In this inquiry I pursue two tasks. First, I locate the roots of Heidegger's philosophical project historically within a specific theological discourse bent on redefining the relation between religion and politics. Heidegger's main, if covert, intent was to combat the egalitarian, pluralistic impulses carried by a tradition of critical Christology, which leads from F.W.J. Schelling's (1775-1854) Philosophy of Revelation to the work of the radical theologian-philosopher Paul Tillich (1886-1965). These egalitarian impulses spring from a broadened understanding of religious community as a material communication community unified through the use of shared symbols into a community of understanding, knowledge, and interests. The theoretical expansion and deepening of such a communication model, I detect in the writings of the renegade Neogrammarian, Hermann Paul, here considered in light of the "neo-Idealist" initiative of one of Paul's most prominent critics, the Romanist Karl Vossler. Prior to the advanced theological exposition of symbolically mediated communication, in works such as Tillich's book Dynamics of Faith (2001; Engl. orig.1957), the Neogrammarian movement in language studies, I argue, holds the key to accessing the cloaked Christological subtext of Heidegger's thought. Second, after thus locating Heidegger's philosophical agenda within its intellectual-historical context, I expose how Heidegger manipulates philosophical rhetoric to achieve the suspension of Schelling's theological legacy. My analysis of Heidegger's rhetorical behavior is focused on his Letter on Humanism (written 1946, published 1949), a text very overt in both its philosophical biases and its politics. The Humanismusbrief comes the closest to revealing Heidegger's own self-positioning within his generation. The work's conclusion provides a brief look ahead, or Ausblick, to indicate the main features of how these findings about the Letter can be brought to bear on Heidegger's masterpiece fragment, Being and Time. Through this approach, Heidegger's inherently political philosophy gains a much clearer profile in the context of its formative phase in the waning days of the Weimar Republic and opens a new perspective on later attempts by its author to "re-apply" his philosophical program to the cultural situation of postwar Germany, as well as to the ethical-epistemological problems remaining after twelve years of German isolationism. / text

L'entre-deux-guerres commence à la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale et s'inscrit dans une volonté de changement, de paix durable et d'un nouvel ordre international. Cependant, la réalité du retour à la paix est compliquée par l'ampleur du conflit. L'espace public est transformé: monuments aux morts, destructions, veuves et orphelins. Il y a aussi une réflexion sur la durabilité de la civilisation occidentale : ses limites, ses modèles et ses dangers. Ce mémoire étudie la vision d’un artiste, Hermann-Paul, afin de connaitre les représentations d’un contemporain de l’entre-deux-guerres sur la France et les modèles de la civilisation occidentale. L’étude se concentre sur son travail dans la presse, plus particulièrement sur l’hebdomadaire Je suis partout qui offre le double avantage de pouvoir suivre l’artiste chaque semaine sur une décennie de décembre 1930 à février 1940. Plusieurs questions guident cette recherche. Quelle est la France d’Hermann-Paul? Pourquoi semble-t-elle en crise et quels en sont les modèles et les contre modèles? Les pacifistes sont des acteurs majeurs de la période qui défendent l’idée d’une paix durable. Par leur volonté de changement, ils participent aussi à cette angoisse civilisationnelle. Comment le caricaturiste les intègre-t-il dans sa vision française? Le mémoire se concentre également sur l’instrumentalisation du genre, et sousensemble qu’est la virilité. Il y a une carence d’études francophones dans ce domaine. Ce travail a donc pour objectif de participer à l’exploration du domaine de la virilité en histoire avec le cas d’Hermann-Paul. La caricature est une opportunité puisque ce format instrumentalise les codes du dessin et de la virilité afin de construire, justifier et en détourner les représentations. / The inter-war period began at the end of the First World War and was part of a desire for change, lasting peace and a new international order. However, the reality of a return to peace is complicated by the scale of the conflict. The public space is transformed: monuments to the dead, destruction, widows and orphans. There is also a reflection on the sustainability of Western civilization: its limits, its models and its dangers. This paper examines the vision of an artist, Hermann-Paul, in order to know contemporary representations of inter-war France and the models of Western civilization. The study focuses here on Hermann-Paul’s work in the press, particularly in the weekly magazine Je suis partout, which offers the advantage of being able to follow the artist every week over a decade from December 1930 to February 1940. Several questions guide this research. What is Hermann-Paul's France? Why does it seem to be in crisis and what are the models and counter-models? Peace activists, who defend the idea of a lasting peace, are major actors of the period. Through their desire for change, they also participate in this civilizational anguish. How does the caricaturist integrate them into his French vision? The paper also focuses on the instrumentalization of gender, and subset that is masculinity. There is still a lack of Francophone studies in this area. The objective of this study is to participate in the historical analysis of the field of virility, with the case of Hermann-Paul. The caricature is an opportunity since this format instrumentalizes the codes of drawing and virility in order to construct, justify and divert representations.