Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T14:52:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Agnelo Jose Vitti.pdf: 640233 bytes, checksum: ecfaee175905565f39d3d5a461af0b91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-06 / Despite its presence in many soybean production regions in Brazil and its high damage potential, soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines), has been efficiently controlled by crop rotation and the use of soybean cultivars resistant to the main nematode races in the country. However, the continuous use of those cultivars can change the nematode populations leading to resistance break down. Few resistance genes availability, associated to the difficulties of inserting multiple races resitance to high productivity cultivares without yield drag tends to worsen the long-term perspectives of nematode anagement. Thus, auxiliary control measures, aiming at minimizing the selection pressure effects, exercised by the resistant varieties on nematode of detection frequency in number of areas and populational density of root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus brachyurus), has been related in soybean main growing regions in Brazil. Although its potential of damage to soybean crop is still controversial, its poliphagous behavior leaves few options for crop rotation with soybean, and can increase their populations to the economic damage levels in the near future. With the objective of testing the nematicide effect of abamectin as seed treatment, and its interaction with other products on population management of these nematode species, it was carried out greenhouse and field trials, testing three doses of abamectin with or without thiabendazol or acibenzolar-S-methyl addition, for H. glycines and P. brachyurus control, respectively. Although not showing effect on soybean yield, in field tests, the dose of 50 g of abamectin.ha-¹ reduced significantly the number of eggs produced by H. glycines at 30 days after planting, the number of females in the plants roots at 45 days, with reduction in the number of females and cysts recovered from the soil at root zone at 60 days, in the susceptible cultivar. Thiabendazole addition reduced the number of eggs per female at 60 days, but not in other assessments carried out 30 and 45 days after planting. However, the same was not observed for the soybean cultivar resistant to race 14. In all assessment date, that cultivar produced a number of females significantly smaller in the roots and soil and higher yield than the susceptible cultivar. In pot tests under greenhouse conditions, it was observed significant differences between cultivars, besides the treatments made in the seeds, in assessments carried out 30 days after planting. It was not observed significant differences to seed treatments with abamectin or acibenzolar-S-methyl on P. brachyurus populations recovered from soybean roots, neither among the cultivars tested in field nor in greenhouse conditions. It was concluded that seed treatment with abamectin at 50 g. ha-¹ as seed treatment is effective at reducing the H. glycines population and can be used as one more option against the directional selection imposed by the use of soybean resistant cultivars. / O nematóide de cisto da soja (Heterodera glycines), apesar de sua presença em solos das principais regiões produtoras de soja do Brasil e de seu potencial de dano, tem sido eficientemente controlado com a rotação de culturas e utilização de cultivares resistentes às principais raças presentes no país. Entretanto, a utilização contínua destas cultivares, pode levar a mudanças populacionais que venham quebrar estas resistências. A pouca disponibilidade de gens de resistência, vinculado à dificuldade de inserção de resistência a múltiplas raças às cultivares elite de soja, sem decréscimo de produtividade, tende a agravar as perspectivas a longo prazo. Assim, medidas de controle auxiliares, visando minimizar os efeitos da pressão de seleção exercida pelas cultivares resistentes são recomendadas para o manejo populacional de H. glycines. O aumento das detecções do nematóide das lesões radiculares (Pratylenchus brachyurus), tanto em número de áreas, como na densidade populacional por área, tem sido relatado nas principais regiões de cultivo de soja no Brasil. Apesar do seu potencial de dano à cultura ainda ser controverso, seu comportamento polífago, deixa poucas opções para rotação de cultivos com a soja, podendo elevar as suas populações a níveis de dano econômico em futuro próximo. Visando testar o efeito do nematicida abamectina, via tratamento de sementes, e sua interação com outros produtos, no manejo populacional destes nematóides, foram conduzidos experimentos de campo e casa de vegetação, sendo testadas três doses de abamectina com ou sem a adição de tiabendazol ou acibenzolar-S-metil, para o controle de H. glycines, ou P. brachyurus, respectivamente. Apesar de não ter demonstrado efeito sobre a produtividade da cultura nos testes de campo a dose de 50 g de abamectina.ha-¹ reduziu significativamente o número de ovos produzidos por fêmea de H. glycines aos 30 dias após a semeadura (DAS), o número de fêmeas nas raízes das plantas aos 45 DAS, com consequente redução no número de cistos recuperados no solo aos 60 DAS, na cultivar suscetível à raça 14, BRSGO Luziânia. A adição de tiabendazol, reduziu o número de ovos por fêmea aos 60 DAS, mas não nas demais avaliações. Entretanto, estas diferenças não foram observadas para a cultivar resistente, BRSGO Ipameri. Em todas as avaliações, esta cultivar apresentou número significativamente menor de fêmeas nas raízes e no solo, e produtividade de grãos superior ao observado em BRSGO Luziânia. Em testes em vasos, conduzidos em casa de vegetação, houve diferença significativa entre cultivares, mas não entre os tratamentos com fungicidas efetuados nas sementes, nas avaliações conduzidas ao 30 DAS. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas dos tratamentos com abamectina ou acibenzolar-S-metil nas populações de P. brachyurus, recuperados das raízes de plantas de soja, nem entre as cultivares testadas em campo ou casa de vegetação. Frente aos resultados obtidos conclui-se que o tratamento com abamectina a 50 g.ha-¹, via tratamento de sementes, é efetivo na redução populacional de H. glycines e pode ser utilizado como mais uma ferramenta contra a seleção direcional imposta pelo uso de cultivares de soja resistentes.

Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / William T. Schapaugh Jr / Fusarium virguliforme, the soilborne fungus which causes sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean, and Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, soybean cyst nematode (SCN), are two economically important pathogens in the Midwest. The pathogens are often found together in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) fields. This study was conducted to determine the effect of soybean genotype, F. virguliforme populations, and H. glycines populations have upon yield and to examine the interaction between the two pathogens. In 2008 and 2009, four genotypes with different levels of resistance to SDS and H. glycines were planted at seven environments. F. virguliforme and H. glycines soil populations were quantified at planting, midseason, and harvest. At the end of the growing season, area under the disease progress curves of SDS, F. virguliforme root populations, and H. glycines reproductive indices were determined and plots harvested for seed yield. Soil populations of F. virguliforme and H. glycines at planting, midseason, and harvest varied across environments. Within environments, generally, they were not significantly different. Seed yield varied within and across environments. As disease pressure increased, the performance of resistant genotypes increased compared to susceptible genotypes. Genotypes resistant to SDS yielded higher than susceptible genotypes. There were negative correlations between yield and disease rating and F. virguliforme root populations. F. virguliforme soil populations and H. glycines populations at planting were positively correlated. It is important to manage both SDS and H. glycines in fields with a history of the two diseases. This can be achieved through genetic resistance. Information in this study will improve decisions regarding genotype selection to minimize losses to SDS and H. glycines.

Master of Science / Department of Plant Pathology / Harold Trick / The object of this study was to find a target sequence for the known Heterodera glycines Y25 sequence that contained no homology to any known Glycine max genes so homologous endogenous soybean gene expression will not be effected. In addition, in attempt to improve the accuracy of SCN bioassays performed in greenhouse settings, applications of a variety of insecticides with differing modes of action were applied to screen for any detectable effects on the SCN populations. The full-length sequence of the Y25 gene was blasted against the G. max genome using the National Center for Biotechnology Information blast database and a portion of the gene was found to contained no homology to the G. max genome. A rapid hairy root assay was used to screen for resistance to H. glycines. The sequence was transformed into Agrobacterium rhizogenes using a modified heat shock method. The transformed A. rhizogenes were used to inoculate soybean seedlings. The inoculated seedlings developed hairy roots expressing the target sequence. Upon finishing the hairy root assay it was discovered that there were no detectable differences across any of the treatments or the controls. It was neither proved nor disproved that the new target sequence containing no homology to the G. max genome was as effective as the original target. Further investigation will need to be conducted to show the level of control for the new target sequence.

Master of Science / Department of Statistics / Perla Reyes / Heterodera glycines, or the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), is a parasite that targets and damages the roots of soybean plants. It is the most yield-limiting pathogen of soybean in the U.S. and the reliable detection and accurate estimation of population densities is crucial to research and management of this pathogen. A study was performed to understand the effects of crop rotation on the prevalence of SCN. Standard sampling procedures in the plant pathology community dictate taking soil samples from potentially infected fields, processing them and counting the number of eggs in one 1 mL subsample via microscope. Suspecting the traditional procedure may lead to invalid results, false negatives in particular, the researcher created and implemented a sampling procedure based on his knowledge of sampling methods and constraints of sampling in the field. Using the data collected, we will discuss the strengths and limitations of the procedure in estimating the population density of SCN in the field. In addition, a simulation study informed by the data will be conducted to determine a sampling strategy that will yield accurate results while still considering the conditions in the field. Knowledge on how the different stages of the sampling procedure for SCN affect the accurate detection of the pathogen would extend to experimental designs and sampling methodologies for other soil dwelling organisms.

Includes bibliography / xxvii, 278, xxiv leaves, [43] leaves of plates : ill ; 31 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Plant Pathology, 1987

Copy of author's previously published article inserted. / Bibliography: leaves 60-75. / viii, 75, [40] leaves, [24] leaves of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Crop Protection, 1995?

Copy of author's previously published article inserted. Bibliography: leaves 60-75.

Bibliography: leaves 121-141.

Bibliography: leaves 121-141. / viii, 151 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Plant Science, 1996?

Bibliography: leaves 172-180 / vi, 180 leaves, [29] leaves of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Plant Pathology, 1983