This is a study in supreme command, its nature and the course of its development within the fabric of the English Constitution during the decade or so prior to the shattering of the peace of the old world and the coming of the War in Europe. It is a study concerned with an examination of the formulation and development of defence policy only in so far as these factors helped determine the course and outcome of the struggle, which occurred during these years, to establish an effective form of supreme command. [...]

This thesis examines the evolution of postwar industrial relations in postwar Japan from 1945 to 1973. It analyzes the impact of postwar industrial relations institutions on the origins and development of “lean production” or, as it is otherwise known, the Toyota production system. It uses three case studies, Mitsui Coal’s Miike mine in Kyushu, Suzuki Motors in Hamamatsu, and Moriguchi City Hall as an empirical basis for analysis and constructs a schema of industrial relations institutions that challenges the conventional “three pillars” interpretation (lifetime employment, seniority-based wages, and enterprise unions). From a historical perspective there were three distinct stages in the evolution of industrial relations. The first, from 1945-1947 was a labour-dominated period during which unions began to develop a distinct factory regime in which they were equal partners with management and could veto layoffs. Employers rejected this regime, however, and led an offensive against the independent union movement. This offensive was relatively successful in weakening labour and overturning the new institutions, but it engendered further antagonism. Thus the 1950s were characterized by instability in labour relations and new institutions had to evolve out of the workplace. A stable Fordist regime consolidated in the 1960-1973 period. From a comparative perspective and in the context of the development of lean production, the author stresses four institutions: tacit and limited job tenure; a performance-based wage system controlled by management; unions with an enterprise (i.e. market) orientation; and joint consultation. These institutions gave Japanese industrial relations their distinctiveness and also help to explain why lean production developed in Japan. Under the traditional Fordist model, work was broken down into short, repetitive cycles and organized along an assembly line. Employers exerted control by keeping conceptual activities as their mandate and workers were to simply follow instructions. This study found that work itself did not change substantively under lean production but workers participated more in conceptual activities. One of the key reasons for this was that employers in Japan were able to exercise control not only through the division of labour but through the wage system and enterprise unions as well. These mechanisms put discrete limits on the scope of worker innovations. They also limited the benefits workers could expect from the system. Lean production represented a new stage in production, identified as lean, intensified Fordism.

This study places the evolution of journalistic ethics in Quebec between 1960 and 1990 in its socio-political context. The thesis starts with a discussion of the philosophical and legal foundations that are the basis of journalistic activity. It then features a social history of Quebec journalism which allows an analysis of the various interacting factors that have influenced the ethical and deontological issues raised during that period. These factors develop along four main axes: socio-political and historical events, press organizations, the journalistic community, and professional practices. / From this analysis, the author is able to draw a theory of displacements that is submitted as an interpretative model to explain the evolution of journalistic ethics in Quebec between 1960 and 1990. This theory shows that the main characteristics of this evolution lie in a series of progressive changes (1) in the levels of responsibility towards ethics, which engenders a general abandonment of such responsibilities; (2) in the definition of fundamental principles on which the press operates, namely freedom of the press, public right to information, and Social Responsibility, which is doubled by a relative failure of the self-regulation model of press ethics management; and (3) in many areas related to journalists' role and status, namely autonomy, adversary positions, social involvement, conflicts of interests and the definition of news itself.

Several contemporary theologians have maintained that the proper setting for Christian theology is an ecclesiastical one. The formation of character, the internalization of beliefs and values, and the representation of these principles and behavioural patterns in religious and political practices should be the priority of the church. / Other have argued that this circumscribed "confessional" approach is not enough. Biblical stories and religious convictions are not only rooted in faith communities but are also reflected in universal concerns. The reciprocal relationship between text and reader, church and world, requires a broadly-based "apologetic" method. / These two models are used to evaluate Gordon Kaufman's epistemology, ethics, metaphysics, and theologies of revelation, divine agency, and construction. One of the surprising discoveries of this dissertation is that his relative theory of knowledge and employment of a Christian categorial scheme undergird a confessional approach. The thesis nevertheless concludes that his thought is oriented towards a realistic empirical method. The discussion ends with a recommendation that Kaufman link his apologetic concerns to a more identifiable corporeal structure.

The rising popularity of country music in the United States since WWII is a cultural phenomenon intimately related to the ascendance of conservative values, leaders, and movements over the same period. By routinely celebrating themes like heterosexual love, the patriarchal nuclear family, hard work, individualism, freedom, patriotism, religion, and small-town life, country music provided the soundtrack for the insurgent conservatism of politicians like George Wallace, Richard Nixon, and Ronald Reagan. In the sixties and seventies, while other forms of popular music (rock, folk, soul) articulated the values of liberals, socialists, hippies, war protestors, feminists, and civil rights activists, country music alone stood for the "traditional" values cherished by the so-called "silent majority" that powered the rise of the Right. The spread of both country music and conservatism is also a reflection of the "southernization" of America---the diffusion across the nation of cultural and political traits long associated with the South.

This study assesses critically the conceptualisation and operationalisation of variants of the de-industrialization thesis that have been proposed in Canada, the United States, and United Kingdom. A series of operational measures are identified and then applied to the case of Canada to determine if it has been losing its manufacturing base. Long term data on employment, output, investment, and trade are examined for the manufacturing sector as a whole. Certain general trends are also contrasted with those of other G-7 countries. Further, the study considers trends in the major manufacturing industries (two digit SIC) and in the sub-industry groups: automotive, steel, and pulp and paper. The data are mainly from Statistics Canada publications and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The evidence runs counter to the expectations of the de-industrialization thesis. Canada's manufacturing base has generally grown.

This research constitutes a detailed study of 5 - 6 voice-leading technique that is often found in music - theoretical literature and in the tonal repertoire. The study aims to prove that this technique is an essential theoretical and analytical concept for understanding the evolution of tonal music. / The first part of this study examines concepts and descriptions of 5 - 6 technique as they appear in the theoretical literature of the eigthteenth and nineteenth centuries and in the writings of Heinrich Schenker and the modern Schenkerian school. The descriptions of 5 - 6 technique in earlier conterpoint, figured-bass and harmony treatises led Schenker and his disciples to place the technique in a much broader context, though even they do not always grasp the full implications of their procedures. / In the light of William Caplin's recent theory of formal functions, (Caplin 1985; 1998), the second part of the thesis in a substantial selection of musical excerpts from the eighteenth through the early twentieth centuries, demonstrates that 5 - 6 technique as a contrapuntal analatycal concept, provides an effective model for understanding the development of chromaticism and the extension of the tonal language at multiple structural levels.

This thesis will examine the role of Islamist political parties and what effect their interpretation of national identity has played in dividing the people of Sudan, resulting in two civil wars. It will examine the manifestations and interpretations of Islam and pan-Arabism among the various Islamist parties of Northern Sudan, exploring the ethnic and religious factors which influence Islamist political groups, as well as their social bases which are tied to economics, language, and the conception of a distinctly "Arab" or "African" culture. This thesis will argue that the predominance of these Islamist political parties in the Sudanese government combined with the lack of a Sudanese identity and historical factors have combined to prevent the consolidation of state power, leading to situations of protracted conflict. The imposition, or attempted imposition, of an Islamic identity on the state as a whole prevents unity as it necessarily excludes certain parts of the population as well as disenfranchising those who, whilst they might be Muslim, do not subscribe to the same interpretation of Islamic identity.

A. N. Wilson is a distinguished contemporary English author and journalist whose writing constantly displays the depth of his understanding of and concern for the Church of England. Himself once a devout Anglican, albeit one of the Church's more vocal watchdogs, Wilson now writes as an outsider and an unbeliever. Yet he is still widely read and highly regarded as a commentator on the institution, and as one who is never reluctant to confront the ills which he believes responsible for its demise. / Wilson takes the church hierarchy to task for neglecting spiritual matters in favour of "issues". He employs satire to illustrate what he believes to be the general mediocrity of the clergy. In his journalism Wilson continues to lambast liturgical changes and to question modern biblical criticism. / By using representative selections from Wilson's writings as novelist, biographer, polemicist and journalist, and by chronicling his own highly publicised religious quest, this study seeks to show the dilemma of a substantial body of contemporary English Anglicans. Furthermore, the inability and impotence of the Established Church in England to meet the needs of its traditional and more moderate worshippers is adequately reflected in Wilson's work.

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