Este trabalho teve como objetivo utilizar um tensiômetro de alta capacidade (TAC) para realizar medidas diretas de sucção em ensaios de resistência ao cisalhamento de um solo compactado. Foram realizados ensaios de resistência à compressão triaxial do tipo consolidado drenado na condição saturada, ensaios consolidados não drenados na condição não saturada e ensaios de resistência à compressão simples. Os ensaios de compressão simples foram realizados em uma série de repetibilidade e outras duas para a verificação da influência da sucção na resistência de um solo compactado, fazendo-se variar a massa específica aparente seca do solo e o teor de umidade. Em todos os ensaios de compressão simples o TAC registrou aumento da sucção até cerca de 3% de deformação axial, quando a partir daí a sucção tendeu a estabilização. Os valores de resistência à compressão simples e de sucção tenderam a crescer com o aumento da massa específica aparente seca do solo e com a redução do teor de umidade. A resistência foi correlacionada com a sucção e com a massa específica aparente seca para os ensaios com teor de umidade constante e com a sucção e o teor de umidade para os ensaios com massa específica aparente seca constante. Os ângulos \'fi\'b que relacionam o aumento da resistência com a sucção variaram dependendo da forma de determinação e foram maiores quando determinados diretamente a partir da resistência não drenada do que quando determinados a partir da proposta de Fredlund et al. (1978). / The purpose this study was to measure the suction with high capacity tensiometer (HCT), placed at the bottom of the sample, during shear strength tests on a compacted soil. Three kinds of shear strength tests were performed on the sample in different conditions of saturation: triaxial consolidated drained in saturated condition, triaxial consolidated undrained with constant water content and unconfined compression in unsaturated condition. To assess the development of the suction and its influence on the shear strength of a compacted soil, the unconfined compression tests were performed in a series of repeatability and the others with variation of the dry density and water content of the sample. In all unconfined compression tests, the HCT recorded increase of suction until 3% axial deformation, approximately, from where the suction tended to stabilized. The values of compressive strength and suction increased with higher dry densities and lower water contents. Firstly, the shear strength was correlated with suction and the dry density, for constant water content tests. In sequence, it was correlated with suction and the water content for constant dry density tests. The \'fi\'b angle, that relates the increase of the strength with suction, varied depending of determination method. Its values were higher when directly determined from the undrained strength than when determined from the model presented by Fredlund et al. (1978).

Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) have dominated the energy storage market in the past two decades. The high specific energy, low self-discharge, relatively high power and low maintenance of LIBs enabled the revolution of electronic devices and electric vehicle industry, changed the communication and transportation styles of the modern world. Although the specific energy of LIBs has increased significantly since first commercialized in 1991, it has reached a bottleneck with current electrode materials. To meet the increasing market demand, it is necessary to develop high capacity electrode materials.<div><br></div><div>Current commercial anode material for LIB is graphite which has a specific capacity of 372 mAh g-1. Other group IV elements (silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn)) have much higher capacities. However, group IV elements have large volume change during lithiation/delithiation, leading to pulverization of active materials and disconnection between electrode particles and current collector, resulting in fast capacity fading. To address this issue, it is essential to understand the microstructural evolution of Si, Ge and Sn during cycling.<br></div><div><br></div><div>This dissertation is mainly focused on the morphological and structural evolution of Sn and Ge based materials. In this dissertation, anin situ focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) method is developed to investigate the microstructuralevolution of a single electrode particle and correlate with its electrochemical performance. This method is applied toall projects. The first project is to investigate the microstructural evolution of a Sn particle during cycling. Surface structures of Sn particles are monitored and correlated with different states of charge. The second project is to investigate the morphological evolution of Ge particles at different conditions. Different structures (nanopores, cracks, intact surface) appear at different cycling rates. The third project is to study selenium doped Ge (GeSe) anodes. GeSe and Ge particles are tested at the same condition. Se doping forms Li-Ge-Se network, provides fast Li transport and buffers volume change. The fourth project is to study the reaction front of Ge particle during lithiation. Micron-sized Ge particles have two reaction fronts and a wedge shape reaction interface, which is different from the well-known core-shell mode. The fifth project is to investigate antimony (Sb)-coated porous Ge particles. The Sb coating suppresses electrolyte decomposition and porous structure alleviates volume change. The results in this dissertation reveal fundamental information about the reaction mechanism of Sn and Ge anode. The results also show the effects of doping, porous structuring and surface coating of anode materials.</div>

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第20740号 / 情博第654号 / 新制||情||113(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科通信情報システム専攻 / (主査)教授 守倉 正博, 教授 大木 英司, 教授 梅野 健 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

[pt] A cidade do Rio de Janeiro tem recebido importantes eventos internacionais nos últimos anos. Estes eventos impulsionam o crescimento econômico da cidade. Aspectos como qualidade de vida, inclusão social, eficiência econômica e impactos ambientais, também são beneficiados com os investimentos nesta área. No atual cenário da mobilidade urbana da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, percebemos a fragilidade de uma visão sistêmica no sistema de transporte de alta capacidade e das integrações necessárias para uma eficiência e eficácia com as malhas ferroviária, metroviária, aérea e aquaviária, bem como a qualidade dos serviços prestados pelas concessionárias. Ao longo da história o sistema de transporte público constitui-se como um dos principais propulsores do crescimento econômico das cidades, sendo primordial para que as pessoas possam realizar suas atividades diárias (trabalho, estudo, atividades culturais, etc.). Atualmente está sendo implantado o Sistema BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) com o objetivo de reduzir o tempo de viagem e a emissão de gases poluentes e de proporcionar mais conforto aos usuários. O primeiro sistema BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) no Brasil foi operado em Curitiba. O projeto do BRT pode proporcionar qualidade no serviço para um grande número de usuários a baixas taxas de emissões atmosféricas em comparação ao modal rodoviário por ônibus convencional. Para tanto, este trabalho tem o objetivo de aferir a percepção dos usuários do sistema BRT sob a ótica da mobilidade urbana, com foco no corredor BRT Transcarioca. Interligado com outros modais, este meio de transporte funciona como um potencial indutor de desenvolvimento urbano. / [en] The city of Rio de Janeiro has received important international events in recent years. These events boosted the city s economic growth. Aspects, such as quality of life, worker health, social inclusion, economic efficiency and environmental impacts, are also benefited by investments in this area. In the current scenario of urban mobility in the city of Rio de Janeiro, we perceive the fragility of a systemic vision in the high capacity transport system and the integrations necessary for efficiency and effectiveness, as well as the quality of the services provided by the concessionaires. The Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) System is currently being implemented with the objective of reducing travel time and emission of pollutants and providing more comfort to users. Therefore, this study aims to assess the impacts of the BRT system on high capacity transportation from the perspective of urban mobility, focusing on the BRT Transcarioca corridor. Throughout history, the transportation system is one of the main Leveraging element of the economic growth of cities, being essential for people to carry out their daily activities (work, study, cultural activities, etc.). Cities designed with the car as a priority tend to cope with longer travel times, higher levels of stress, lower labor productivity, higher traffic accidents and high levels of contamination (acoustic and environmental). Over time, the result of a car-driven development model leads to traffic saturation, with a stronger tendency for individual motorized transportation in urban traffic, congestion and distance from the social aspects of collective transportation. This model is characteristic and historical of the urban development of the Region of Barra da Tijuca, a district of the West Zone of the city of Rio de Janeiro, which experienced a growth boom of from the late 60 s and early 70 s an intense process of real estate speculation and disorderly occupation.

O principal enfoque deste estudo é investigar alguns aspectos da resistência ao cisalhamento e as propriedades de retenção de água de um solo residual compactado no estado não saturado. Foi utilizado um solo residual de gnaisse retirado do campo experimental de geotecnia da Universidade de São Paulo. Com base na curva de compactação foram escolhidos três pontos de moldagem para o estudo, estando os mesmos associados à umidade ótima, ao ramo seco e ao ramo úmido. Foram realizadas algumas series de ensaios triaxiais sob condições saturadas (CAU e CD), e um grande número de ensaios triaxiais não saturados com teor de umidade constante (CW). Os ensaios triaxiais CW não saturados, foram feitos com medição de sucção utilizando um tensiômetro de alta capacidade (TAC) colocado na base do corpo de prova. Estudos específicos relacionados com a técnica de medição de sucção com o uso do TAC foram feitos. Com os resultados dos ensaios de resistência foram obtidas, para diferentes pressões confinantes, as variações dos valores da resistência ao cisalhamento (q) em função da sucção. Estas relações permitiram a definição das superfícies de ruptura para as três condições de moldagem. Foram investigados também aspectos relativos à forma de carregamento, a velocidade de carregamento, o tipo de compactação e a trajetória de umedecimento. São apresentados detalhes de como a resistência do solo é afetada por estas variáveis. O estudo define os procedimentos para obtenção das superfícies de resistência do solo no estado não saturado, com o uso de ensaios de compressão simples, feitos com medição de sucção durante o ensaio, e com a envoltória do solo saturado. As curvas de retenção do solo foram obtidas sob diversas condições de moldagem e umedecimento, e utilizado as técnicas de translação de eixos, placa de sucção, tensiômetro e papel filtro. Estas curvas foram utilizadas como ferramenta para se verificar a aplicabilidade dos modelos de previsão de resistência propostos por Vanapalli et al (1996) e Khalili e Khabbaz (1998), ao solo estudado. / The main focus of this study is to investigate some aspects of the shear strength and water retention properties of a compacted residual soil, under unsaturated condition. A residual of gneiss obtained from the geotechnical experimental site of the University of São Paulo was used. Based on the compaction curve three molding conditions were adopted for the study: one associated with the optimum water content, and two others located at the dry side and wet side of the compaction curve. A series of triaxial tests were performed under saturated conditions (CAU and CD), and a great number of triaxial tests under unsaturated conditions at constant water content (CW). The CW tests were performed with suction measurement using a high capacity tensiometer (HCT) placed at the base of the sample. Investigations were carried out associated with the use of the CHT. Based on the shear strength tests performed under different confining pressure the relation between shear strength and suction were determined. With this relation it was possible to define the shear surface for the three molding conditions. It were also investigated aspects related with type of loading, speed of the test, type of compaction and moisture path after compaction. It is presented details on how the shear strength is affected by these parameters. The study defines a procedure to obtain the shear surface of an unsaturated soil using unconfining tests, with suction measurement and using the shear envelope obtained at saturated condition. The retention curves were obtained at different molding conditions, following distinct moisture path. The retention curves were determined using axis translation technique, suction plate, filter paper and tensiometer. The retention curves were used as a tool to evaluate the applicability of the models presented by Vanapalli et al (1996) and Khalili and Khabbaz (1998) to infer the shear strength of the residual soil studied.

O principal enfoque deste estudo é investigar alguns aspectos da resistência ao cisalhamento e as propriedades de retenção de água de um solo residual compactado no estado não saturado. Foi utilizado um solo residual de gnaisse retirado do campo experimental de geotecnia da Universidade de São Paulo. Com base na curva de compactação foram escolhidos três pontos de moldagem para o estudo, estando os mesmos associados à umidade ótima, ao ramo seco e ao ramo úmido. Foram realizadas algumas series de ensaios triaxiais sob condições saturadas (CAU e CD), e um grande número de ensaios triaxiais não saturados com teor de umidade constante (CW). Os ensaios triaxiais CW não saturados, foram feitos com medição de sucção utilizando um tensiômetro de alta capacidade (TAC) colocado na base do corpo de prova. Estudos específicos relacionados com a técnica de medição de sucção com o uso do TAC foram feitos. Com os resultados dos ensaios de resistência foram obtidas, para diferentes pressões confinantes, as variações dos valores da resistência ao cisalhamento (q) em função da sucção. Estas relações permitiram a definição das superfícies de ruptura para as três condições de moldagem. Foram investigados também aspectos relativos à forma de carregamento, a velocidade de carregamento, o tipo de compactação e a trajetória de umedecimento. São apresentados detalhes de como a resistência do solo é afetada por estas variáveis. O estudo define os procedimentos para obtenção das superfícies de resistência do solo no estado não saturado, com o uso de ensaios de compressão simples, feitos com medição de sucção durante o ensaio, e com a envoltória do solo saturado. As curvas de retenção do solo foram obtidas sob diversas condições de moldagem e umedecimento, e utilizado as técnicas de translação de eixos, placa de sucção, tensiômetro e papel filtro. Estas curvas foram utilizadas como ferramenta para se verificar a aplicabilidade dos modelos de previsão de resistência propostos por Vanapalli et al (1996) e Khalili e Khabbaz (1998), ao solo estudado. / The main focus of this study is to investigate some aspects of the shear strength and water retention properties of a compacted residual soil, under unsaturated condition. A residual of gneiss obtained from the geotechnical experimental site of the University of São Paulo was used. Based on the compaction curve three molding conditions were adopted for the study: one associated with the optimum water content, and two others located at the dry side and wet side of the compaction curve. A series of triaxial tests were performed under saturated conditions (CAU and CD), and a great number of triaxial tests under unsaturated conditions at constant water content (CW). The CW tests were performed with suction measurement using a high capacity tensiometer (HCT) placed at the base of the sample. Investigations were carried out associated with the use of the CHT. Based on the shear strength tests performed under different confining pressure the relation between shear strength and suction were determined. With this relation it was possible to define the shear surface for the three molding conditions. It were also investigated aspects related with type of loading, speed of the test, type of compaction and moisture path after compaction. It is presented details on how the shear strength is affected by these parameters. The study defines a procedure to obtain the shear surface of an unsaturated soil using unconfining tests, with suction measurement and using the shear envelope obtained at saturated condition. The retention curves were obtained at different molding conditions, following distinct moisture path. The retention curves were determined using axis translation technique, suction plate, filter paper and tensiometer. The retention curves were used as a tool to evaluate the applicability of the models presented by Vanapalli et al (1996) and Khalili and Khabbaz (1998) to infer the shear strength of the residual soil studied.

La croissance phénoménale du trafic pousse les opérateurs mobiles à différencier leurs plans de tarification en se basant sur la bande passante consommée. Afin de maximiser la monétisation du trafic de données, les opérateurs devront envisager des approches plus intelligentes tout en améliorant leurs réseaux actuels ou en déployant de nouvelles infrastructures. Les Small Cells sont une partie intégrante des réseaux cellulaires matures 3G/4G et futurs 5G. Les Small Cells peuvent être de facto déployées dans des architectures hétérogènes pour la densification des réseaux macrocellulaires, ou de façon homogène pour une couverture en haut débit. Pour le deuxième cas de déploiement, de nouveaux défis doivent être résolus: un réseau de collecte fiable et économique est vital pour les déploiements des Small Cells. Le réseau de collecte est spécifiquement plus contraignant pour les déploiements des Small Cells dans les zones dites green-field, où les infrastructures de transport sont absentes ou présentes mais ne peuvent être contrôlées par l'opérateur. En d'autres termes, l'opérateur mobile souhaite garantir une bonne qualité d'accès aux services haut débit en se basant uniquement sur des Small Cells, tout en réduisant le coût global de l'installation. Dans cette thèse, nous nous focalisons sur des solutions de réseau de collecte rentables qui peuvent fournir les capacités minimales requises par les utilisateurs finaux. Notre première contribution vise à assurer une capacité suffisante aux réseaux Small Cells 4G. Tout d'abord, nous proposons une méthode rentable qui minimise les coûts du réseau de collecte tout en respectant les contraintes de : 1) demande de trafic dans le réseau d'accès, et de 2) caractéristiques technologiques des liens de collecte. Cette méthode permet d'obtenir des solutions sur mesure de réseau de collecte à coûts optimal pour un réseau d'accès donné, basé sur des Small Cells; ces solutions sont constituées de différentes technologies de liaison. Deuxièmement, nous analysons l'impact de l'activité des utilisateurs finaux sur le trafic généré à la fois sur les deux interfaces logiques S1 et X2 d'une Small Cell, tout en tenant compte les différentes composantes de trafic moyen d'un utilisateur final. Cette analyse permet d'avoir un aperçu très utile pour la sélection des solutions nécessaires au réseau de collecte. Dans notre deuxième contribution, nous nous focalisons sur l'amélioration des capacités des systèmes WLAN. Nous concevons un protocole d'ordonnancement MAC pour les transmissions uplink multi-utilisateurs : il permet un échange minimal des trames de contrôle requises pour la mise en place des transmissions entre les multiples émetteurs et le récepteur. Les résultats d'analyse et de simulations révèlent des performances améliorées, d'un point de vue du système et de l'utilisateur. / The recent phenomenal traffic growth is driving mobile operators to tier their pricing plans based on consumed bandwidth. To maximize data traffic monetization, operators will need to consider smarter approaches while upgrading their current networks or deploying new ones. Small Cells are an integral part of both mature 3G/4G and future 5G cellular networks. Small Cells may be de facto deployed in heterogeneous architectures for Macro cells densification, or homogeneously for minimum broadband coverage. In this respect, emerging challenges must be tackled: a reliable and economical backhaul is vital for Small Cells deployments. It is specifically more constraining for Small Cells deployments in green-field areas, where transport infrastructure are absent or non-owned. In other words, the mobile operator wants to ensure good quality access to broadband services based only on Small Cells, while reducing overall installation cost. In this thesis, we focus on cost-efficient backhaul solutions that may provide the minimum capacities required by end users. Our first contribution targets the provisioning of 4G Small Cells networks with sufficient capacity. Firstly, we provide a cost-efficient method that minimizes backhaul cost while respecting the constraints of access network traffic demand and connecting technologies characteristics. This method provides with customized cost-optimal backhaul solutions for a given Small Cells access network; those solutions are made up of different linking technologies. Secondly, we analyze the impact of end users activity -i.e. data exchange- on generated traffic on both a Small Cell logical interfaces S1 and X2; by taking into account different traffic components of an end user device. The analysis supplies with valuable insights on selecting the needed backhaul solutions. In our second contribution, we focus on improving capacity in WLAN systems. We design a MAC scheduling scheme for uplink multi-users transmissions: it enables to exchange minimal control frames required for the establishment of transmissions between the multiple transmitters and the receiver. Both analytic results and conducted proof-of-concept simulations show improved efficiency for both system and user oriented performances.

<p>Electrospinning has gained immense interests in recent years due to its potential application in various fields, including energy storage application. The V₂O₅/GO as a layered crystal structure has been demonstrated to fabricate nanofibers with diameters within a range of ~300nm through electrospinning technique. The porous, hollow, and interconnected nanostructures were produced by electrospinning formed by polymers such as Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), separately, as solvent polymers with electrospinning technique. </p> <p> </p> <p>In this study, we investigated the synthesis of a graphene-modified nanostructured V₂O₅ through modified sol-gel method and electrospinning of V₂O₅/GO hybrid. Electrochemical characterization was performed by utilizing Arbin Battery cycler, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Mercury Porosimetery, and BET surface area measurement. </p> <p> </p> <p>As compared to the other conventional fabrication methods, our optimized sol-gel method, followed by the electrospinning of the cathode material achieved a high initial capacity of <b>342 mAh/g</b> at a high current density of 0.5C (171 mA/g) and the capacity retention of ~80% after 20 cycles. Also, the prepared sol-gel method outperforms the pure V₂O₅cathode material, by obtaining the capacity almost two times higher.</p> <p>The results of this study showed that post-synthesis treatment of cathode material plays a prominent role in electrochemical performance of the nanostructured vanadium oxides. By controlling the annealing and drying steps, and time, a small amount of pyrolysis carbon can be retained, which improves the conductivity of the V₂O₅ nanorods. Also, controlled post-synthesis helped us to prevent aggregation of electro-spun twisted nanostructured fibers which deteriorates the lithium diffusion process during charge/discharge of batteries.</p>

Future high-capacity wireless communications will extensively use the broad bands still available millimeter-wave frequencies. Channels with bandwidth broader than those in use today will guarantee enhanced data-rate and reduced latency performance. The recent progress of integrated-circuit semiconductor technologies finally allowed the design of reliable electronics operating at millimeter-wave frequencies. On top, advanced Fully Depleted Silicon On Insulator (FD-SOI) Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) and Silicon Germanium (SiGe) Bipolar CMOS (BiCMOS) processes enabled to co-integrate large digital blocks with frontends operating at tens or hundreds of GHz. The current under-deployment fifth-generation mobile-communication standard (5G) takes advantage of these advancements, massively exploiting the frequency bands from 24 GHz to 100 GHz. Furthermore, besides enlarging the channel bandwidth, improvements of the signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) at the receiver input, combined with Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) techniques provide an additional boost to the communication data-rate. Both approaches require arrays of antennas, plus electronic beam-steering which becomes essential in the case of moving transmitting-receiving pairs. Finally, social, economic, historical, and technological trends indicate that future wireless standards will require data-rates, latencies, and density of served users per square kilometer well beyond those offered by the 5G. Envisioned to be deployed towards the end of this decade, the six mobile communication standard (6G) will win future challenges thanks to the very ultra-broad bands available from 100 GHz until the tens of THz. Basic research is hence needed to address the open challenges necessary to reach the goals of future wireless communication systems, such as bandwidth and frequency operation factor-10 increase or power consumption reduction against the actual state of the art. This Habilitation thesis proposes circuit theory and concepts up to feasibility study of circuit implementation and experimental characterization in the laboratory of transceiver electronics for future high-capacity communications useful for the knowledge gain necessary for the conception of future communication systems. In detail, basic scientific research to understand the operation of millimeter-wave communication circuits implemented in 22 nm FD-SOI CMOS and 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS technologies has been performed.

No description available.