cytokines (IL12, IL21, and in particular IL2 blockade), increased CXCL13 expression in activated CD4+ T cells. Similar to our characterization of Tfh TIL in fresh tumor tissues, these CXCL13-producing CD4+ T cells were CXCR5 negative and expressed the Tfh markers PD-1 and ICOS. The positive correlation, in treated cells and fresh TIL, between CXCL13-producing CD4+ T cells and FoxP3-expressing regulatory CD4+ T cells, and the diminished chemokine production upon depletion of the latter population, suggest a possible positive relationship between regulatory CD4+ T cells and CXCL13-producing CD4+ T cells.We then derived a GC-associated B cell gene signature for integration in our previously published Tfh cell gene signature, including CXCL13 gene. The combined GC gene signature was tested for its ability to sensitively detect BC-associated TLS using a qRT-PCR-based assay on two different cohorts, a primary BC set (n=83) and a retrospective series (n=52) of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) BC tissues. These data revealed a correlation between gene signature expression and the extent of TLS scored by trained pathologists on dual-immunohistochemistry stained (CD3+CD20 for T and B cells, respectively) FFPE tissue sections. In addition, the high GC signature expression predicted better overall and disease-free survival of BC pts in our retrospective BC cohort, as well as in public microarray data.This thesis research has demonstrated that CXCL13-producing CD4+ T cells lacking CXCR5 differentiate and exert their function in IL-2-limited but TGF-β1-rich conditions. Furthermore, we developed a GC-associated gene signature able to detect TLS in BC and predict BC pts better survival. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Les LT CD4 folliculaires (TFH) forment un lignage distinct de LT contrôlant spécifiquement les lymphocytes B (LB) et la mise en place de la mémoire B. Alors que ces cellules étaient considérées comme des cellules effectrices uniquement, récemment il a été identifié, chez l'Homme et la souris, l'existence de TFH mémoires. Les TFH mémoires en tant que LT CD4 mémoires sont nécessaires, en cas de nouvelle rencontre avec l'antigène (Ag), à la mise en place d'une réponse Anticorps (Ac) rapide, efficace et de forte affinité. En effet, leur présence est corrélée à la génération et le maintien à long terme d'Ac de forte affinité lors d'infections virales. De plus, des études récentes montrent que l'analyse des TFH mémoires dans le sang périphérique peut fournir des indices pour comprendre le mode d'action des vaccins ainsi que la pathogenèse de maladies auto-immunes. Par ailleurs, dans le contexte de nombreuses maladies, de récents travaux suggèrent que l'évaluation de la fréquence et du phénotype des TFH mémoires dans le sang périphérique pourrait servir de bio-marqueur à l'établissement de diagnostique. Tout comme les cellules B mémoires qui sont subdivisées en différentes sous-populations en fonction de leur localisation et de la nature de leur Ac, différentes populations de TFH mémoires ont été récemment identifiées. Certaines se situent dans les organes lymphoïdes secondaires (OLS) drainants le site d'immunisation, de vaccination ou d'infection, ou circulantes dans les OLS non-drainants ou à proximité des plasmocytes à longue durée de vie dans la MO. Ces observations soulèvent donc la question majeure de leurs phénotypes, différences fonctionnelles et interactions face aux différentes populations de cellules B mémoires. L'objectif de mes travaux de Thèse a consisté à étudier l'hétérogénéité phénotypique et fonctionnelle présente entre ces différentes populations de TFH mémoires aux localisations diverses. De plus au vu de l'hétérogénéité existante au sein des LB mémoires (nœuds lymphatiques ou rate) et plasmocytes à longue durée de vie (MO), nous avons aussi évalué l'interaction cellulaire et fonctionnelle qui a lieu entre ces populations mémoires. Dans ce contexte, nous avons développé un modèle expérimental unique de vaccination protéique chez la souris sauvage non modifiée. / T Helper Follicular (TFH) cells form a distinct lineage of helper T cells and they specifically control B cells and memory B cell generation. While these cells were considered as effector cells, recently it was identified in Human and in mouse, the existence of memory TFH cells. Memory TFH cells, as CD4 memory T cells, are necessary in case of antigen (Ag) rechallenge to establish a fast, efficient and high affinity Antibody (Ab) response. Indeed, their presence is correlated with the generation and the long-term maintenance of high affinity Ac during viral infections. Moreover, recent studies have shown that analysis of memory TFH cells in the blood may provide clues to understanding the mode of action of vaccines and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In addition, in the context of many diseases, recent works have also suggested that the frequency and phenotype of memory TFH cells in the blood could serve as a biomarker for diagnosis. Likewise to memory B cells that are subdivided into different cell populations based on their location and the nature of their Ab, different populations of memory TFH cells have recently been identified. Some are in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) draining the site of immunization, vaccination or infection, or circulating in the non-draining SLO or near the long-lived plasma cells (PC) in bone marrow (BM). These observations raise the question of their phenotypes, functional differences and interactions with the different subsets of memory B cells. The aim of my thesis was to study the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity between the different subsets of memory TFH cells. Due to the heterogeneity of memory B cells (draining lymph nodes or non-draining spleen) and long-lived PCs (BM), we also evaluated the cellular and functional interaction that occurs between these different memories populations. In this context, we have developed a unique experimental model of protein vaccination in unmodified wild-type mice. Specifically, after immunization, we evaluated the development of memory TFH cells and memory B cells specific for the same Ag in the draining SLO and circulating in the spleen and BM. We demonstrated that local memory TFH cells (that reside in the draining SLO) exhibit a more polarized phenotype than their circulating counterparts (present in non-draining SLO).

A T helper cell clone, referred to as clone 9, was derived from an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte culture. Clone 9, as well as supernatant factor(s) derived from it, could help the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses of H-2 Db (Db) responder cells to alloantigens, or they could help the CTL responses of non- Db responder cells to Db alloantigens. Clone 9 cells or their factor(s) were active only when added during the first 24 hours of a five-day culture period. Clone 9 or its factor(s) could also synergize with interleukin-2 (IL-2)-containing medium in mounting cytotoxic responses to alloantigens. The helper activity in clone 9 supernatant was not due to IL-2 and it was specifically absorbed out by Db -spleen cells. The characterization of the Db -specific helper factor(ASHF) was facilitated by the isolation of a T hybridoma clone (clone 25), obtained from fusion of clone 9 cells with the T cell lymphoma, BW5147, and a B cell hybridoma that produced an IgM monoclonal antibody (clone 30 IgM) which bound ASHF. An additional monoclonal antibody (F23.1), which recognizes a determinant of the Vβ8 family of the T cell receptor, was also particularly useful for the characterization of ASHF. Analysis with these reagents showed that both clone 30 IgM and F23.1 immunoadsorbents could retain ASHF activity. Preabsorption of the ASHF with Db spleen cells prior to affinity purification over a clone 30 IgM column resulted in the absorption of Db-specific helper activity as well as the loss of a 50,000 molecular weight (MW) band on SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. Furthermore, affinity purification of ASHF over the F23.1 immunoadsorbent, but not an irrelevant monoclonal antibody (mAb) column, also yielded a 50,000 MW molecule. Taken together, these findings suggest that the 50,000 MW molecule is a component of the ASHF and it is intimately related to the B chain of the T-cell receptor. The mode of action of clone 9 and its products in the induction bfCTL responses was also investigated. It was found that clone 9 and ASHF could help CTL responses by inducing IL-2 production in B6-stimulated cultures. In addition to ASHF, clone 9 cells also produced an additional factor(s) which participated in the induction of CTL responses. This additional factor(s) was referred to as IL-X. IL-X synergized with excess human recombinant IL-2 in the activation of CTL precursors (CTL-P) in the absence of antigenic stimulation. A model which involves the participation of ASHF, T helper cells, IL-2 and IL-X in the induction of CTL responses is proposed. / Science, Faculty of / Microbiology and Immunology, Department of / Graduate

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