Educational reform movements are constantly in the process of trying to improve a fractured educational system. Many scholars contend there is a discrepancy between educational outcomes for White students and students from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Some educators in working class communities of color have begun to infuse elements of students’ social and cultural backgrounds, including popular culture, to create instructional methods that can better engage and pique student interest. Hip-hop Pedagogy is one of the methods, rooted in popular culture, which is being used in classroom settings to increase students’ awareness about the societal constructs and issues in their communities that may affect them. Student access to Hiphop based instructional methods, however, have been limited and virtually absent from elementary education settings. However the consumption of Hip-hop culture persists in urban communities worldwide. This qualitative study implemented a Hip-hop emergent-based curriculum in an elementary school setting, closely documenting the perceptions and responses to the curriculum by four young males students of color. The study consisted of five consecutive classroom sessions, in which the curriculum and dialogue focused on different expressions of Hip-hop culture. Student viewpoints were logged daily in focus groups and the data that emerged from the sessions and focus groups informed the emergent curriculum. Graffiti became the Hip-hop element of focus chosen for deeper exploration by the participants in this study. The study revealed a number of findings that point to the potential value of an emergent Hip-hop curriculum with elementary male students of color.

Inspirada no debate teórico promovido pelo Grupo de pesquisa Multiculturalimso e Educação (CNPq) da Faculdade de Educação da USP e pelas experiências de pesquisa empírica desenvolvidas no âmbito das docências compartilhadas com professoras da rede municipal de ensino de São Paulo-SP, como parte do projeto de políticas públicas O ancestral e o contemporâneo nas escolas (FAPESP/2015: 50120-8), a presente dissertação de Mestrado propõe-se a apresentar propostas didáticas que amparem a plena efetivação das Leis 10.639/2003 e 11.645/08. O objetivo é repensar o ensino de história africana, afro-brasileira para as turmas finais do Ensino fundamental público, visando uma proposta pedagógica com orientação crítica e culturalmente relevante. Tomando a Pedagogia Hip hop, defendida por Marc Lamont Hill (2014), como referência para a condução das docências, em diálogo com as teses relativas à Luta pelo reconhecimento, sustentadas por Axel Honneth (2003), articuladas, por sua vez, às ideias de Kabengele Munanga (2004) sobre a influência da ideologia do embranquecimento na formação da sociedade brasileira, propõe-se uma reflexão a propósito de estratégias para o ensino por meio de raps socialmente engajados. Recorrendo a letras de rap, discutimos temas históricos e atuais com os alunos, procurando, por um lado, reconhecer a importância dos povos historicamente prejudicados (HONNETH, 2003) para a formação da sociedade brasileira, e por outro, desenvolver nos educandos um olhar crítico sobre suas próprias histórias. Procurou-se, desse modo, contribuir para a construção de bases identitárias positivas para as populações não-brancas (MUNANGA, 2004) em nosso país, além de colaborar para o combate do racismo, da discriminação racial e do preconceito em nossa sociedade, por meio do reconhecimento histórico e social dos povos coformadores do Brasil. / Inspired by the theoretical debate promoted by the Group of Multicultural Education and Education (CNPq) of the Faculty of Education of USP and by the empirical research experiences developed in the scope of shared teaching with teachers of the municipal teaching network of São Paulo-SP, as part of the project (FAPESP / 2015: 50120-8), this Master\'s thesis proposes to present didactic proposals that support the full effectiveness of Laws 10.639 / 2003 and 11.645 / 08. The objective is to rethink the teaching of African and Afro-Brazilian history for the final classes of public primary education, aiming at a pedagogical proposal with a critical and culturally relevant orientation. Taking the Hip Hop Pedagogy, defended by Marc Lamont Hill (2014), as a reference for the conduction of the teaching, in dialogue with the theses related to the Fight for recognition, supported by Axel Honneth (2003), articulated, in turn, to the ideas of Kabengele Munanga (2004) on the influence of the whitening ideology on the formation of Brazilian society, it is proposed a reflection on strategies for teaching through socially engaged raps. Using lyrics of rap, we discussed historical and current themes with the students, seeking, on the one hand, to recognize the importance of historically impaired peoples (HONNETH, 2003) for the formation of Brazilian society, and on the other, to develop a critical their own stories. In this way, we sought to contribute to the construction of positive identity bases for nonwhite populations (MUNANGA, 2004) in our country, in addition to collaborating in the fight against racism, racial discrimination and prejudice in our society, for the historical and social recognition of the co-forming peoples of Brazil.

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While there is growing research about the positive impact of teaching artists (TAs), these professional arts educators are an underused resource. As a TA, I have more than a decade of experience implementing spoken word and hip-hop as a pedagogical approach in urban public school classrooms. By conducting this autoethnographic study, I sought to explore insights from these 10 years of lived experience for understanding and documenting the critical principles of my practice as a TA. This autoethnography of my life as a TA tells stories from urban public school classrooms during my formative years as an educator. The research explored the impact my artistic practices have had on developing my pedagogical approach, including the emotional and financial challenges inherent to working on the margins. By interpreting and analyzing ethnographic material from five residencies, this research resulted in complex narrative accounts, which provide insights for the field of arts education, with a specific focus on TAs. Moreover, this study offers a visionary context for a liberatory educational praxis of spoken word and hip-hop in classrooms and communities.

Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de responder à seguinte questão: é possível abordar a música negra nas escolas, ao som do tambor africano, de modo a promover a aceitação e valorização deste instrumento e, consequentemente, da cultura afro-brasileira? Com a intenção de refletir e encontrar caminhos para iluminar essa questão, realizou-se um trabalho de campo na Escola de Aplicação da Faculdade de Educação da USP e na Escola Municipal Saturnino Pereira, ambas situadas no município de São Paulo, durante três anos, com turmas de 9º, 7º, 6º e 8º anos, respectivamente. Por meio de uma proposta de docência compartilhada com os professores dessas turmas, foram realizadas intervenções conjuntas em sala de aula, como forma de suscitar, especialmente entre os jovens afrodescendentes, um olhar crítico à toda forma de estigmatização do tambor e da sonoridade de matriz africana que dele emana. Em busca de novas práticas educacionais e analisando detalhadamente o cotidiano escolar, ao introduzir práticas e saberes dos afrodescendentes, promoveram-se rupturas de campo em duas dimensões do universo escolar: a) nos rituais e práticas de ensino em sala de aula; b) no imaginário da cultura escolar, envolvendo professores e alunos, a propósito do tambor. Os estudos realizados apontam que o tambor ocupa um lugar central, nos rituais de religiões de matriz africana, opondo-se aos instrumentos eurocêntricos e consagrados pelo mainstream, e que talvez, por isso mesmo, seja considerado inferior, do mesmo modo como toda a cultura proveniente da África. Dessa maneira, verifica-se uma série de estereótipos relacionados à cultura afro-brasileira, presentes nas atitudes de alguns docentes e alunos em face do instrumento, que tem dificultado a valorização, por parte dos estudantes afrodescendentes, de sua própria cultura. A fundamentação teórica que orientou tais reflexões baseou-se, principalmente, nas obras de Munanga (2005), Caputo (2012), Leite (2008), Gilroy (2001), Herrmann (2001) e Schafer (2011), além de outros autores, cujos escritos colaboraram para a fundamentação desta pesquisa. / This paper aims to answer the following question: is it possible to approach black music at schools, with the sound of African drums, in order to promote acceptance and appreciation of that instrument and consequently of Afro-Brazilian culture? With the purpose of reflecting on that question and shedding light on it, fieldwork was done at the Escola de Aplicação institute at the University of São Paulos School of Education and at the Escola Municipal Saturnino Pereira elementary school, both located in the city of São Paulo, involving, for three years, students from the 6th to the 9th grades in the Brazilian school system. Through a shared teaching project involving the teachers of those classes, concerted in-class efforts were carried out to promote critical thinking, especially among Afro-Brazilian students, about the many ways in which the drum is stigmatized along with the African sound character that it has. In search of new teaching practices and in performing an in-depth analysis of the day-to-day at the schools, the introduction of new practices and knowledge promoted a field disruption in two scopes of the school realm: the in-class teaching rituals and practices; b) the image that the school culture, including teachers and students, holds about the drum. The studies show that the drum plays a key role in the religious rituals of African origin, as opposed to Eurocentric instruments celebrated in mainstream culture, and that for that very reason, the drum is held as inferior, to the same extent that African culture as a whole is. Many stereotypes about Afro-Brazilian culture emerge from that perception, as observed in the attitude toward the instrument by part of both the students and the teaching staff. This has an impact on how Afro-Brazilian students view their own culture. The theoretical basis for our reflections drew mainly on the works by Munanga (2005), Caputo (2012), Leite (2008), Gilroy (2001), Hermann (2001) and Schafer (2011), as well as various other authors, whose theories helped provided the grounds for this study.

A pesquisa objetiva analisar em que medida as expressões estéticas do hip-hop, em especial a dança breaking, coadunam-se com a ideia de Béthune (2003) de telescopia histórica, de acordo com a qual tais manifestações tenderiam a atualizar a tradição cultural afro-americana e afro-brasileira por meio de um olhar estético contemporâneo, como estratégia de luta e de fortalecimento sociocultural para a juventude negra e periférica. Desse modo, considerando as necessidades da educação pública brasileira, pretende-se propor estratégias didáticas para preparar essa juventude para o futuro, garantindo-lhe uma educação justa. A proposta é priorizar o desenvolvimento de habilidades e de competências necessárias para o desenvolvimento da juventude periférica, concebidas neste trabalho como letramento de reexistência. Ou seja, que propicie uma leitura crítica do mundo com base em uma interpretação do corpo negro que se abre para uma afromemória. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa repensa o corpo do (a) jovem negro (a), como portador de uma afromemória, cujos sentidos são ressignificados por meio da dança breaking, relacionando-a com a herança cultural trazida dos (as) africanos (as) escravizados (as), por meio do diálogo entre as experiências estéticas ancestrais e contemporâneas. Dessa maneira, pretende contribuir para a reinvenção de uma educação afrocentrada. As reflexões apresentadas priorizam as leituras da filosofia do campo negro apresentadas por Molefi Asante (1988, 2003), Achille Mbembe (2014) e Frantz Fanon (1968, 2008) e, especificamente, do hiphop, tomou-se como base os trabalhos de Ana Lúcia Souza (2011) e Marc Lamont Hill (2014). Tais leituras foram feitas no sentido de orientar a pesquisa de campo realizada na ONG Casa do Zezinho, situada no Capão Redondo e em algumas escolas municipais de São Paulo, como parte de dois projetos de políticas públicas realizadas pelo grupo de pesquisa, O Hip-Hop e as Culturas afro-brasileiras, do qual faz parte esta dissertação, sob coordenação da orientadora, cujo objetivo foi propiciar a formação de professores (as) das redes públicas de ensino, a título de contribuição para a efetivação de políticas públicas amparadas pela lei 10.639/03, e, desse modo, contribuir para a decolonização do currículo. / The research aims to analyze to what extent aesthetic expressions of hip-hop, especially breaking dance, are consistent with the idea of \"historical telescopy\" developed by Béthune (2003), according to which such manifestations would tend to update the Afro-American and Afro-Brazilian cultural traditions through a contemporary aesthetic view, as a strategy of struggle and socio-cultural strengthening for black and peripheral youth. Thus, considering the needs of Brazilian public education, the research intends to propose didactic strategies to prepare these youth for the future, guaranteeing a fair education. The idea is to prioritize the development of skills and of competences necessary for the development of the peripheral youth, conceived in this work as \"literacy of reexistence\". That is, to provide a critical reading of the world based on an interpretation of the black body that opens for an afromemory. In this sense, this work rethinks the young black\'s body as a carrier of an afromemory, whose meanings are resignified through breaking dance, relating it to the cultural inheritance brought by enslaved Africans, through the dialogue between ancestral aesthetic experiences and contemporary art. In this way, it intends to contribute to the reinvention of an Afro-centered education. The reflections presented prioritized the readings of the black field philosophy presented by Molefi Asante (1988, 2003), Achille Mbembe (2014) and Frantz Fanon (1968, 2008) and specifically of hip-hop. Ana Lúcia Souza (2011), Marc Lamont Hill (2014). These readings were done in order to guide the field research carried out at the Casa do Zezinho NGO, located in Capão Redondo and some municipal schools in São Paulo, as part of two public policy researches carried out by the research group Hip Hop and the Afro-Brazilian Cultures, in which this current research is inserted. Under the coordination of the research tutor, the objective of the research group was to provide training for teachers in public education systems, as a contribution to the implementation of public policies covered by Law 10.639 / 03, and thus contribute to the decolonization of the curriculum.

This dissertation examines elementary teacher candidates' perceptions of hip-hop culture and utilizing hip-hop pedagogy in a mathematics classroom. This study demonstrates how elements of hip-hop may be integrated into an elementary mathematics methods course to develop pedagogical knowledge that challenges teacher candidates to explore the benefits of utilizing hip-hop as a tool in the classroom. This study contributes to the growing body of research that investigates the use of hip-hop pedagogy in educator preparatory programs. Participants in this study were teacher candidates at a large university in Texas enrolled in the final year of their educator preparatory program. This research shows that as a result of integrating hip-hop pedagogy in the mathematics methods course, teacher candidates had increased knowledge and more positive perceptions of hip-hop culture, and they demonstrated a greater willingness to integrate hip-hop pedagogy in their future classrooms.