Le développement des capteurs de déplacement à hautes performances du point de vue de la limite de résolution et de l’étendue de mesure, est devenu une demande croissante pour les systèmes mécaniques et mécatroniques. Ce mémoire présente la modélisation, la conception et la fabrication d’un capteur innovant permettant la mesure in-situ et en temps réel du déplacement linéaire d’un axe en mouvement de rotation. Ce capteur est caractérisé par une grande étendue de mesure d’une dizaine de millimètres et par une résolution micrométrique. Après une étude bibliographique portant sur les applications industrielles de ce capteur, une modélisation géométrique de la réflexion de lumière par une surface convexe a été développée. Ce modèle calcule l’intensité lumineuse détectée par le capteur en fonction du rayon de courbure de la surface. Il a montré que la sensibilité augmente en fonction du rayon de courbure (Rc) et que la résolution est optimale pour (Rc=20 mm). Ce modèle géométrique a été validé par des essais expérimentaux dont les résultats ont montré une chute de la sensibilité pour des rayons inférieurs à (Rc= 15 mm). Pour cette raison, et afin de garantir le meilleur fonctionnement du capteur, le rayon de courbure choisi pour la fabrication du réseau de cônes imbriqués a été de 25 mm. Une fois le rayon de courbure optimal choisi, une modélisation géométrique de la mesure de déplacements linéaires sur une grande étendue de mesure par l’utilisation de deux sondes et d’un réseau à cônes imbriqués a été réalisée. La technique d’usinage de haute précision (UHP) a été présentée. Un premier prototype de ce réseau en alliage d’aluminium a été obtenu. Puis, le modèle géométrique a été optimisé pour mieux prendre en compte certaines contraintes de fabrication, ce qui a conduit à l’usinage d’un deuxième prototype ayant des paramètres géométriques légèrement modifiés et un meilleur état de surface pour mieux réfléchir la lumière. Enfin, la validation expérimentale du principe de mesure du capteur à fibres optiques (CFO) a été faite pour ces deux prototypes du réseau de cônes imbriqués, à l’aide d’un montage mécanique, ce qui a permis d’orienter au mieux les sondes du CFO en face du réseau. Cette validation a permis d’évaluer les performances du CFO. Pour le premier prototype, un recouvrement de 30 µm a été vérifié entre les deux signaux. Différentes vitesses de translation et de rotation on été appliquées ; où on a remarqué l’apparition des pics périodiques. Ces pics sont dus à un problème de balourd de l’axe de rotation de la broche ; en augmentant les valeurs de la vitesse de rotation, les pics s’atténuent, car l’inertie de la broche est supérieure. Pour cette raison, on a privilégié de travailler avec des vitesses de rotation élevées et une gamme de vitesse de translation tout en tenant compte de la fréquence d’acquisition. Pour le deuxième prototype, on a validé le principe de mesure avec deux sondes à fibres optiques. Un recouvrement suffisant a été mesuré entre les deux signaux. On a constaté qu’en acceptant davantage de non-linéarité, on augmente la largeur de la zone de recouvrement, ce qui facilite le basculement d’une sonde à l’autre et ainsi assure la continuité de la mesure sur une étendue millimétrique qui est fonction du nombre de cônes, mais l’exactitude de la mesure s’en trouve diminuée. En augmentant la vitesse de translation, on diminue le nombre des points acquis dans la zone de recouvrement, ce qui exige une fréquence d’acquisition plus élevée. / The development of displacement sensors with high performances regarding the limit of resolution and the measurement range has become essential for different mechanical systems This Ph.D. presents the modeling, the design and the fabrication of an original fiber-optic sensor. lt is able to measure the linear displacement of a rotating axis. This sensor is characterized by a micrometric resolution on a measurement range of several millimeters. After a bibliography study related to the industrial applications of the sensor, a geometric model of the light reflection by a convex surface has been developed. This model calculates the light intensity detected by the sensor as a function of the radius of curvature (Re); the model shows that the sensitivity increases as a function of the radius of curvature of the reflector (Re) and the limit of resolution is optimal for (Re=20 mm). This geometric model had been experimentally validated; where it was found out that the sensitivity decreases for the radii of curvature less than 15 mm (Re= 15 mm). For that reason, and in order to ensure the best functionality of the sensor, the radius of curvature chosen for the fabrication of the canes assembled grating was 25 mm. Once the optimal radius of curvature fixed a geometric model for the linear displacement measurement on a long measurement range using two fiber-optic probes and one cones assembled grating has been developed. The first prototype of the cones assembled grating was obtained with a high precision turning machine on an aluminum alloy. Afterwards, a second prototype of the cones grating was fabricated; where several parameters have been optimized, such as: the non-inclusion of the fabrication constraints in the geometric model and a better surface roughness of the cones assembled grating. The high precision fabrication technique of the two prototypes was presented. Finally, the experimental validation of the sensor measurement principle with two fiber-optic probes with the help of a mechanical set-up was realized. The mechanical set-up is used to a better orientation of the probes in front of the grating. The experimental validation helped to evaluate the overall sensor performances. For the two prototypes, an overlap of 30 um was verified between two successive signals. Different translation and rotation speeds were applied; where periodical peaks were observed in the output signals. These peaks are due to an unbalanced rotation of the spindle axis of rotation; with high speed values, the peaks are attenuated due to the high inertia of the spindle. For this reason, it is preferred to work at high rotational speeds (20 tr./s) with a consideration of the sampling frequency. This sensor is characterized by a micrometric resolution, on a measurement range of about 10 mm.

The diploma thesis deals with monitoring vertical shifts in the village Tetčice, located at the contact of two geological units in Boskovice furrow. The theoretical part describes the geological structure of the site and the technology high-precision levelling. It also includes measuring and graphic processing, including follow-up on results of previous stages.

Ericsson is developing a new technology for accurate indoor positioning, named the HIP-solution. The HIP-solution is a joint product with areas of use in both the public safety market for emergency positioning and as a commercial platform for location based services. The driving force behind the development of Ericsson's HIP solution is E911, a legal requirement imposed in theU.S.where operators are required to position an emergency call within a radius of 50-300 meter, depending on available positioning technology. Location Based Services (LBS) are the other important market for the HIP-solution where the technology can be used to offer customized services for mobile users based on their location, such as guidance to the nearest banking cash machine, or whereabouts of friends or family.   This master thesis is conducted at Ericsson, with the purpose of evaluate the HIP-solutions U.S market potential. The theoretical framework used in this paper is the Real Option Pricing Theory, with emphasis on the Expand Option. The theory provides a context for evaluating the HIP-solutions market potential based not only on its physical characteristics, but also of on future expand options and how well Ericsson manages to capture the cloud of externalities the HIP-solution as a joint product.   Keywords Ericsson, HIP-High Precision In-building Positioning, U.S Emergency positioning legislation, Location Based Serviced, App, Real Option, Expand Option.

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Settling time is very important for data acquisition systems because it is the primary factor that defines the data rate for a given error level. Therefore settling time measurement is a crucial test. The goal of the project was to design, test and compare different measurement techniques. Three methods were tested to the accuracies of 0.1% and 0.01%. Also simulations were conducted to explain the parameters that affect the settling behavior. Additionally bench measurements were correlated to simulation results. This report is intended as a guide for settling time measurements.

The precision of mass measurements in a Penning trap is directly proportional to an ion's charge state and can be increased by using highly charged ions (HCI) from an Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT). By bombarding the injected and trapped singly charged ions with an intense electron beam, the charge state of the ions is rapidly increased. To use this method for short-lived isotopes, very high electron beam current densities are required of the TITAN EBIT, built and commissioned at the Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, Germany and transported to TRIUMF for the TITAN on-line facility. This EBIT has produced charge states as high as Kr34+ and Ba54+ with electron beams of up to 500 mA and 27 keV. Once the EBIT is operational at full capacity (5 A, 60 keV), most species can be bred into a He-like configuration within tens of ms. / October 2006

The precision of mass measurements in a Penning trap is directly proportional to an ion's charge state and can be increased by using highly charged ions (HCI) from an Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT). By bombarding the injected and trapped singly charged ions with an intense electron beam, the charge state of the ions is rapidly increased. To use this method for short-lived isotopes, very high electron beam current densities are required of the TITAN EBIT, built and commissioned at the Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, Germany and transported to TRIUMF for the TITAN on-line facility. This EBIT has produced charge states as high as Kr34+ and Ba54+ with electron beams of up to 500 mA and 27 keV. Once the EBIT is operational at full capacity (5 A, 60 keV), most species can be bred into a He-like configuration within tens of ms.

The precision of mass measurements in a Penning trap is directly proportional to an ion's charge state and can be increased by using highly charged ions (HCI) from an Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT). By bombarding the injected and trapped singly charged ions with an intense electron beam, the charge state of the ions is rapidly increased. To use this method for short-lived isotopes, very high electron beam current densities are required of the TITAN EBIT, built and commissioned at the Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, Germany and transported to TRIUMF for the TITAN on-line facility. This EBIT has produced charge states as high as Kr34+ and Ba54+ with electron beams of up to 500 mA and 27 keV. Once the EBIT is operational at full capacity (5 A, 60 keV), most species can be bred into a He-like configuration within tens of ms.

Moore’s law states that the number of transistors in an Integrated Circuit (IC) doubles every two years. Ever-increasing performance in mask writing machinery is therefore required being the first step in the manufacturing process. Many factors affect the quality of the end product, with the motion control system playing an important role. This thesis analyzes the performance of the motion controller for the positioning system in a mask writer application. The target motion in the X-axis in the mask writer is by design highly repetitive and predictable. As of today a feedforward-feedback controller is used, tuned for low deviation during writing. In this thesis it is found that the motion control can be improved by exploiting the repetitive nature of the motion task. Two iterative methods are explored, Iterative Feedback Tuning (IFT) and Iterative Learning Control (ILC). IFT is implemented as a parameter optimizing method for the existing Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. Given suboptimal initial parameters the algorithm converges to a global minimum using a cost function to minimize total deviation and constraints on the maximum deviation. With the optimized parameter settings an improvement of a 31 % decrease in total deviation is seen compared to the default setting. ILC is implemented as a replacement to the current controller in an exposure motion. With the use of saved data from previous iterations the control signal is updated and refined to better suit the target motion. ILC is a promising method within high precision motion control by virtue of not needing a model of the system and its ability to suppress reoccurring disturbances. The algorithm achieves an improvement of a 94% decrease in total deviation during writing compared to the current controller. However, with this implementation long term stability is not guaranteed. A stable implementation of the algorithm tested on a test rig achieves an improvement of a 79.8% decrease in deviation during writing compared to the current feedforward-feedback controller. Additionally, correlations between parameter values of the current feedback controller and servo characteristics are analyzed to aid in the manual tuning process. Tuning the PID controller for fast rise time decreases the total deviation during writing. The derivative gain in the controller should be high to decrease the overshoot caused by the aggressive controller. This will induce some oscillations into the system, however not at the cost of performance as a result of the smooth motion during writing.