Yes / Growing up mixed race, it is hard to ignore the stark differences between the maternal and paternal sides of the family. The migrants of my dad's side of the family, journeying from places such as Norway and Ireland, settled down in New York and remained close to each other. As a child, most of my paternal family members lived less than 30 minutes away, with my paternal grandparents living on the ground floor of my childhood home. In contrast, my maternal side of the family scattered once migrated from China-with our closest family members on the West Coast of the United States, and others located in the settler-occupied territories known as Canada and Australia. Their locations were constantly shifting and moving-to the extent that it took nearly three decades for me to finally meet all of my maternal family members. It did not take long for me to understand that putting down "permanent roots" was not a Lee family trait.

This thesis project is about the educational process of design by which one learns to see the human potential in the situation of the built environment. That I believe is the universal message of this work communicated through the language of architecture. In terms of the local conditions, the project seeks to achieve this through reintroducing the architectural heritage of the city of Salt Jordan to its local and foreign audiences, engendering new appreciation for its history. / Master of Architecture

Yes / The AHRC-funded Curious Travellers project (www.visualisingheritage.org) is a data-mining and crowd sourced infrastructure to help record, manage and interpret archaeological sites, monuments and heritage at risk. It provides a priority response to the globally important challenge of sites that have been destroyed or are under immediate threat from natural disasters, neglect, conflict and cultural vandalism. The project uses two workflows to scrape web-based imagery and crowd-source imagery to recreate 3D models of sites and monuments at risk. Many threats to heritage are linked to issues of access – impacting conservation and site management as well as the safety of individuals. The project offers sustainable solutions – working with extant imagery that does not place individuals at additional safety risk, whilst helping to contextualise visible archaeology by linking to relevant site and landscape data and integrating this into local historic environment record frameworks that make this data freely accessible to all.

published_or_final_version / Asian Studies / Master / Master of Arts

The interest in heritage tourism is increasing at the same time as the price on flight tickets is decreasing. World heritage has been around since 1972 when UNESCO adopted the convention for protection and conservation of world heritage. Today they are mostly seen as global icons and excellent tourist attractions, making tourists travel from all over the world to crowd around them. But how much do the tourists actually know – and care – about the real purposes of which the world heritages are elected? This thesis aims to examine the relationship between wanting to conserve and protect a world heritage, but at the same time wanting to use it and make it available for tourists. This has been done through a case study on the world heritage of the hanseatic town of Visby and interviews have been held with several of the responsible stakeholders. The result of the study tells us about how the destination Visby see the world heritage as something valuable they want to conserve and protect, but they also see many opportunities for tourism development that either follows from, or is benefitted by, the world heritage status. A recurring view is the importance of having a living city with people not only observing, but experiencing and understanding the history and culture of the world heritage. The importance of sustainable tourism is also discussed since it is considered a key to enable tourism development and still ensure the persistence of the world heritage in Visby.

While most media-memory research focuses on particular cultural repository sites, memorials, traumatic events, media channels, or commemorative practices as objects of study to understand the construction of collective memory, this dissertation suggests it is our activity, participation, and interaction with digital content through multimodal platforms and social media applications that demonstrate how communities articulate shared memory in the new media landscape. This study examines the discursive interpretations of cultural heritage practitioners and participations from the Getty Research Institute, the Prelinger Archive and Library, and the Willamette Heritage Center to better understand how multimodal platforms are being used, how this use is changing the roles of the heritage practitioners and participants in the construction of meaning, and what types of multimodal memory practices are emerging. This research also underscores a reassessment of what constitutes heritage artifacts, authenticity, curatorial authority, and multimodal participation in digital cultural heritage. My methodological approach for this research takes a multilateral form of data collection, including in-depth interviewing, participant observations, and thematic analysis, informed by the theoretical frameworks of collective memory, remediation, and gatekeeping and unified by the social theories of art practice, social constructionism, symbolic interactionism, and actor-network theory. My primary recommendation from this research is that our digital practices of contributing, appropriating, repurposing, and sharing digital content represent new forms of memory practice in a multimodal context. I propose that these multimodal memory practices of interacting with digital content using different devices across different networks coalesce into platformed communities of memory, where communities are shaped and collective memory is shared by our interaction through social networks. I suggest that we need to think of social media output and metadata as being new forms of cultural heritage artifacts and legitimate social records. I also contend that metadata analysis presents new considerations and opportunities for studying the memory of digital content and institutional memory. It is my hope that these conclusions clarify our contemporary memory practices in the digital era so that we can better understand whose voices will be most prominent in the future articulation of how we remember the past.

O patrimônio arqueológico do município de Congonhas, Estado de Minas Gerais, vem sendo destruído ao longo de sua história mais recente por conta principalmente do crescimento urbano desordenado. A cidade cresce impulsionada pela demanda mundial por minerais como o ferro e desta forma, avança sobre os sítios arqueológicos que a circundam, sem que sejam observados alguns dos cuidados necessários ou a legislação vigente, que pesam sobre o patrimônio arqueológico brasileiro. Contudo, a Educação Patrimonial pode significar um acesso ao conhecimento sobre o patrimônio arqueológico de Congonhas e para sua preservação, utilizando de vestígios arqueológicos aflorados sobre o solo, trabalhando para produzir uma Arqueologia Pública, buscando promover a viabilização de meios de preservação e musealização de sítios arqueológicos revelados por uma Arqueologia Histórica engajada com tendências mundiais da Arqueologia, como uma alternativa coerente com a atual situação arqueológica do município. / The archaeologycalheritage in Congonhas municipal district, in Minas Gerais State, Brasil, have been destroyed along its more recent history principally by desordinated urban growing. The Town was growing impused by wordwide minerals demandas iron and this way, has advanced on archaeologycal sites that emcompasses it, withaut observing necessary cares or actual brasilian laws, that inforce on brasilian archaeological heritage. Although the heritage education can mean an acess to knowledge about Congonha\'sarchaelogical heritage and its preservation, using archaeological remains that are emerged on the groud, working to do a Public Archaeology, seeking to promote the viabilization of ways of preservation and musealization of arhaeologycal sites reveled by an Historical Archaeoloy engaged with wordwide tendencies in Archaeology, as an coherent alternative with the municipal district\'s archeological situation.

Since the fall of Saddam Hussein and the expulsion of the Ba’ath Party, sweeping political reforms dramatically changed the Republic of Iraq and how government protects and manages its cultural resources. The slow rise of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) and the rapid invasion of the Islamic State (ISIL) have upended current cultural property policies. I study the varying and overlapping constraints on heritage management practice in Iraq since the 2011 withdrawal of United States-led Coalition forces in three separate articles. The first article discusses the emergence of the Kurdistan Regional Government General Directorate of Antiquities (KRG-GDA) in Erbil as a parallel institution to the State Board of Antiquities and Heritage (SBAH) in Baghdad, and how its legally ambiguous status introduced change to Iraqi cultural resource management policy and practice. I compare and contrast the organizational structure and antiquities laws KRG-GDA and SBAH and I deduce how the existence of two occasionally conflicting bureaucratic entities may negatively affect political relations between Erbil and Baghdad. In the second article I study how regional economic fluctuations in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq have a direct impact on the local protection of archaeological resources in the area of Soran. I review the emergency excavations conducted by Rowanduz Archaeological Program (RAP) and how real estate development, infrastructure expansion, agriculture, and unemployment pose tangible threats to archaeology. In light of these pressures, I recommend policy solutions to be incorporated into future economic and political reforms proposed by the KRG. The final article discusses the rise of the ISIL and its iconoclastic campaign against places of worship, archaeological sites, educational repositories, and their contents in Syria and northern Iraq. I analyze noteworthy episodes of intentional destruction perpetrated by ISIL and I discuss how the organization both tactically and economically profits from these attacks. I also discuss how diplomatic reactions to these attacks on culture may inadvertently support fundamentalist ideology, and I propose more effective governmental responses to erode support for ISIL that also reduce the profitability of destruction, vandalism, and looting. / 2018-12-01T00:00:00Z

Ng Kar Man Carmen. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 267-298). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xv / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xvi / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- BACKGROUND OF HERITAGE TOURISM --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- THE GROWTH OF HERITAGE TOURISM --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- RESEARCH QUESTION --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- RESEARCH OBJECTIVES --- p.13 / Chapter 1.6 --- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY --- p.16 / Chapter 1.7 --- OUTLINE OF THE THESIS --- p.19 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- INTRODUCTION OF THE SITE --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1 --- SITE SELECTION CRITERIA --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA --- p.24 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- DEFINITION AND ELEMENTS OF HERITAGE --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Understanding heritage Demand --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Understanding heritage supply --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE AND THEIR DERIVATIVES --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Heritage tourism as a type of special interest tourism --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Assessing the supply of heritage tourism --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Different methods and criteria for assessment --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- MARKETING HERITAGE TOURISM --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Understanding market segment and assessing heritage demand --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Understanding market segment and assessing heritage motivations --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- The major motivations of heritage tourism --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Analyzing motivations of heritage tourism --- p.41 / Chapter 3.4 --- ASSESSMENT OF HERITAGE TOURISM DEMAND BASED ON PUSH AND PULL FACTORS --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- What are push factors? --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- The use of push factors in research --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- What are pull factors? --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- The use of pull factors in research --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Relationship between the push and the pull factors --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- Researches utilizing both factors --- p.48 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Images and perceptions influence over satisfaction in demand --- p.48 / Chapter 3.5 --- HERITAGE TOURISM MANAGEMENT --- p.50 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Importance of heritage tourism management --- p.50 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Different aspect of heritage management --- p.52 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- The relationship between management and tourism --- p.53 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Objectives of tourism management --- p.54 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.56 / Chapter 4.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2 --- ASSESSING THE MARKET DEMAND --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Data sources --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- The questionnaire design --- p.58 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Data Analysis --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Factor analysis --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Canonical correlation analysis --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.3.3 --- Cluster analysis --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.3.4 --- Discriminant analysis of motivation --- p.60 / Chapter 4.3 --- ASSESSING THE COMMUNITY´ةS ATTRIBUTE --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Data source --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Basic structure of the matrix --- p.62 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Data interpretation --- p.64 / Chapter 4.4 --- ASSESSING THE COMMUNITY'S PERCEPTION AND CONCERN…… --- p.64 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Data Source --- p.64 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Questionnaire setting --- p.65 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- ASSESSMENT OF MARKET DEMAND --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.68 / Chapter 5.2 --- THE SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS --- p.68 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Nationality --- p.68 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Gender --- p.68 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- age --- p.69 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Education level --- p.69 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Career --- p.69 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Income level --- p.70 / Chapter 5.3 --- THE CONTEXT OF DEMAND --- p.72 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Visitors motivation for travel --- p.72 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Factor analysis of push and pull factors --- p.73 / Chapter 5.3.2.1 --- Factor grouping of push factors --- p.73 / Chapter 5.3.2.2 --- Factor grouping of pull factors --- p.75 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Segmentation based on canonical correlation analysis --- p.77 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Comparing the results generated by factor analysis and canonical correlation analysis --- p.79 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Identification of market segment based on cluster analysis …… --- p.80 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- The discriminant analysis --- p.84 / Chapter 5.3.6.1 --- The general result from the discriminant analysis --- p.84 / Chapter 5.3.6.2 --- Discriminant functions，predicting power --- p.85 / Chapter 5.4 --- THE CONTEXT OF VISITORS' PERCEPTION --- p.86 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- VISITORS´ة PERCEPTION ON HERITAGE TOURISM --- p.86 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Visitors´ة perception on the destination's image and attributes --- p.90 / Chapter 5.5 --- "VISITORS TRAVELING PATTERN: DURATION, TIME AND COMPOSITION" --- p.93 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Visiting time --- p.93 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Visiting component --- p.94 / Chapter 5.6 --- VISITORS SATISFACTION --- p.97 / Chapter 5.7. --- IDENTIFYING THE DIFFERENCES AMONG THE CLUSTERS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS --- p.99 / Chapter 5.7.1 --- Difference among socio-demographic factors among the four clusters --- p.99 / Chapter 5.7.2 --- Difference in terms of the push factors --- p.101 / Chapter 5.7.3 --- Differences in terms of the pull factors --- p.103 / Chapter 5.7.4 --- Differences among traveling pattern --- p.105 / Chapter 5.7.5 --- Difference in perception --- p.105 / Chapter 5.7.6 --- Difference among satisfaction --- p.107 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- ASSESSMENT OF THE RESOURCES FOR HERITAGE TOURISM --- p.111 / Chapter 6.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.111 / Chapter 6.2 --- THE RESOURCE AUDIT --- p.111 / Chapter 6.3 --- ASSESSING THE TOURISM POTENTIAL OF EACH ASSET --- p.119 / Chapter 6.3.1. --- The promenade --- p.120 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- The General Rock --- p.123 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- The natural mangrove --- p.126 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- Chinese White Dolphin --- p.130 / Chapter 6.3.5 --- Hung Shing Temple --- p.133 / Chapter 6.3.6 --- Yeung Hau Temple --- p.136 / Chapter 6.3.7 --- Tin Hau Temple at Market Street --- p.139 / Chapter 6.3.8 --- Tin Hau Temple at San Tsuen --- p.142 / Chapter 6.3.9 --- Lung Ngam Monastery --- p.144 / Chapter 6.3.10 --- KWAN TAI TEMPLE --- p.147 / Chapter 6.3.11 --- Kwa Kwong Temple --- p.150 / Chapter 6.3.12 --- Fuk Tak Palace and the Door To Tei --- p.152 / Chapter 6.3.13 --- Museum --- p.154 / Chapter 6.3.14 --- Stilt-houses --- p.157 / Chapter 6.3.15 --- Disused salt pan --- p.161 / Chapter 6.2.16 --- Old Police Station --- p.164 / Chapter 6.3.17 --- Tai O Cultural Workshop --- p.167 / Chapter 6.3.18 --- Wing On Street --- p.170 / Chapter 6.3.19 --- Hand-pulled ferry --- p.173 / Chapter 6.3.20 --- Shrimp Paste Factory --- p.176 / Chapter 6.3.21 --- Tanka wedding ceremony --- p.179 / Chapter 6.3.22 --- Obelisk --- p.182 / Chapter 6.4 --- OVERALL TOURISM POTENTIAL --- p.190 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- LOCAL COMMUNITY'S ATTITUDE AND PERCEPTION --- p.196 / Chapter 7.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.196 / Chapter 7.2 --- DISTURBANCE CAUSED BY VISITATION --- p.196 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Increasing traffic congestion --- p.197 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Pressure on local facilities --- p.198 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Destruction on heritage resources --- p.198 / Chapter 7.2.4 --- Over commercialization --- p.199 / Chapter 7.2.5 --- Littering --- p.199 / Chapter 7.2.6 --- Declining exotic ambience of the destination --- p.200 / Chapter 7.2.7 --- Noise pollution --- p.200 / Chapter 7.2.8 --- Air pollution due to increasing traffic --- p.201 / Chapter 7.2.9 --- Language and cultural conflicts --- p.201 / Chapter 7.3 --- BENEFITS BROUGHT BY THE VISITATIONS --- p.202 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Allow younger generation to learn more about the destination's characteristics --- p.203 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- Devoting more resources to Tai o --- p.203 / Chapter 7.3.3 --- IMPROVING BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY --- p.204 / Chapter 7.3.4 --- PRESERVING THE TRADITION OF O --- p.204 / Chapter 7.3.5 --- Packaging to target foreign visitors --- p.205 / Chapter 7.3.6 --- Allow more people to get to know Tai O --- p.205 / Chapter 7.3.7 --- The role of government --- p.206 / Chapter 7.3.8 --- Increased unity of the local community --- p.206 / Chapter 7.3.9 --- Provision of job opportunities --- p.207 / Chapter 7.4. --- LOCAL PARTICIPATION ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT --- p.208 / Chapter 7.4.1 --- Local community's perception on heritage tourism --- p.209 / Chapter 7.4.2 --- Willingness to participate in tourism development ofTai O --- p.210 / Chapter 7.4.3 --- Community's perception on initiatives to promote the site --- p.212 / Chapter CHAPTER 8 --- DISCUSSION: INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK ENGAGING MARKETING AND MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES --- p.216 / Chapter 8.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.216 / Chapter 8.2 --- THE GENERAL MARKET SITUATION --- p.216 / Chapter 8.2.1 --- Market share of different segments --- p.217 / Chapter 8.2.2 --- Identify the potential market --- p.218 / Chapter 8.3 --- ENHANCING THE POTENTIAL MARKET --- p.223 / Chapter 8.3.1 --- Provision of educational experience --- p.223 / Chapter 8.3.1.1 --- Opening the stilt-houses for visitation --- p.224 / Chapter 8.3.1.2 --- Stilt-houses for accommodation --- p.225 / Chapter 8.3.1.3 --- Resumption of hand-pulled ferry services to enhance unique experience --- p.227 / Chapter 8.3.1.4 --- Learning traditional cultural and practices --- p.228 / Chapter 8.3.1.5 --- Establishing eco and religious trails --- p.228 / Chapter 8.3.1.6 --- Better interpretative resources --- p.231 / Chapter 8.3.2 --- Promotional channel for the novelty seekers --- p.233 / Chapter 8.3.3 --- Education --- p.234 / Chapter 8.3.4 --- Mass media --- p.234 / Chapter 8.3.5 --- Memory enhancement --- p.235 / Chapter 8.4 --- IMAGE OF THE DESTINATION --- p.236 / Chapter 8.4.1 --- IMAGE AND SATISFACTION --- p.236 / Chapter 8.4.2 --- Appropriate image positioning --- p.238 / Chapter 8.5 --- INTEGRATING MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING INITIATIVES --- p.241 / Chapter 8.5.1 --- Managing the visitor flow and time of visit --- p.241 / Chapter 8.5.2 --- Selective promotional strategy and visitors' code of conduct --- p.243 / Chapter 8.6 --- EQUIP THE LOCAL COMMUNITY'S READINESS FOR PARTICIPATION --- p.244 / Chapter 8.6.1 --- Arouse the local concern towards management and sustainable tourism --- p.244 / Chapter 8.6.2 --- Equip local community for direct participation --- p.246 / Chapter 8.6.3 --- Equip the local community with a stable financial support --- p.247 / Chapter 8.7 --- GOVERNMENTAL EFFORT IN WIDENING THE ATTRIBUTES´ة ROBUSTICITY AND APPEAL --- p.249 / Chapter 8.7.1 --- Technical support from government --- p.249 / Chapter 8.7.2 --- Introducing a supportive government policy --- p.250 / Chapter CHAPTER 9 --- CONCLUSION --- p.252 / Chapter 9.1 --- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS --- p.252 / Chapter 9.2 --- LIMITATIONS --- p.260 / Chapter 9.3 --- RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH --- p.262 / Chapter 9.3.1 --- Applying the framework and methodology at potential sites --- p.262 / Chapter 9.3.2 --- Improving the matrix --- p.263 / Chapter 9.3.3 --- Categorize potential visitors --- p.264 / Chapter 9.3.4 --- The future direction of research --- p.265 / REFERENCES --- p.267 / APPENDIX 1 --- p.299 / APPENDIX 2 --- p.302 / APPENDIX 3 --- p.304

This thesis analyses the roles played by international, national, regional and local organisations and discourses in the heritage valorisation and conservation of modernist architecture – a process that has so far spanned some three decades. A leading role in this narrative has been played by international conservation organisations, which have acted as a unifying front for conservation advocacy and defined a conservation ideology that integrates the principles of both the modern movement and the conservation movement. Partly, this international emphasis has stemmed from the characteristics of the 20th century Modern Movement itself, including its strong strain of cosmopolitanism, as well as its still controversial reputation today at a local level. This initially gave the proselytising of modernist conservation a somewhat elite, trans-national character, exemplified by pioneering organisations such as DOCOMOMO. Yet the ‘internationalism’ of modernist conservation is only part of the story – for to establish this innovative new strand of heritage on a more entrenched basis, the familiar, more locally specific organisations and discourses that had supported previous phases of conservation growth were also increasingly applied to ‘MoMo’ heritage. This ‘on the ground’ involvement represented a convergence with more ‘traditional’ conservation practices, both in advocacy and campaigning, and in the research-led documentation required to document buildings’ significance and continued fitness for purpose. These geographically-specific forces operate at both a national level and also a regional or even local scale, as the thesis illustrates by the two national case studies of Great Britain and the United States of America. Although both countries shared numerous cultural similarities, especially the 19th century veneration of private property, the far more emphatic 20th century turn towards state interventionism in Britain led to a strong divergence regarding modernist heritage, both in the overall character of the modernist architecture built in the two countries (far more ‘capitalistic’ in the US) and in the approach to heritage conservation (more state-dominated in GB). In Great Britain, following on from the comprehensive post-WWII government ‘listing’ programme, the statutory heritage bodies – ‘regionally’ differentiated between England and Scotland - have maintained their leading role in the conservation of modern movement heritage through initiatives to identify buildings of significance, and powerful city planning authorities have provided co-ordinated enforcement. In the US, on the other hand, heritage protection has stayed faithful to its philanthropic roots and the onus of modern movement conservation is left to voluntary advocacy groups who then must campaign to have buildings protected piecemeal by local city or state preservation bodies.