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An introduction to titanium minerals is provided along with a brief history of high tension roll (HTR) separation and its applications. Current HTR theory is critically reviewed and deficiencies in previous modelling work are identified. These problems are recognised as the likely reason why past models required empirical manipulation to reproduce observed separation behaviour. An updated theory of charge decay in a particle bed is developed for HTR applications. Particle bed interactions and their effects on electrostatic forces and discharge rates are examined, leading to a reviewed analysis of force balance. The theoretical contributions are incorporated into a new HTR model which takes a mechanistic approach to describing machine operation, as opposed to previous empirical-based work in the area. A simplified electrostatic field model is also developed. Atmospheric effects on separation behaviour are ignored in the modelling. Experimental separations are used to validate new model performance, where comparisons are specifically designed to test the theoretical developments on charge decay and force balance in a particle bed. The new model is also compared to the Dance (1992) HTR model, embedded in JKSimSand, the most recent HTR model with an empirical basis. An error analysis shows the new model performs as well as, or better, than JKSimSand in most respects. The fact that this is achieved with a mechanistic approach validates the new developments in particle bed charge decay and force theory, and sets the foundation for mechanistic HTR simulation.

Thesis. 1975. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / Ph.D.

Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009 / The industrial and population growth of a nation can cause power delivery problems to localized areas of a national grid through their increased demand for electrical energy. One reason for these power shortages is the insufficient current carrying capacity of existing high voltage alternating current, (HVAC), transmission lines supplying the area. High voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines are a possible solution as they provide better power delivery than HVAC lines. New or upgraded HVAC lines, or HVDC lines or combinations of HVAC and HVDC lines are possible solutions to improve power delivery. This research investigates the various line possibilities using theory. and cutting edge frequency and time domain software tools. The challenge is how to approach this problem. What methodology or structure should be used? Thus one of the contributions of this work is the development of a strategy (flow chart), for solving power delivery problems to localized areas of a national grid through individual or combinations (e.g. parallel operation) of HVAC and/or HVDC transmission lines. The main contribution is the evaluation of a HVDC system as a solution to overcoming power delivery shortages to a localized area of a national grid. Three different software packages (two industrial and one academic) namely, PSCAD/EMTDC (time domain), DlgSILENT PowerFactory (frequency domain) and MathCAD software are evaluated for their capability to perform the simulation studies necessary to prove the possible solutions given in the developed flow chart. The PSCAD/EMTDC software package is evaluated for integrated HVAC/HVDC load flow analyses, DlgSILENT for individual and parallel combinations of HVAC lines and MathCAD to prove hand calculations to software results. Five case studies are conducted. The first case study demonstrates a healthy system with no delivery shortcomings, the second case study portrays the delivery shortcoming due to increased localized area demand, and the remaining three case studies explore possible solutions to solve the problem. The first possible solution is to construct an identical HVAC line in parallel to the existing line.

Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission is a safe and efficient technology designed to deliver large amounts of electrical power over long distances with minimal losses and at low costs. HVDC links require converters and filters at both terminal stations. The core component of the HVDC system is the power converter that connects the DC and AC systems together. The conversion from AC to DC, and vice versa, is achieved mainly through electronic switches called thyristors. The thyristor-based Line Commutated Converter (LCC) is a mature and trusted technology for HVDC transmission throughout the world. HVDC converters are bidirectional and can function in either rectification (AC to DC) or inversion mode (DC to AC). This is achieved when the voltage polarity across the converter gets swapped by the controllers, because current cannot change its direction in thyristors. In this thesis an analytical model of the HVDC converters is developed in the frequency domain by modelling it in DIgSILENT. The objective is to study the harmonics induced to the AC side from HVDC converters. Therefore, it is important in the real world to understand the principles, what causes harmonics to be generated in HVDC and transferred to the HVAC system. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the effectiveness of mitigation techniques used, on how they reduce harmonics by keeping these harmonic levels within specified values admissible by international standards (e.g. IEEE, etc).

There is ongoing controversy about the possibility of adverse biological effects from environmental exposures to electric and magnetic fields. These fields are produced by all electrical equipment and appliances including electrical transmission lines. The objective of this environmental science study was to investigate the possible effects of a high voltage transmission line on domestic sheep (Ovis aries L,), a species that can often be found near such lines. The study was primarily designed to determine whether a specific effect of electric and magnetic fields found in laboratory animals also occurs in livestock under natural environmental conditions. The effect is the ability of fields, at levels found in the environment, to significantly depress the normally high nocturnal concentrations of the pineal hormone melatonin. Melatonin mediates the reproductive response to changes in photoperiod in seasonal breeders such as sheep. Factors which modify the production of nocturnal melatonin in sheep can have important effects on the timing of seasonal reproduction including the onset of puberty in this species. Ten female Suffolk lambs were penned for 10 months directly beneath a 500-kV transmission line near Estacada, Oregon. Ten other lambs of the same type were penned in a control area away from the transmission line where electric and magnetic fields were at ambient levels. Serum melatonin was analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) from 6618 blood samples collected at 0.5 to 3-hour intervals over eight 48-hour periods. Serum progesterone was analyzed by RIA from blood samples collected twice weekly beginning when the lambs were 23 weeks old. This hormone was used to measure the onset of puberty. Serum cortisol was also assayed by RIA from the blood samples collected during the 48-hour samples. This was done to assess whether exposure to the transmission line produced stress in the growing lambs. Other supplemental biological data collected included body weight gain, wool growth, and behavior. An extensive study was conducted by engineers from the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) to measure electric and magnetic fields and noise to which the lambs were exposed. This was accomplished by installing permanent monitors near both the control and line pens. Results showed that lambs in both the control and line groups had the typical pattern of melatonin secretion consisting of low daytime and high nighttime serum concentrations. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in melatonin levels, or in the phase or duration of the nighttime melatonin elevation. Age at puberty and number of reproductive cycles also did not differ between groups. Serum cortisol showed a circadian rhythm with highest concentrations during the day. Cortisol concentrations also seemed to reflect effects of known stressors on livestock, e.g., weaning, introduction to new housing, and vehicle transport. There were, however, no differences in cortisol concentrations between groups. Statistical analyses on other biological parameters revealed no differences between groups for body weight gain, wool growth, or behavior. The electrical monitoring program verified that the line group lambs were exposed to electric and magnetic fields at levels typical of those found beneath commercial 500-kV transmission lines. In summary, the large effect of electric and magnetic fields on melatonin concentrations reported in laboratory animals was not observed in this study of sheep.

Extra High Voltage (EHV) transmission corridor siting studies are complex and costly procedures, which are often prolonged by technical, public, institutional, and state regulatory factors. The primary goal of this research is to contribute to a more predictable and expedient siting study. The following objectives are accomplished: - Exploration and description of technical and methodological aspects of siting in terms of the general approach to the siting study, impact assessment techniques, data collection and mapping considerations. - Exploration and description of the following public and institutional considerations in the siting study: public participation, active opposition, media coverage, attitudes of affected agencies, and communication among involved organizations. Determination of the effects of these considerations on the siting process. - Review and evaluation of the state siting regulations in terms of: clarity of requirements, technical siting requirements, coordination of actions in the study, coordination with other relevant regulations, and public and agency participation in the study. Identification of the effects of the state regulations on the siting study process. - Development of guidelines for improved EHV transmission corridor siting studies. The principal methodology of the research is the single case study of Wyoming-Cloverdale 765 kV siting project, which represents a model of a contemporary, interstate, EHV siting study. The results of the case study are complemented by the review of state siting regulations and the literature. The major outcome of the research are the guidelines for improved corridor siting studies. The guidelines are developed for corridor siting study consultants, electric utility companies, and state regulatory commissions. Findings of the research indicate that technical, public, institutional, and state regulatory factors interactively affect the process of the corridor siting study. Furthermore, the siting study has dominant political overtones, and as such cannot be treated as a merely technical project. Public opposition to new EHV transmission lines can significantly increase the effects of technical, public, institutional, and regulatory deficiencies, reducing the probability of line approval. The testing of the guidelines in siting study practice, and a multiple case study research dealing with the same considerations and their interactions, are suggested for future research. / Ph. D.

The purpose of this study is to contribute to an increased understanding of New Religion and how it’s portrayed in film. The source material is three different films, Midsommar, The Wicker Man and The Sacrament. The method is a content analysis with both quantitative and qualitative approaches and a coding scheme with the coding units, attire, choice of words, rite and context. Stark and Bainbridge's theory is essential, which defines New Religious Movements that focuses on their high tension with their socio-cultural environment. Previous research describes what new religion is, how to examine new religion in popular culture and how it is portrayed in film. The result of the study confirms that The New Religious Movements is portrayed negatively in the films, but the common factor is violence, violence as in human sacrifice and mass suicide.

As the power systems grow, system connections become more complex. Due to cost and environmental concern, more and more parallel lines and series compensated lines may be installed in the system. In order to efficiently use the transmission network, more nonlinear flexible devices such as the phase shifter and the advanced compensation system will be put into use. Once a fault occurs on such a system, a delay in clearing the fault is usually not permissive. This requires a new generation of relays which have high security and dependability and high operating speed. With the advent of high speed microprocessor and fiber optic communication technologies, it is possible to develop high performance relays. In this dissertation, a new generation of pilot relays and non-pilot relays were developed for a transmission line. The pilot relays include the instantaneous percentage current differential (IPD), the phase comparison and the phasor based percentage current differential (PPD) principles. In the pilot protections the synchronized phasor measurement techniques are employed and digital CT saturation detectors are incorporated. All these schemes in primary protections feature charging current (or shunt current ) compensation. The phasor based principles are designed to work within one and a half cycles; while others based on sample by sample comparison are assumed to work in less than a cycle. The non-pilot relays to be investigated in this dissertation include the fault location based and phase angle based directional distance relays. One cycle data window is used in the phasor calculation. Both the distance relays are assumed to make a trip decision in about one and a half cycles. All algorithms were simulated against different fault conditions using EMTP outputs. The simulation results show all the pilot relay algorithms work well for EHV IUHV transmission lines including the series compensated lines. The fault location based distance relay works well in most cases, but it may give a wrong decision for the close-in fault with the fault resistance and may have a singularity problem. The phase angle based distance relay works very well for different fault conditions and is insensitive to fault resistance. The modified phase angle based distance relay was also developed for the series compensated line. It would not lose the direction for faults with or without fault resistance, either for a compensated system in forward direction, or in an adjacent line in reverse direction. The overreach is within 20% of the protected zone. This relay algorithm is also based on the one-cycle data window DFT, and it can give a reliable trip decision in about two cycles. All pilot relays with a fiber optic link and the phase angle based distance relay can constitute a new generation of protection systems for EHV IUHV transmission lines. / Ph. D.

Thesis. 1978. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 248-250. / Ph.D.