Dengue fever is an arthropod-borne transmit disease, caused by dengue virus.The principal vectors are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Induce Dengue fever (DF) and a more severe form of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Dengue virus is the most prevalent arbovirus in tropical and subtropical regions. There is no specific drug and vaccine available for treatment and prevention. Therefore, DF is an important disease among transmit diseases in humans. For the effective control and prevention of DF transmission, rapid quantitative molecular biological methods are very important for the diagnosis of dengue fever. At present, there are many methods to isolate the RNA of Dengue virus; however, the new developed magnetic method has not been used for the Dengue virus isolation yet. At first, we evaluated various methods for Dengue virus isolation. The result indicate that the best method of RNA extraction for dengue virus is the QIAamp® Viral RNA kit manual extraction. There are no apparent differences of the effect for Dengue virus RNA isolation between filting film and magnetic bead method. Furthermore, DHF caused by Dengue virus is a very serious disease and the pathologic mechanism of DHF has not been elucidated completely. Both clinical and experimental trials have confirmed that the liver cell is one of the target infected by Dengue virus. And, the mechanism of Dengue virus-induced liver cell apoptosis remains poorly understood.Furthermore, there are free radical and cytokines production in patient¡As serum in the acute phase of DF. Therefore, the role of antioxidant and p21 in the mechanisms should be elucidcited. Our preliminary data show that p21 mRNA expression increase in HepG2 after Dengue virus infection. NAC, GSH, and DPI all can attenuate Dengue-induced cell apoptosis. Howerer, the relationship between p21 expression and liver cell apoptosis should be further clarified in the near future.

Doctor of Philosophy / Food Science Institute / Channa B. Rajashekar / Weiqun Wang / As health-promoting agents, phytochemicals are biosynthesized in the plants that typically respond to environmental stresses. This study focused on the analysis of phytochemical contents in vegetables in response to environmental changes of high tunnel and light spectra. A potential anticancer activity was further studied by developing a novel 3D cell culture model. Three specific studies were conducted as follows. Study 1: High tunnel production has been applied in mid-west for many years due to the advantages of extending growing season and increasing crop yield. Previous studies, however, showed high tunnel resulted in reduction of phenolic contents in vegetables. Therefore, the first study was to confirm the effect of high tunnel on phenolic contents in two varieties of lettuce (‘Two Star’ and ‘Red Fire’) and carotenoid contents in two varieties of tomatoes (‘Mountain Fresh’ and ‘Celebrity’). Phenolics in lettuce and carotenoids in tomato were isolated and quantitated, respectively, by HPLC. High tunnel resulted in a significant reduction of phenolic contents in ‘Two Star’ but not in ‘Red Fire’ lettuce when compared with open field. A significant decrease of carotenoid contents in ‘Celebrity’ but not in ‘Mountain Fresh’ tomato was also observed. Therefore, this study confirmed that high tunnel application reduced phenolic or carotenoid contents in one of the two lettuce or tomato varieties, suggesting the effect of high tunnel production is variable and genotype specific. Study 2: Light is an important environmental factor influenced not only photosynthesis but also phenolic biosynthesis in vegetables. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental light spectra including red, far-red, and blue light on phenolic contents in two varieties of lettuce (green-leaf variety ‘Two Star’ and red-leaf variety ‘Red Fire’) and two varieties of spinach (‘Avon’ and ‘Bloomsdale’). The phenolics were extracted and quantitated by HPLC. Far-red and blue light but not red light resulted in an increase of phenolic contents in ‘Two Star’ lettuce. In ‘Red Fire’ lettuce, a significant increase in phenolic contents were observed when exposed to red light, while far-red and blue light reduced phenolic contents. Supplemental lighting did not alter flavonoid contents in two varieties of spinach. Taking together, the results showed that supplemental lighting and its spectral quality had significant effect on the phytochemical contents of lettuce but not spinach, and the impact varied depending upon the variety or species. Study 3: Traditionally, cancer research is primarily relied on in vitro 2D monolayer cell culture and in vivo animal model studies. Given a flat 2D cell culture that usually lacks 3D microenvironmental cell-cell interaction and considering an animal model that is typically expensive and time-consumed, an alternative 3D cell culture has been promising. This pilot study was to develop a novel 3D hydrogel cell culture model of human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells or colorectal adenocarcinoma SW480 cells by treating with chlorogenic acid (CGA) at 0-40 μM. The results showed both HepG2 and SW480 cells grew much better in 3D hydrogel culture system than 2D by extended exponential phase and high proliferation. CGA treatment resulted in a dose- and time-response inhibition of HepG2 and SW480 growth in exponential phase, while HepG2 cells were more susceptible than SW480 cells. Establishment of this novel 3D hydrogel culture model for future phytochemical function may bridge the gap between 2D cell culture and in vivo animal model studies. Taken together, this dissertation of three studies focused on phytochemicals from quantitation analysis in vegetables in response to environmental factors of high tunnel and light spectra to a novel 3D hydrogel cell culture development for potential phytochemical anti-cancer function. The conclusions, i.e., (1). high tunnel application reduced phenolic or carotenoid contents in special genotype of lettuce or tomato varieties; (2). lighting and its spectral quality had significant effect on the phytochemical contents of lettuce but not spinach; (3). establishment of a novel 3D hydrogel culture model for phytochemical treatment may bridge the gap between 2D cell culture and in vivo animal model studies, could be of particular significance in health-promoting phytochemical research and functional food application. Study 1: High tunnel production has been applied in mid-west for many years due to the advantages of extending growing season and increasing crop yield. Previous studies, however, showed high tunnel resulted in reduction of phenolic contents in vegetables. Therefore, the first study was to confirm the effect of high tunnel on phenolic contents in two varieties of lettuce (‘Two Star’ and ‘Red Fire’) and carotenoid contents in two varieties of tomatoes (‘Mountain Fresh’ and ‘Celebrity’). Phenolics in lettuce and carotenoids in tomato were isolated and quantitated, respectively, by HPLC. High tunnel resulted in a significant reduction of phenolic contents in ‘Two Star’ but not in ‘Red Fire’ lettuce when compared with open field. A significant decrease of carotenoid contents in ‘Celebrity’ but not in ‘Mountain Fresh’ tomato was also observed. Therefore, this study confirmed that high tunnel application reduced phenolic or carotenoid contents in one of the two lettuce or tomato varieties, suggesting the effect of high tunnel production is variable and genotype specific. Study 2: Light is an important environmental factor influenced not only photosynthesis but also phenolic biosynthesis in vegetables. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental light spectra including red, far-red, and blue light on phenolic contents in two varieties of lettuce (green-leaf variety ‘Two Star’ and red-leaf variety ‘Red Fire’) and two varieties of spinach (‘Avon’ and ‘Bloomsdale’). The phenolics were extracted and quantitated by HPLC. Far-red and blue light but not red light resulted in an increase of phenolic contents in ‘Two Star’ lettuce. In ‘Red Fire’ lettuce, a significant increase in phenolic contents were observed when exposed to red light, while far-red and blue light reduced phenolic contents. Supplemental lighting did not alter flavonoid contents in two varieties of spinach. Taking together, the results showed that supplemental lighting and its spectral quality had significant effect on the phytochemical contents of lettuce but not spinach, and the impact varied depending upon the variety or species. Study 3: Traditionally, cancer research is primarily relied on in vitro 2D monolayer cell culture and in vivo animal model studies. Given a flat 2D cell culture that usually lacks 3D microenvironmental cell-cell interaction and considering an animal model that is typically expensive and time-consumed, an alternative 3D cell culture has been promising. This pilot study was to develop a novel 3D hydrogel cell culture model of human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells or colorectal adenocarcinoma SW480 cells by treating with chlorogenic acid (CGA) at 0-40 M. The results showed both HepG2 and SW480 cells grew much better in 3D hydrogel culture system than 2D by extended exponential phase and high proliferation. CGA treatment resulted in a dose- and time-response inhibition of HepG2 and SW480 growth in exponential phase, while HepG2 cells were more susceptible than SW480 cells. Establishment of this novel 3D hydrogel culture model for future phytochemical function may bridge the gap between 2D cell culture and in vivo animal model studies. Taken together, this dissertation of three studies focused on phytochemicals from quantitation analysis in vegetables in response to environmental factors of high tunnel and light spectra to a novel 3D hydrogel cell culture development for potential phytochemical anti-cancer function. The conclusions, i.e., (1). high tunnel application reduced phenolic or carotenoid contents in special genotype of lettuce or tomato varieties; (2). lighting and its spectral quality had significant effect on the phytochemical contents of lettuce but not spinach; (3). establishment of a novel 3D hydrogel culture model for phytochemical treatment may bridge the gap between 2D cell culture and in vivo animal model studies, could be of particular significance in health-promoting phytochemical research and functional food application.

Der Scavenger Receptor BI (SR-BI) vermittelt den selective lipid transfer von Cholesterol und Vitamin E aus HDL in die Leber. Die zelluläre Aufnahme verschiedener Lipide aus HDL über den selben Mechanismus, vermittelt durch den selben Rezeptor wirft die Frage auf, ob diese Aufnahmeprozesse einander beeinflussen. Aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, daß die Aufnahme von neutralen Lipiden (Cholesterolester, Triacylglycerol) aus HDL in die Zelle von der Lipidzusammensetzung der Donorpartikel abhängen könnte. Wir untersuchten, ob der Vitamin-E-Gehalt von HDL die Aufnahme und den Efflux von Cholesterol in und aus HepG2-Zellen beeinflußt. Die Inkubation von HepG2-Zellen mit [3H]Cholesterol-markiertem HDL mit ansteigendem Vitamin-E-Gehalt ergab eine steigende Aufnahme von Vitamin E, während sich die Cholesterolaufnahme nicht veränderte. Der erhöhte zelluläre Gehalt an Vitamin E bewirkte eine Reduktion der PKC-Alpha- und SR-BI-Expression in Verbindung mit einem erniedrigten Cholesterolefflux aus HepG2-Zellen zu nativem HDL als Akzeptorpartikel. Die Verarmung der Zellen an Cholesterol führte zu einer erniedrigten PKC-Alpha- und SR-BI-Expression. Hingegen veränderte die Erhöhung des zellulären Cholesterolgehalts von HepG2-Zellen die PKC-Alpha- und SR-BI-Expression nicht, während der Cholesterolefflux aus HepG2-Zellen zu HDL im Vergleich zur Kontrolle gesteigert war. Wir schließen aus diesen Ergebnissen, daß Vitamin E und Cholesterol die SR-BI-Expression modulieren können und daß SR-BI den Efflux und möglicherweise auch den Influx von Cholesterol in HepG2-Zellen vermittelt. / The scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) mediates selective lipid transfer of cholesterol and vitamin E from HDL to the liver. Cellular uptake of different lipids from HDL by the same mechanism, mediated by the same receptor rise the question, whether these uptake processes affect each other. Recent results show that the cellular uptake of neutral lipids (cholesterol ester, triacylglycerol) from HDL may depend on the lipid composition of the donor particles. We investigated whether the vitamin E-content of HDL affects cholesterol uptake and efflux by HepG2 cells. Incubation of HepG2 cells with [3H]cholesterol-labeled HDL, which contained increasing vitamin E-concentrations resulted in an increased uptake of vitamin E, whereas the cholesterol uptake did not change. The increased cellular content of vitamin E caused a decreased PKCalpha and SR-BI-expression combined with a decreased cholesterol-efflux from HepG2 cells to native HDL as acceptor. Depletion of cellular cholesterol decreased PKC-alpha and SR-BI-expression in HepG2 cells. Increase of cellular cholesterol of HepG2 cells, however, did not change PKCalpha and SR-BI-expression, whereas cholesterol-efflux from HepG2 cells to HDL increased. We conclude that vitamin E and cholesterol can modulate the SR-BI-expression and that SR-BI mediates the efflux and possibly also the influx of cholesterol by HepG2 cells.