In reaction to A.R.M. Lower's forest studies, which emphasize the role of markets and tariffs, it is argued that both capital and labour demonstrate extensive agency during the transition between Canada's exports of lumber to Britain and the United States. A series of micro-studies explore the socio-economic transition from colonial to corporate forestry, within a regional framework integrating rural and urban experiences. The succession between economies is examined, from fur to lumber, land speculation, to merchant capital and pioneer sawmilling, to the Ottawa Valley capitalist. The example, James MacLaren, used kinship capital pools and strategic business alliances to rise to the position of independent capitalist lumberman and Bank president. The labour institutions upon which his business was based, the shanty and the timber cove, were anchored to a web of household economies, both urban and rural. Families drew on monthly shanty wages. The shanty was common ground for small kin-groups of local farm workers, urban sawmiil workers, migrant workers, and a core of professional lumberers, resident in Ottawa. Staggered waves of arrival and departure show flexibility in when one decided to leave the farm for the shanty, implying it was a complementary institution. MacLaren's cove in Quebec City also accommodated rural workers amid numerous small non-union strikes. Across the harbour, timber ship labourers, divided over ethnicity and technology, coalesced violently into one of the country's strongest unions. As industrial lumber barges replaced rafts, sawmills replaced coves as export points. MacLaren used both to sell to British and U.S. markets simultaneously, expanding his investments into Vermont and New York. His capital was redeployed in resource developments, such as mining and railways, or local real estate, in a regional pattern that cut across the "Empire of the St. Lawrence". His connections were with American investors or competitors--Cleveland steel elites or the House of Morgan. The Bank of Ottawa, built upon his gathering of local groupings of capital, eventually found regional identity a hinderance in raising capital. Unable to make inroads into other markets, it merged with the Bank of Nova Scotia. In 1904 a successful appeal was made to the State to close timber limits against settlement. This was to make forests more acceptable as collateral to make the transition to pulp and paper. Couched in the discourse of fire, the closing of the forest common marks the true end of the frontier. For Quebec, this is the final abandonment of agrarian colonisation for a development model based on state supported large scale corporate forestry, mining and hydro-electric development.

Cette these etablit le degre d'alphabetisation des populations acadiennes a Port Royal et Grand Pre pour la premiere moitie du XVIII$\sp{\rm e}$ siecle, a partir des signatures aux actes de mariage dans les registres paroissiaux; elle mesure aussi le meme phenomene pour les Acadiens apres la Deportation dans les paroisses de St-Pierre de Pubnico et de St-Anselme de Chezzetcook en Nouvelle-Ecosse, de St-Antoine de Richibouctou au Nouveau-Brunswick, de St-Jacques de l'Achigan et de L'Acadie au Quebec. Les Acadiens avaient un tres haut degre d'alphabetisation lors de la conquete par l'Angleterre en 1713; sous la domination anglaise, l'art de signer s'est perdu graduellement de sorte qu'en 1755 peu d'Acadiens savaient signer. Apres 1755, les Acadiens regroupes au Canada ne savaient pratiquement pas signer: ceux des Maritimes ne l'ont reappris que tard au XIX$\sp{\rm e}$ siecle sauf ceux de St-Pierre de Pubnico, qui presentent un cas d'exception; ceux du Quebec ont appris au meme rythme que la population quebecoise. L'art de signer ou l'alphabetisation qui disparai t avec la fermeture des ecoles sous la domination anglaise en Acadie est clairement un premier resultat de l'ecole, ecole organisee et supportee au Canada francais tres longtemps par le clerge et les communautes religieuses catholiques.

Avant la confederation canadienne, la province du Nouveau-Brunswick ne possedait qu'un seul centre urbain en importance, soit celui de Saint John. Notre these demontre qu'il existe un lien entre la croissance demographique de certaines localites du Nouveau-Brunswick et leur integration au reseau postal entre 1870 et 1910. On voit s'operer, pendant cette periode, les debuts de changements importants dans la structure du systeme urbain de cette province, changements qui resultent, selon nous, de deux nouvelles dynamiques: soit la mise en place d'une e conomie spatiale complexe, ayant pour base un reseau terrestre donnant des avantage a de nouvelles localites, et le role grandissant de la classe d'affaires dans le cadre de cette societe des interactions. Sur le plan provincial, l'hegemonie de Saint John sera alors mise au defi par d'autries centres qui tentent de se tailler une place a l'interieur d'un systeme urbain en formation. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

"Andrew Allan, Nathan Cohen, and Mavor Moore: Cultural Nationalism and the Growth of Canadian Drama 1945-1960" is concerned with the texture and substance of English-Canada's cultural life in the decade and a half following World War II. This thesis represents a case study in English-Canadian cultural nationalism by focussing on the views of three cultural nationalists who believed that the creation of a national theatre could establish a unique Canadian identity and national unity. Essentially, the thesis argues that the early enthusiasm of the period for the potential of Canadian drama, and high culture in general, was thwarted by public apathy, an inferiority complex, the failure of the government to act on the recommendations of the Massey Report, and the omnipresence of television which paved the way for the conquest of mass culture and technology. By simply articulating their concerns about Canadian culture which were validated by the Massey Commission, cultural nationalists demonstrated that a distinct Canadian culture did exist in spite of the growing influence of the United States. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Interwoven with the history of the political, economic and sociocultural development of Alberta is another history: that of communication between peoples of different languages and cultures. Translators and interpreters are the media through which such communication has taken place, and it is hard to imagine how the prairies, including Alberta, could have been settled and developed without these language specialists. It was not until the late 1970s, however, that the first steps were taken to organize translation and interpretation activities at a professional level. A centralized translation office was established to serve the departments and agencies of the provincial government, and a professional association, the Alberta Translators and Interpreters Association, was formed and accepted as a member of the Canadian Translators and Interpreters Council. Now, in the 1990s, as international exchanges multiply, and as Alberta enters a new phase of its political and economic history, particularly through its special relations with provinces in three Asian countries, it seems inevitable that an increasing number of people will come to realize the importance of professional translation and interpretation to the success of their endeavours. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

In Kingston, Ontario between 1950 and 1962, the land assembly program, which involved all three levels of the Canadian Federal system, generated nearly six hundred fully serviced lots arranged in two subdividisons named Polson Park and Calvin Park. These lots were priced specifically for the middle income market Meanwhile, the public housing program, which also involved all three levels of the Canadian Federal system, built only seventy-one low cost rental units. This total must be considered insufficient when compared to the overall demand for affordable housing. This thesis uses a case study approach to examine the dynamics, at the local level, behind the intergovernmental land assembly program. The first chapter, defines terms, examines various theoretical perspectives and provides a cross-cultural comparison between of the housing policies of Canada, Great Britain, and the United States. The succeeding chapters focus on the formation of the program at the upper echelons of the federal and provincial bureaucracies, two aborted land assembly projects in Kingston and the two successful projects. The land assembly program was very much a reflection of the Canadian socio-economic and political attitudes of the 1950's.

A la lumiere d'un eventail de sources, dont un echantillon de 550 proces de la Cour municipale de Montreal, cette these analyse l'evolution de la pratique prostitutionelle, du discours et des mecanismes de controle s'y rattachant. Plus precisement, elle insiste sur les trois aspects suivants: d'abord, elle demontre que la prostitution feminine met directement en cause les rapports d'appropriation qui marquent les relations hommes/femmes. En effet, la majorite des detenteurs de pouvoir dans la prostitution montrealaise sont des hommes: clients, proxenetes, policiers et juges dominent la scene prostitutionnelle et controlent les prostituees. Deuxiemement, cette these montre que la phenomene prostitutionnel evolue avec le temps et s'inscrit dans le contexte ideologique et socio-economique de la societe montrealaise entre 1945 et 1970. L'impact qu'ont les campagnes de moralite publique de l'immediat apres-guerre sur la redefinition des structures prostitutionnelles illustrent bien ce phenomene. Enfin, cette these permet de detruire certains mythes tenaces relatifs a la prostitution feminine. Ainsi, le profil varie des prostituees montrealaises, la precarite de leur condition economique, l'exploitation et l'etouffement dont elles sont victimes ebranlent serieusement les croyances que la prostitution est un metier payant, dans lequel les prostituees, generalement depeintes comme etant jeunes et celibataires, sont des travailleuses autonomes, mai tres de leur destin.

During the War of the Austrian Succession (1744-1748), four distinct groups--the British; the French; the Three Fires Confederacy (composed of the Odawa, Ojibwa, and Potawatomi), and an anti-French coalition sought to exercise power in the Great Lakes region. The British sought to enlist the Amerindians of the Lakes in their war against the French. The French attempted to mobilize Amerindians to attack British traders south of Lake Erie. Elements of some Amerindian nations formed a coalition which attempted to replace French with British traders in the Great Lakes region. The pro-French faction among the Three Fires Confederacy sought to avoid entanglement in French actions against the British south of Lake Erie, and to end the violence in the west. Of these groups, it was the Amerindians, particularly the Three Fires Confederacy, who proved capable of initiating and controlling events in the west. Their actions indicate that, in 1744-1748, the Amerindians of the Great Lakes retained their independence and freedom of action, and regarded European alliances as instruments of convenience, not subordination. Moreover, in spite of French pretensions to overlordship and overlapping European claims to Amerindian territory, the Three Fires Confederacy were the paramount power in the Great Lakes region in the mid-eighteenth century.

Canada's decision to establish a Tokyo Legation in 1928 was a major foreign-policy initiative. The Tokyo Legation demonstrated a clear shift, slight as it may have been, in Canada's international outlook away from its traditional North Atlantic orientation. Japan had emerged from World War One a major power on the international scene and the key actor in the far east. The establishment of the diplomatic mission in Tokyo at such an early date clearly demonstrated that the Department of External Affairs recognized the importance of Canada's relations with Asia/Pacific in general and Japan in particular. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Creee par le gouvernement Laurier en 1909, la Commission de la conservation du Canada fut presidee par Clifford Sifton et dirigee par le geographe James White. Entre 1909 et 1921 elle a produit pres de 200 rapports. Ses sept comites permanents (forets; eaux et pouvoirs d'eau; terres; minerais; sante publique; faune et service de presse) ont propose trois objectifs afin d'assurer le developpement durable de l'economie canadienne: elimination du gaspillage dans l'extraction et l'utilisation des ressources non-renouvelables; conservation des ressources renouvelables selon le principe du rendement soutenu et preservation des especes menacees. Les Commissaires ont formule trois strategies pour atteindre ces objectifs: recherche et elaboration de politiques progressistes a l'intention des gouvernements; education des publics par le biais de livres, brochures et periodiques et enfin recherche scientifique et industrielle afin de decouvrir de nouvelles techniques et moyens de production moins dommageables pour l'environnement. La popularite de la Commission a atteint son apogee vers 1914. Mais la premiere Guerre mondiale et la participation active du Canada a l'effort de guerre ont serieusement affectes l'organisme. Les Commissaires ont ete appeles a encourager la production plutot que la conservation et le developpement accelere du potentiel industriel canadien plutot que le developpement durable. La plupart ont ete incapables mettre de cote leurs principes et leurs ideaux d'avant-guerre. Leur manque d'enthousiasme a profite a ceux qui preconisaient l'expansion rapide du potentiel industriel canadien, notamment les membres du Conseil national de recherches du Canada (CNRC). Vers la fin de la Guerre, les ennemis de la Commission se sont multiplies. Le gouvernement Meighen, aux prises avec un deficit budgetaire sans precedent, abolit l'organisme en mai 1921, alors que le Canada traversait un severe recession economique. Cependant, l'interet pour la conservation du milieu naturel ne s'est pas evanoui: une pleiade d'organisations, comme l'Association forestiere canadienne, ont repris le flambeau et ont joui d'un appui significatif aupres de la population. Les realisations de la Commission sont examinees dans le contexte plus large de l'histoire de l'ecologisme en Occident. L'ecologisme, prise de conscience que certaines activites humaines ont un effet nefaste sur l'environnement, a des racines qui remontent dans le temps et qui precedent de loin la naissance de la science de l'ecologie. Une telle interpretation permet de mieux comprendre l'histoire des problemes environnementaux et les defis auxquels sont confrontes des generations d'ecologistes.