Laser spot welding on a stainless steel plate was investigated numerically and experimentally. A numerical method was applied to predict the dimensions of fusion zone and temperature distribution in the welding process. In the numerical approach, a three-dimensional heat source equation is used to model laser beam intensity distribution, which is assumed to be a Gaussian distribution in the radial direction and exponential decay in the penetration direction. The parameters of the pulsed Nd:YAG laser spot welding include pulse energy, pulse duration, and incident angles of laser beam. Experiments were also conducted in the study. The characteristic lengths of welded spot were measured by metallographic method, and then, the dynamical behavior of the laser welding process was visualized by a high-speed video camera. Finally, the temperature variations during the laser-spot welding process were measured by an infrared pyrometer system. It is demonstrated that the numerical results by proposed model agree well with experimental observations in predicting the characteristic lengths of welded spots. From this study, it is found that weld dimensions is a strong function of incident angles of laser beam, laser energy, and pulse duration time.

Orientadores: Edvaldo Sabadini, Marco-Aurelio De Paoli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T06:55:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bacchi_RenatoVieira_M.pdf: 13069240 bytes, checksum: 33b4fb8f5e4184296681a0de7210799c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Peças de polipropileno isotático, iPP, moldadas por injeção podem apresentar variação de propriedades em função dos parâmetros de injeção. Uma dessas propriedades é a propagação de ruptura, que foi estudada neste trabalho com o uso de imagens obtidas com câmera de alta velocidade ajustada para velocidades de captura entre 18.000 e 45.000 fotos por segundo. Os parâmetros modificados no processo de moldagem por injeção foram o tempo de resfriamento e a temperatura do molde. Foram formados seis grupos de corpos de prova (CP) a serem submetidos aos ensaios de tração. As imagens dos rompimentos nos ensaios de tração foram capturadas com a câmera de alta velocidade. Os CP dos grupos 1, 2 e 3 foram resfriados em molde a 22 °C durante 8, 25 e 55 s, respectivamente. Os CP dos grupos 4, 5 e 6 foram resfriados em molde a 80 °C por 8, 25 e 55 s, respectivamente. Foram observados três padrões de rompimento associados aos diferentes grupos. O primeiro padrão correspondente aos CP dos grupos 1 e 4, com tempos de ruptura entre 0,04 e 0,09 ms. O segundo padrão, apresentado pelos grupos 2 e 3, apresenta formação de pescoço e alto alongamento, porém sem tempo de ruptura definido. O terceiro padrão, observado nos grupos 5 e 6, apresenta ruptura com tempo de propagação médio de 1,5 ms e propagação elipsóide da fissura. Foram realizadas medidas de difração de raios-X e calorimetria diferencial exploratória, mas não foram observadas variações significativas dos graus de cristalinidade para os diferentes grupos. Foram obtidas micrografias por microscopia eletrônica de varredura para amostras dos seis grupos, que mostraram maior uniformidade na superfície de ruptura para os grupos 1 e 4. Para os grupos 2 e 3 foi observada presença de fibrilas. Para os grupos 5 e 6 foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as superfícies do centro do e das extremidades do CP. Para observar os efeitos do envelhecimento nos padrões de ruptura, foram armazenados alguns CP de cada um dos grupos durante 12 semanas. O enrijecimento do material tende a causar ruptura mais rápida em todos os grupos e os grupos 2 e 3 foram os mais afetados. Os resultados deste trabalho mostram que, não apenas as propriedades mecânicas do iPP são afetadas pelas variáveis na moldagem por injeção como também os mecanismos de rompimento variam consideravelmente, e estes são claramente observados com imagens em alta velocidade / Abstract: Injection-molded isotactic polypropylene, iPP, samples present different properties variation as a function of the injection parameters. One of these properties is the rupture propagation on the material, which was studied with the use a high-speed camera adjusted to capture from 18,000 to 45,000 frames per second. The injection molding parameters modified were: cooling time and temperature of the mold. Six groups of specimens were molded and submitted to tensile tests until failure. The rupture images were capture with the high-speed camera. The specimens of the groups 1, 2 and 3 were cooled in the mold at 22 °C during 8, 25 and 55 seconds, respectively. Groups 4, 5 and 6 were cooled in the mold at 80 °C during 8, 25 and 55 s, respectively. Three major rupture patterns associated with the groups were observed. The first pattern, presented by groups 1 and 4, consists in a rapid rupture, with time of propagation between 0.04 and 0.09 ms. A second pattern, observed in groups 2 and 3, presents necking and high elongation, but without a precise time for complete rupture. The third pattern, observed for groups 5 and 6, shows an ellipsoid crack propagation, with an average time for rupture of 1.5 ms. X-Ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry measurements were made, but no considerable differences in the degree of crystallinity among the groups was observed. Scanning electron microscopy images of the rupture surface of the specimens showed that there is considerable uniformity in groups 1 and 4. In groups 2 and 3 the appearance of fibrils was observed, whilst for groups 5 and 6 considerable differences between the skin and the core of the specimen was observed. Physical ageing effects on the rupture patterns were studied after the storage of few specimens during 12 weeks. Hardening of the material, due to physical ageing, affected all the groups, but it was most apparent in groups 2 and 3, which started to behave more like the other groups after this time. The result in this work showed that not only the mechanical properties of iPP are affected by the modification in the mold injection parameters, but also the rupture mechanisms can considerably vary. This is observed clearly in the high-speed images / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestre em Química

La modification de la structure des matériaux par Détente Instantanée Contrôlée (DIC), implique nécessairement un processus d’autovaporisation instantanée en conditions thermodynamiques extrêmes de surchauffe du liquide. Les divers processus DIC de modification de la structure par expansion contrôlée, d’extraction et de refroidissement instantané sont d’un intérêt particulier. Les conditions opératoires et les caractéristiques spécifiques du produit interagissent mutuellement pour aboutir au meilleur résultat, principalement en termes de texture. Les modifications des caractéristiques structurelles généralement traduites par des taux d’expansion du produit, dépendent donc des conditions opératoires et des propriétés thermiques et rhéologiques de la matière. De nombreuses études initiales ont montré l’intérêt de déterminer l’évolution des divers processus à travers un suivi et un enregistrement instantané des images, des températures et de la pression à l’échelle de 1000 unités par seconde ; il a ainsi été indispensable de mettre en opération une caméra ultra rapide à 1000 images / s, des capteurs de température et de pression à temps de réponse de l’ordre du ms, placés dans le réacteur et au sein du produit. Une analyse fondamentale a prouvé l’importance de la thermodynamique, du transfert et de la problématique d’expansion pendant le traitement. L’analyse des expériences est réalisée par la détermination des taux d’expansion, surfacique et volumique, de la durée du processus d’expansion proprement dite, de l’analyse des caractéristiques micro-structurelles par MEB, mais principalement par la détermination de la température de transition vitreuse, de la différence de température minimale et d’ébullition, et du taux d’échange de chaleur. Plusieurs produits ont été étudiés (fromage, tofu, pomme, pomme de terre, carotte et banane). Des essais préliminaires adéquats ont permis d’identifier les domaines de variation des paramètres opératoires et d’adopter la méthode des plans d’expériences rota tables à cinq niveaux pour quantifier les diverses réponses nécessaires. / The structural modification of materials by the process of instant controlled pressure drop (DIC), is mainly based on the instant autovaporization process in very far from thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. The structure modification process and the volume evolution strictly depend on DIC operational parameters and the product characteristics mutually interacting to achieve the objective in terms of texture.The change in the structural characteristics of the product is generally revealed through the expansion rates of the product ; it depends on the operating conditions. This study will use a snapshot taken by a high speed video camera 1000 fps, coupled with 1 ms response temperature and pressure sensors, placed in the treatment vessel and inside the product. A fundamental analysis has proved the importance of thermodynamics, the transfer and the specific problematic of expansion during treatment. Study was carried out by determining the3D expansion ratio, the 2D surface expansion ratio, and the volumetric expansion ratio, as well as the durations of expansion just after pressure drops, the analysis of SEM micro-structural characteristics, the different glass transition temperatures Tg, the differences between lowest product and reactor temperatures and boiling temperature, and the heat exchange rate. Various products were considered (cheese, tofu, apple, potato, carrot and banana). The preliminary tests with each have led us to identify the relevant operating parameter ranges. Different fundamental conclusions and industrial application could be thus defined.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to present the main theory concerning high-speed cameras, their usefullness in industry and to present the cameras available at the market. A few experiments have been done focused on the right choice of an objective, lighting of the scene or setting of the cameras. A special equipment has been invented for a better process of measuring followed by experiment aimed at boring a cutter in materials chosen beforehand. The speed and the acceleration of the cutter was ana-lyzed by means of MotionMeasure software in another experiment.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18589号 / 工博第3950号 / 新制||工||1607(附属図書館) / 31489 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科原子核工学専攻 / (主査)教授 功刀 資彰, 教授 中部 主敬, 講師 河原 全作 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 甲第19232号 / 人健博第29号 / 新制||人健||3(附属図書館) / 32231 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻 / (主査)教授 杉本 直三, 教授 精山 明敏, 教授 戸井 雅和 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

This research addresses the critical need for precise two-phase flow data in the development of computer simulation models, with a specific focus on the annular flow regime's droplet behavior. The study aims to contribute to the evaluation of safety and efficiency in nuclear reactors that handle fluids transitioning between liquid and gas states for thermal energy transport. Central to the investigation is the collection and analysis of droplet size and velocity distribution data, particularly to help with developing models for the water-cooled nuclear power plants. The experimental setup employs advanced tools, including a high-speed camera, lens, teleconverter, and a selected light source, to capture high-resolution images of droplets. Calibration procedures, incorporating depth of field testing, are implemented to ensure accurate droplet size measurements. A critical component of the research is the introduction of a droplet identification program, developed using Matlab, which facilitates efficient processing of experimental data. Preliminary results from the Virginia Tech test facility demonstrate the system's capability to eliminate out-of-focus droplets and obtain precise droplet data in a reasonable amount of time. Experimental results from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute test facility provide droplet size and velocity distributions for a variety of annular flow conditions. This facility has a concurrent two-flow system that pumps air and water at different rates through a 9.525 mm inner diameter tube. The conditions tested include gas superficial velocities ranging from 22 to 40 m/s and liquid superficial velocities ranging from 0.09 to 0.44 m/s. The measured flow has a temperature of 21°C and a pressure of 1 atm. / Master of Science / This research explores the behavior of small droplets as fluids transition between liquid and gas states, particularly within the context of the cooling water in nuclear power plants. The overarching goal is to collect data on these droplets to improve computer simulations that help design nuclear reactors and assess their safety. This is important because it is often infeasible due to safety, monetary, or time restrictions to physically test some nuclear reactor equipment. The study employs state-of-the-art technology, including high-speed cameras and specialized imaging tools, to capture and analyze droplet size distribution data. This investigation is pivotal in ensuring the fuel in nuclear reactors remain adequately cooled during part of the boiling process. The research methodology includes the development of a droplet identification program using Matlab, ensuring efficient processing of experimental data. Preliminary findings from experimental tests at Virginia Tech showcase the program's capability to filter out irrelevant data and provide accurate droplet information. Experimental results from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute annular flow test facility provide droplet size and velocity data for a range of conditions that cooling water may face. Beyond its contributions to nuclear engineering, this research holds promise for influencing advancements in various applications that involve liquid droplets, opening avenues for innovation in the broader scientific and engineering communities.

Ce travail thèse a pour objet une méthode expérimentale combinant un essai de traction indirect par écaillage et une mesure de champs à partir d’images obtenues par caméra ultra rapide, ceci à des fins d’identification des propriétés de rupture du béton sous chargement de traction dynamique. Cette méthode, proposée dans la littérature peu de temps avant le démarrage de ces travaux, fait ici l’objet d’une étude approfondi ainsi que d’une série de développements et d’amélioration. Les images obtenues sont traités par une technique de grille et la méthode des champs virtuels est appliquée pour identifier le comportement local des matériaux quasi-fragiles soumis à de hautes vitesses de déformation (plusieurs 100 1/s}). Dans un premier temps, afin de valider la technique de traitement maus aussi d’étudier l’incertitude de mesure associée, un simulateur de la chaîne de mesure complète a été mis au point. Il a été ainsi possible d’étudier l’influence de différentes sources potentielles d’erreurs qui peuvent être rencontrées dans le protocole expérimental. Cette étude a permis de retenir des recommandations sur les conditions de réalisations réelles de l’essai afin d’améliorer la fiabilité des mesures obtenues. D’un point de vue expérimental, différents capteurs ultra haute vitesse ont été utilisés afin d’étudier leur performances vis-à-vis des mesures réalisées. Ainsi, les campagnes d’essais ont été réalisées sur un matériau aux caractéristiques bien identifiées permettant l’étude des performances métrologiques de toute la chaine d’identification, pour chaque modèle de capteur. Enfin, le protocole expérimentale a été mis en place pour étudier le comportement de plusieurs types de béton soumis en traction dynamique. L’objectif, ici, est d’identifier leur comportements mécaniques ainsi que leur caractéristiques de rupture et fragmentation sous traction dynamique. En ce qui concerne la résistance à la traction, les valeurs identifiées dans cette étude sont inférieures, pour chaque cas, à celles rapportées dans la littérature et obtenues, pour la plupart, à partir du traitement de la vitesse matérielle mesurée en face arrière de l’échantillon. Pour ce qui est de l’énergie spécifique de rupture, les valeurs obtenues dans ces travaux sont égalements inférieures à celles publiées dans les revues scientifiques. / In this thesis a recently proposed photomechanical spalling experiment has been used in light of identifying concrete failure properties under dynamic tension.The experimental technique uses ultra-high speed imaging, the grid method and the virtual fields method.First, in order to investigate the accuracy and validate the processing technique, a methodology of using simulated experiments has been developed by numerically simulating the entire identification process.In this way, several potential sources of errors have been investigated allowing to place guidelines on how to perform the experiment in a more reliable manner.Second, several latest ultra-high speed acquisition systems have been used in order to investigate their contribution to a possible measurement refinement.In this case, the trial experiments have been conducted on a material of known characteristics which allowed investigating the metrological performance of the acquisition system on the entire identification chain.Finally, the experimental methodology has been applied to testing several grades of concrete in light of identifying the material constitutive response as well as their fracturing characteristics under dynamic tension.The identified tensile strengths in this work were found to be consistently lower than those obtained from the standard processing of the rear-face velocity profile.Moreover, the values of the identified specific fracture energy were also found to be markedly lower than the ones often reported in the literature.

This paper deals with mechanical switch in circuit breaker designed for low voltage. The goal of this thesis was to analyze switching mechanism both theoretically and practically. Theoretical analysis consist of study different types of switching mechanism and analytical calculations of acceleration speed and trajectory. Practical analysis has been made taking a video with high speed camera of real switching mechanism of a circuit breaker and software analysis of the data. The next part of a thesis is about 3D modeling, animating and simulating of a switchgear switching mechanism.

Diploma thesis describes analysis of influence of surface texturing on non-conformal rubbing surfaces. High speed camera was used to observe the effect of micro-dents of various depths on film thickness under pure rolling and rolling/sliding conditions. It can be concluded from the obtained results that micro-texture of suitable sizes can results in film thickness increase without lubrication film breakdown.