Canine cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture is a common veterinary orthopaedic problem, and has been associated with problems at the ipsilateral hip joint. However, the relationship between stifle and hip dysfunction has not been fully investigated. The purpose of this study was to establish whether CCL pathology is associated with a limitation in hip extension range large enough to affect gait. In a prospective, crosssectional study, passive and active hip extension range was determined in normal dogs as well as CCL deficient dogs. There was a significant reduction in ipsilateral passive hip extension range in the CCL deficient dogs (18.63º+/-7.57).There was a significant increase in hip extension range of the unaffected leg during gait compared to the normal group (7.03º+/-8.41). It was therefore concluded that canine CCL pathology directly affects hip extension range to a degree sufficient to affect normal gait.

Contextualização: A compreensão das variáveis que modulam a sobrecarga externa oriunda dos exercícios de Pilates pode afetar as forças internas que agem na articulação do quadril e seu entendimento é de grande importância para os educadores físicos e fisioterapeutas que atuam nesse âmbito, que podem subsidiar a prescrição dos exercícios tanto para o treinamento físico quanto para a reabilitação. Objetivo: analisar o efeito da mola e da velocidade de execução de três exercícios de Pilates no comportamento e na magnitude da força muscular resultante (FMR) da articulação do quadril, obtida pela técnica de dinâmica inversa. Metodologia: 20 sujeitos praticantes de Pilates foram avaliados durante três exercícios de extensão de quadril com e sem mola: (1) leg lower mola alta (LLMA); (2) leg lower mola baixa (LLMB); (3) leg extension (LE). A partir da técnica da dinâmica inversa obtiveram-se os torques musculares e foram utilizando dados da literatura para quantificar a distância perpendicular média ponderada (DPMP) dos flexores e extensores de quadril e assim, estimar a FMR da articulação do quadril. A análise estatística utilizada foi uma ANOVA one-way para verificar o efeito principal dos exercícios sobre a FMR e uma correlação de Spearmann foi aplicada para descrever o comportamento da FMR ao longo de uma faixa de velocidade. Resultados: No exercício LE o esforço muscular passa de 200% do peso corporal, o LLMA atinge 50% e o LLMB, ao contrário dos demais exercícios, tem exigência da musculatura flexora nos últimos 10° da ADM. No LLMA, independente da velocidade a FMR foi a mesma. No LLMB, a FMR diminui com o aumento da velocidade. No LE, a FMR aumenta com o aumento da velocidade. Conclusão: Os diferentes exercícios de extensão de quadril apresentaram configurações distintas que interferiram na força muscular dos extensores de quadril. A velocidade de execução afeta de forma diferente cada um dos exercícios. / Background: Understanding of the behavior of external forces coming from the exercises can affect the internal forces that act in the hip joint and understanding is of great importance to the physical educators and clinical therapists that work in this field and can be helpful for prescribing exercises to physical training and rehabilitation. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of spring and the performing velocity of three exercises of Pilates in resultant muscle force (RMF) of the hip, with the support of inverse dynamics technique. Methods: Twenty Pilates practitioners, performed three hip extension exercises: (1) Leg Lower high spring (LLHS); (2) Leg Lower Low Spring (LLLS); (3) Leg extension (LE). From inverse dynamic technique the muscular moments were obtained and literature data was necessary to quantify the weighted mean moment arm (WMMA) of the hip flexors and extensors to estimate a RMF of the hip joint. The statistical analysis used was an ANOVA one way to verify the mean effect from the exercises on the RMF and Spearmann correlation was used to describe the RMF during different velocities. Results: In the exercise LE the muscular effort is greater than 200% of the body weight, in the LLHS was as high as 50% and the LLLS, contrary to the other exercises, have a flexors muscular effort in the last ten degrees of the range of motion. In the LLHS, independent of velocities the RMF is the same. In LLLS, the RMF decreases with the increase of velocity. In LE, the RMF increases with the increase of velocity. Conclusion: The different exercises of hip extension show singular configurations that alter in RMF of hip extensors. The performing velocity changes in different ways each exercises.

High-tone extensor thrust is common to those with cerebral palsy and those suffering spinal cord injuries. It is a muscle-control phenomenon that causes the body to straighten spastically. One goal of this thesis is to design a dynamic seating system that moves with respect to the wheelchair frame, allowing the seat to move with the user during an extensor thrust and reduce forces. One unique challenge is that the seat needs to remain rigid during normal functional activities and only become dynamic when an involuntary thrust is detected. A second goal of this thesis is to design a control scheme that is able to differentiate between these two types of motion. These design goals are initially investigated with a hinged-seatback system, instrumented with sensors to allow for the detection of thrusts and to actively control seating components. A full seating system is then built to allow for full-body extensor thrusts, involving the seatback, seat bottom, and leg rest of the wheelchair. This system is analyzed for effectiveness of reducing forces on the body during an extensor thrust. Another serious problem for this segment of the population is pressure ulcers. These are caused by prolonged pressure on the skin from weight-bearing bony prominences. Various seating system configurations are known to help with pressure relief. The three standard configurations for a chair are tilt, recline, and standing. The final goal of this thesis is to measure and compare the effectiveness of these three methods for their ability to relieve pressure on the seat bottom. To accomplish this, a powered wheelchair with built-in capabilities for recline and standing is mounted to a tilting mechanism. Test subjects are used to experimentally compare the effectiveness of each method for pressure reduction using pressure mats on all weight-bearing surfaces. A 2D model is also developed and validated with the experimental results.

The aim of this study was to determine the concurrent validity, test-retest intra-rater reliability, and test-retest inter-rater reliability of photographic measures of anterior pelvic tilt range of motion (APT ROM) and hip extension ROM range of motion (HE ROM) during a constrained forward lunge test (CFLT) in healthy adult runners. Measurements of start, end, and range of motion (ROM) variables for APT and HE motion were taken from an Optorak kinematic measurement system and from printed photographs extracted from digital video footage using a protractor. A total of 13 healthy adult male and female recreational runners participated in the study. Measures of APT ROM and HE ROM were found to be valid compared to Optorak measures, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of 0.94 and 0.99 respectively, and limits of agreement of -1.42 ± 1.99 degrees and 0.41 ± 2.13 degrees respectively. APT ROM and HE ROM demonstrated high between-day intra-rater reliability with ICCs ranging from 0.75 to 0.91 and within-day inter-rater reliability with ICCs ranging from 0.86-0.90. For between day intra-rater measurements smallest detectable differences (SDDs) ranged from 5.59 to 4.12 for APT ROM and from 9.08 to 11.08 for HE ROM. The present study suggests that photographic measurements of APT ROM and HE ROM during a CFLT are valid and reliable in healthy adult runners; however, these measurements display a low sensitivity with respect to detecting changes between trials.

Contextualização: A compreensão das variáveis que modulam a sobrecarga externa oriunda dos exercícios de Pilates pode afetar as forças internas que agem na articulação do quadril e seu entendimento é de grande importância para os educadores físicos e fisioterapeutas que atuam nesse âmbito, que podem subsidiar a prescrição dos exercícios tanto para o treinamento físico quanto para a reabilitação. Objetivo: analisar o efeito da mola e da velocidade de execução de três exercícios de Pilates no comportamento e na magnitude da força muscular resultante (FMR) da articulação do quadril, obtida pela técnica de dinâmica inversa. Metodologia: 20 sujeitos praticantes de Pilates foram avaliados durante três exercícios de extensão de quadril com e sem mola: (1) leg lower mola alta (LLMA); (2) leg lower mola baixa (LLMB); (3) leg extension (LE). A partir da técnica da dinâmica inversa obtiveram-se os torques musculares e foram utilizando dados da literatura para quantificar a distância perpendicular média ponderada (DPMP) dos flexores e extensores de quadril e assim, estimar a FMR da articulação do quadril. A análise estatística utilizada foi uma ANOVA one-way para verificar o efeito principal dos exercícios sobre a FMR e uma correlação de Spearmann foi aplicada para descrever o comportamento da FMR ao longo de uma faixa de velocidade. Resultados: No exercício LE o esforço muscular passa de 200% do peso corporal, o LLMA atinge 50% e o LLMB, ao contrário dos demais exercícios, tem exigência da musculatura flexora nos últimos 10° da ADM. No LLMA, independente da velocidade a FMR foi a mesma. No LLMB, a FMR diminui com o aumento da velocidade. No LE, a FMR aumenta com o aumento da velocidade. Conclusão: Os diferentes exercícios de extensão de quadril apresentaram configurações distintas que interferiram na força muscular dos extensores de quadril. A velocidade de execução afeta de forma diferente cada um dos exercícios. / Background: Understanding of the behavior of external forces coming from the exercises can affect the internal forces that act in the hip joint and understanding is of great importance to the physical educators and clinical therapists that work in this field and can be helpful for prescribing exercises to physical training and rehabilitation. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of spring and the performing velocity of three exercises of Pilates in resultant muscle force (RMF) of the hip, with the support of inverse dynamics technique. Methods: Twenty Pilates practitioners, performed three hip extension exercises: (1) Leg Lower high spring (LLHS); (2) Leg Lower Low Spring (LLLS); (3) Leg extension (LE). From inverse dynamic technique the muscular moments were obtained and literature data was necessary to quantify the weighted mean moment arm (WMMA) of the hip flexors and extensors to estimate a RMF of the hip joint. The statistical analysis used was an ANOVA one way to verify the mean effect from the exercises on the RMF and Spearmann correlation was used to describe the RMF during different velocities. Results: In the exercise LE the muscular effort is greater than 200% of the body weight, in the LLHS was as high as 50% and the LLLS, contrary to the other exercises, have a flexors muscular effort in the last ten degrees of the range of motion. In the LLHS, independent of velocities the RMF is the same. In LLLS, the RMF decreases with the increase of velocity. In LE, the RMF increases with the increase of velocity. Conclusion: The different exercises of hip extension show singular configurations that alter in RMF of hip extensors. The performing velocity changes in different ways each exercises.

Contextualização: A compreensão das variáveis que modulam a sobrecarga externa oriunda dos exercícios de Pilates pode afetar as forças internas que agem na articulação do quadril e seu entendimento é de grande importância para os educadores físicos e fisioterapeutas que atuam nesse âmbito, que podem subsidiar a prescrição dos exercícios tanto para o treinamento físico quanto para a reabilitação. Objetivo: analisar o efeito da mola e da velocidade de execução de três exercícios de Pilates no comportamento e na magnitude da força muscular resultante (FMR) da articulação do quadril, obtida pela técnica de dinâmica inversa. Metodologia: 20 sujeitos praticantes de Pilates foram avaliados durante três exercícios de extensão de quadril com e sem mola: (1) leg lower mola alta (LLMA); (2) leg lower mola baixa (LLMB); (3) leg extension (LE). A partir da técnica da dinâmica inversa obtiveram-se os torques musculares e foram utilizando dados da literatura para quantificar a distância perpendicular média ponderada (DPMP) dos flexores e extensores de quadril e assim, estimar a FMR da articulação do quadril. A análise estatística utilizada foi uma ANOVA one-way para verificar o efeito principal dos exercícios sobre a FMR e uma correlação de Spearmann foi aplicada para descrever o comportamento da FMR ao longo de uma faixa de velocidade. Resultados: No exercício LE o esforço muscular passa de 200% do peso corporal, o LLMA atinge 50% e o LLMB, ao contrário dos demais exercícios, tem exigência da musculatura flexora nos últimos 10° da ADM. No LLMA, independente da velocidade a FMR foi a mesma. No LLMB, a FMR diminui com o aumento da velocidade. No LE, a FMR aumenta com o aumento da velocidade. Conclusão: Os diferentes exercícios de extensão de quadril apresentaram configurações distintas que interferiram na força muscular dos extensores de quadril. A velocidade de execução afeta de forma diferente cada um dos exercícios. / Background: Understanding of the behavior of external forces coming from the exercises can affect the internal forces that act in the hip joint and understanding is of great importance to the physical educators and clinical therapists that work in this field and can be helpful for prescribing exercises to physical training and rehabilitation. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of spring and the performing velocity of three exercises of Pilates in resultant muscle force (RMF) of the hip, with the support of inverse dynamics technique. Methods: Twenty Pilates practitioners, performed three hip extension exercises: (1) Leg Lower high spring (LLHS); (2) Leg Lower Low Spring (LLLS); (3) Leg extension (LE). From inverse dynamic technique the muscular moments were obtained and literature data was necessary to quantify the weighted mean moment arm (WMMA) of the hip flexors and extensors to estimate a RMF of the hip joint. The statistical analysis used was an ANOVA one way to verify the mean effect from the exercises on the RMF and Spearmann correlation was used to describe the RMF during different velocities. Results: In the exercise LE the muscular effort is greater than 200% of the body weight, in the LLHS was as high as 50% and the LLLS, contrary to the other exercises, have a flexors muscular effort in the last ten degrees of the range of motion. In the LLHS, independent of velocities the RMF is the same. In LLLS, the RMF decreases with the increase of velocity. In LE, the RMF increases with the increase of velocity. Conclusion: The different exercises of hip extension show singular configurations that alter in RMF of hip extensors. The performing velocity changes in different ways each exercises.