Diss.--Breslau. / Vita.

My dissertation questions contemporary accounts of a transition from modern to global urbanization, as embedded in urban geography literature and in popular debates, policies, and urban planning practices in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. The dominant transition narrative argues that there has been a shift from forms of modern urbanization (localized, state-based transitions from rural to urban) to emergent and uncertain forms of global, even planetary, urbanization: that we live, for the first time in human history, in an urban world. These accounts claim, ultimately, that the spacetimes, forms, categories, and practices or experiences of urbanization have changed irrevocably, and that politics is changing with it. In other words, they offer what I call transition metanarratives of the spatiotemporality, ontology, epistemology, and phenomenology of both urbanization and politics. Despite these claims of radical transformations in urbanization and politics, the geographic and political imaginaries in these accounts rely on boundary practices that invoke distinctively modern arrangements. The patterns of progress and return that these boundary practices generate are characteristic of the aporia. An aporia is a line that, in the process of being drawn, simultaneous constitutes entities, categories, or concepts as mutually incompatible and jointly necessary (Derrida 1993). These entities can take the form of a traditional binary (rural/urban; nature/culture; local/global; whiteness/other), or of a presence and its limit (this body/that body; community/lack of community), or of what might be called the boundaries of authorization (spacetime, ontology, epistemology, phenomenology). In all cases, aporetic boundaries create inherently unstable relations that Foucault (2002: 371) characterizes as the “hiatus between the ‘and,’” the spatial gap and temporal pause within the dynamic of determination and redetermination. The instability of the aporetic hiatus generates a desire for sovereign security, even as it ensures that sovereignty is an impossible dream. My dissertation interprets development iii iv proposals and community plans in Kelowna as expressions of these patterns of aporetic boundary generation, degeneration, and regeneration. In the midst of this encounter with seemingly over-determined limits, the aporetic hiatus offers a productive site of under- determination, where the drive for the sovereign capacity to decide and determine is held, temporarily at least, in abeyance. I use local aesthetic productions – the ‘revitalization’ of the downtown main street; an artist’s residency/installation piece – to engage the hiatus as a site where the vulnerability of aporetic boundaries can be experienced not as threat but as possibility. Rather than a determinative politics of the alternative, the transition, or the escape, which reproduces dominant modern geographical and political boundaries as authoritative and inescapable, this aporetic hiatus opens modes of engaging with the unstable boundaries of politics, without the panicked return to sovereign decision- making. / Graduate / delacey@uvic.ca

The temporary slowdown in large-scale surface warming during the early 2000s has been attributed to both external and internal sources of climate variability. Using semiempirical estimates of the internal low-frequency variability component in Northern Hemisphere, Atlantic, and Pacific surface temperatures in concert with statistical hindcast experiments, we investigate whether the slowdown and its recent recovery were predictable. We conclude that the internal variability of the North Pacific, which played a critical role in the slowdown, does not appear to have been predictable using statistical forecast methods. An additional minor contribution from the North Atlantic, by contrast, appears to exhibit some predictability. While our analyses focus on combining semiempirical estimates of internal climatic variability with statistical hindcast experiments, possible implications for initialized model predictions are also discussed.

During 1998-2012, climate change and sea level rise (SLR) exhibit two notable features: a slowdown of global surface warming (hiatus) and a rapid SLR in the tropical western Pacific. To quantify their relationship, we analyze the long-term control simulations of 38 climate models. We find a significant and robust correlation between the east-west contrast of dynamic sea level (DSL) in the Pacific and global mean surface temperature (GST) variability on both interannual and decadal time scales. Based on linear regression of the multimodel ensemble mean, the anomalously fast SLR in the western tropical Pacific observed during 1998-2012 indicates suppression of a potential global surface warming of 0.16 degrees 0.06 degrees C. In contrast, the Pacific contributed 0.29 degrees 0.10 degrees C to the significant interannual GST increase in 1997/1998. The Pacific DSL anomalies observed in 2015 suggest that the strong El Nino in 2015/2016 could lead to a 0.21 degrees 0.07 degrees C GST jump.

En quoi le phénomène de hiatus, observé au sein des interactions langagières orales, peut-il devenir un révélateur d’obstacles aux apprentissages scolaires, dans les disciplines où l’émotion esthétique est sollicitée ?Pour traiter cette question, et plus spécifiquement le phénomène de hiatus et ses manifestations en situation scolaire, notre recherche convoque des travaux issus des sciences du langage, de la didactique, de la littérature, de la sociologie de l’éducation ainsi que de l’anthropologie. Prenant appui sur 7 corpus enregistrés dans des classes de fin de cycle 3, nous avons analysé le rôle et les marqueurs de hiatus dans la construction de contenus disciplinaires tels que la compréhension et l’interprétation d’œuvres littéraires ou de productions plastiques réalisées par les élèves. En tant qu’action langagière, le hiatus apparaît, dans les données recueillies, comme un lieu de tensions entre des sens et des significations, entre des pratiques sociales de référence déjà construites par certains élèves et des pratiques scolaires qui les convoquent, le tout au sein d’activités langagières scolaires et scolarisées. Selon nous, l’enjeu didactique est alors de faire de ces lieux de tensions, voire de ruptures, cognitivo-verbales - observables dans les discours - des « objets problèmes didactiques » afin notamment que les élèves en difficulté, et pourtant porteurs de questions en adéquation avec l’activité demandée par l’enseignant, puissent mener à bien la construction des objets enseignés. Au final, cette étude de cas permet de cibler des manifestations de hiatus en situation scolaire et d’interroger leurs effets sur la transformation des situations étudiées, sur la place et le rôle des apprenants, sur leurs difficultés scolaires dans les disciplines et les activités considérées ainsi que sur la construction de significations. / How may the phenomenon of hiatus, observed within oral language interactions, become an indicator of obstacles to school learning in school subject that appeal to aesthetic emotion?To address this question, and more specifically the phenomenon of hiatus and its outward signs in a school context, our research brings together work from language science, didactics, literature, educational sociology and anthropology. Focusing on 7 groups recorded at the end of the elementary school cycle, we have analysed the role and the markers of hiatus in the building of subject content such as the understanding and interpretation of literary works or the handiwork produced by pupils. As a language action, the phenomenon of hiatus appears in the data collected as a site of tension between senses and meanings, between benchmark social practices already acquired by certain pupils and school practices that summon them, all within school and school-related language activities. In our opinion, the didactic issue here is to turn these sites of cognitive-verbal tension or even rupture – observable in speech – into « didactic issue items » so that pupils experiencing difficulties – yet still asking questions that are relevant to the activity requested by the teacher – may succeed in their construction of the subjects being taught. Ultimately, this case study allows us to target outward signs of hiatus in a school context and to query their effects on the transformation of studied situations, on the place and role of teachers, on their schooling difficulties in the school subject and activities under consideration, and on the building of significations.

Cette thèse décrit les aspirations intrusives, saillantes mais labiles, souvent représentées par /h/ ou [h], dans l’anglais L2 des francophones (par exemple : I hate pasta au lieu de I ate pasta). Le phonème /h/ est débile dans les langues indo-européennes. Historiquement, la consonne subit une lénition progressive, avec une forte variation linguistique et extralinguistique (diatopique, diastratique et diachronique). La fricative glottale /h/ à l’attaque de mot en anglais L1 est caractérisée par i) l’ouverture de la glotte et ii) la configuration supraglottale de la voyelle suivante. Dans cette étude, les réalisations des attaques de mot en anglais sont étudiées à partir de trois sortes de données : i) un texte lu par 8 anglophones et 10 francophones, ii) la parole spontanée de 25 francophones et iii) un test de perception passé par 30 francophones. La fréquence d’apparition des aspirations intrusives montre une forte variabilité inter- et intra-locuteurs. Elles sont retrouvées exclusivement i) en position initiale absolue ou ii) après un phone vocalique. Une pause, une glottalisation ou une aspiration sont trois procédés qui conduisent à augmenter l’écart temporel entre deux voyelles en hiatus. Une glottalisation ou une aspiration ont en commun de correspondre à une tension glottale. Les aspirations illicites semblent être des traces d’hypercorrection qui pourraient être dues i) à une assimilation incomplète du contraste phonétique [ʔ] ~ [h] de l’anglais, ii) à la réparation phonologique facultative de *#V, iii) à un geste de constriction glottale n’atteignant pas sa cible (glottalisation inchoative) et à un geste intrusif d’ouverture glottale. La correction phonétique proposée par le professeur recherche la prise de conscience par l’apprenant i) du contrôle de la glotte pour l’aspiration, la glottalisation et le maintien d’un voisement modal en frontière morphologique, et ii) des particularités syllabiques du français et de l’anglais qui font des frontières de mot des points d’achoppement potentiels en anglais L2. / This dissertation describes some salient, yet variable, intrusive tokens of aspiration, often represented by /h/ or [h], in French learners’ L2 English productions (e.g. : I hate pasta instead of I ate pasta). The phoneme /h/ is weak in Indo-European languages. Historically, the consonant has undergone progressive lenition and exhibits strong intralinguistic and extralinguistic --diachronic, dialectal and stylistic-- variation. The glottal fricative /h/ at English word onsets is characterised by i) an open glottis and ii) the supraglottal configuration of the following vowel. In the present study, the onsets of English words are analysed in three types of data: i) a text read by 8 native English speakers and 10 French learners of English, ii) spontaneous speech elicited from 25 French learners and iii) a perception test taken by 30 French-speaking students. The frequency of intrusive tokens of aspiration at L2 English word onsets shows high inter- and intra-speaker variability. Importantly, however, they only surface i) in strict initial position or ii) after a vocalic sound. A pause, some glottalisation or some aspiration are three processes that contribute to increasing the time span between two vowels in a hiatus context. Glottalisation and aspiration both correspond to glottal tension. Illicit tokens of aspiration can be considered as occurrences of hypercorrection, which may result from : i) incomplete assimilation of the English [ʔ] ~ [h] contrast, ii) optional phonological repair of *#V, iii) a glottal constriction gesture that fails to reach its target (i.e. inchoative glottalisation) and an intrusive gesture of glottal opening. Phonetic corrective feedback in L2 learning is proposed. It aims at raising the learner’s awareness of i) glottal control for aspiration, glottalisation, and continuous modal voicing across word boundaries and ii) some syllabic specificities of French and English that make word boundaries potential stumbling blocks in French learners’ L2 English.

Research on prosodic structure, the underlying structure organising the prosodic grouping of spoken utterances, has shown that it consists of hierarchically organised prosodic constituents. The present thesis explores the nature of this constituency, in particular the question of whether prosodic structure is comprised of a given set of qualitatively distinct domains, or of a set of domains of the same type varying only gradiently in "strength", or a possible mixture of both types of relations across prosodic levels. This question is addressed by testing how prosodic constituency (mirrored on boundary strength manipulations) is signalled acoustically via pre- and post-boundary durations, intonation contours, and two sandhi processes, namely vowel hiatus resolution and post-nasal stop voicing in Modern Greek. Results show that the phonetic signalling of boundary strength provides support for a mixture of both differences of type and strength across prosodic levels, with some levels only differing in terms of their strength. Pre-boundary durations and resolution of vowel hiatus are gradiently affected by boundary strength with shorter to longer durations from lower to higher domains, and less instances of vowel deletion higher in the hierarchy. Post-nasal stop voicing is qualitatively affected by boundary strength with almost all voicing instances occurring in the lowest constituent of the structure in the way a qualitative view of prosodic constituency would predict, and in line with research on prosodic phonology. Finally, both the alignment and scaling of intonation contours at the edges of domains is found to distinguish qualitatively the lowest domain from the higher ones. All higher phrasal domains align with respect to the boundary and their peak scaling varies consistently gradiently across speakers. When combining those two findings, support is provided for the existence of differences of strength and type within the same process. Taken together the results from these four phenomena support the postulation of an underlying prosodic structure with a limited number of qualitatively distinct domains, within which at the same time some type of recursivity or structured variability must be allowed for. It is shown that there are structural properties of speech, like the length of the utterance, influencing the organisation of utterances in a principled gradient manner, supporting the existence of differences of strength within domain types. These findings bear significance for theories of prosodic structure that have assumed either the view of solely qualitative differences, or sole boundary strength differences, as well as for future proposals on prosodic constituency. Finally, the use of Modern Greek in this thesis adds to the existing literature on a language that has been extensively used by researchers working in views supporting the existence of qualitative distinctions of type across prosodic domains, and provides the first in depth experimental analysis of post-nasal stop voicing.

Le but principal de cette analyse est de déterminer si les glides, et par conséquent, les diphtongues, ont ou non un caractère phonologique en portugais brésilien. Nous partirons des analyses qui ont déjà été réalisées dans différents cadres théoriques : Câmara Jr. (1970), dans un cadre structuraliste, Mateus (1982 [1975]) dans la théorie générative linéaire, Silva (1992), Bisol (1989, 1999) et Mateus & D’Andrade (2000) dans la théorie autosegmentale, et deux analyses plus récentes dans le cadre de la théorie de l’optimalité (Martins, 2011, Simioni, 2011), en relevant les avantages et les inconvénients de ces différentes approches, ainsi que les problèmes non encore résolus. Enfin, nous allons proposer, à notre tour, une analyse à la lumière d’un autre cadre théorique pour expliquer la variation entre hiatus et diphtongues, et en conséquence le statut phonologique du glide en portugais : la phonologie « CVCV » ou « strict CV » (Lowenstamm, 1996, Scheer, 2004). Un cadre phonologique sans constituants comme celui-ci permet d’éliminer un des grands problèmes présents dans les autres analyses : celui de savoir si le glide appartient à une attaque, à un noyau branchant ou à une coda. Ce cadre permet de rendre compte d’une façon plus appropriée des contradictions et des problèmes observés dans le traitement des glides et diphtongues en portugais, notamment leur contraintes phonotactiques et leur interaction avec l’accent de mot dans la langue. / The main purpose of this analysis is to determine whether the glides, and therefore, the diphthongs, have or not phonological character in Brazilian Portuguese. We will start from the analyzes that have been conducted in different theoretical frameworks: Câmara Jr. (1970), in a structuralist framework, Mateus (1982 [1975]) in the linear generative theory, Silva (1992), Bisol (1989, 1999) and Mateus & D'Andrade (2000) in the autosegmental theory, and two recent analyzes in the context of the theory of optimality (Martins, 2011 Simioni, 2011), noting the advantages and disadvantages of these different approaches and the unsolved problems. Finally, we propose, in our turn, an analysis in the light of another theoretical framework to explain the variation between hiatus and diphthongs, and therefore the status of phonological glide in Portuguese: the phonology "CVCV" or "strict CV" (Lowenstamm, 1996, Scheer, 2004). A phonological framework without constituents as such eliminates one of the major problems found in other analyzes: to know whether the glide belongs to an onset, a complex nucleus or a coda. It allows us to account more appropriately for contradictions and problems observed in the treatment of glides and diphthongs in Portuguese, including their phonotactic constraints and their interaction with the stress word in the language.

Les techniques de réalisation des reconstitutions prothétiques en Odontologie ont été profondément modifiées par l'avènement et le développement de la Conception et Fabrication Assistées par Ordinateur (CFAO). La qualité d'une prothèse fixée est caractérisée par la bonne adaptation de celle-ci sur son pilier dentaire afin d'assurer la longévité de l'assemblage dentoprothétique. L'évaluation de l'adaptation marginale et interne par l'analyse du hiatus est un élément essentiel du contrôle de leur qualité. Cependant, la littérature rapporte de nombreuses méthodes d'évaluation de l'adaptation compromettant d'autant la comparaison pertinente et la validité des valeurs de ces hiatus. Le but de cette thèse est la mise au point d'une méthode de mesure du hiatus dento-prothétique qui bénéficierait de qualités métrologiques suffisantes pour rendre pertinente la comparaison et l'analyse des différentes chaînes de mesure accessibles sur le marché. L'étude des besoins métrologiques de l'évaluation du hiatus et des méthodes de mesure recensés dans la littérature a permis de retenir une chaîne de mesure, dénommée "Triple scan". Grâce aux résultats obtenus au cours de ces travaux, cette méthode semble pertinente pour évaluer tridimensionnellement le hiatus dento-prothétique. Elle a été comparée à d'autres méthodes documentées et validées dans la littérature telles que la méthode des répliques en élastomère et celle utilisant la microtomographie Rx. Les résultats obtenus conduisent à conclure que la méthode "Triple scan" serait plus appropriée dans les expertises approfondies sur les performances des systèmes de CFAO en termes de fidélité aux paramètres fixés et de reproductibilité de leur fabrication. / Techniques for producing prosthetic reconstitutions in odontology have undergone radical change due to the emergence and development of Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing (CAD/CAM). The quality of a fixed prosthesis is characterised by its correct adaptation on its dental abutment to ensure the longevity of the dento-prosthetic assembly. Evaluating the marginal and internal adaptation by analysing the gap is essential for controlling its quality. However, the numerous methods reported in the literature make it difficult to perform a pertinent and valid analysis of the values of these gaps. The purpose of this thesis is the development of a method of measuring the dento-prosthetic gap endowed with sufficient metrological capacities to ensure the pertinence of comparisons and analyses of the different measurement systems available on the market. The study of metrological requirements for evaluating the gap and the measurement methods identified in the literature has led to the selection of measurement system known as II Triple scan". The results obtained during these works demonstrated the pertinence of this method for the 3-dimensional evaluation of the dento­-prosthetic gap. It was compared to other methods documented and validated in the literature such as the elastomer replica method and that using X-ray microtomography. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that the "Triple scan" is the most appropriate for in-depth analysis of the performances of CAD/CAM systems in terms of fidelity to the parameters determined and the reproducibility of fabrication.

No description available.