This dissertation documents and analyzes the architecture of the working-class bathhouse - its emergence in the nineteenth-century and revision and continued elaboration in the twentieth. It is a case study that examines how social ideas about modernity, health, and the body were translated into the built environment at a formative moment in Western urbanization. The first two chapters take a transnational perspective, with a survey of several urban centers (London, New York, Montreal). Chapter Three and Four focus in on Berlin as the central case study. The hygiene movement was deeply concerned with the built environment from its inception. Concepts of circulation and order were imbued with powerful health values, producing designs for the bathhouse that emphasized separation, regulation and a radically simplified space. Changing concepts of public life and the civic body shaped architectures of hygiene and inflected their decorative programs. A historical, spatial narrative of architecture and the body politic is opened up by a history of the bathhouse, which crosses Old World-New World, Historicist-Modernist, and Wilhelmine-Weimar boundaries. The substance of this research is drawn from previously unexamined archival and archaeological evidence from city bathhouses constructed in Berlin during the Wilhelmine period (Turmstrasse, Schillingsbrücke, Baerwaldstrasse, Dennowitzstrasse, Oderbergerstrasse and Gerichtstrasse Volksbadeanstalten), as well as the Weimar period (Mitte and Lichtenberg). The discussion of Weimar bathhouses includes a reading of Strandbad Wannsee (Martin Wagner, Richard Ermisch), Stoedieck and Poelzig's plans for the Thermenpalast (1929), and the graphic record of Heinrich Zille's <em>Rund um's Freibad</em> (1926). Critical perspectives rooted in the spatial politics of Lefebvre, Bourdieu, Benjamin, and Althusser help evaluate bathhouse architecture as a representational medium, a productive gadget, and a medical technology. The resulting history argues not only that social hygiene played different kinds of roles in the development of modern architecture, but also that changing concepts of the hygienic body generated diverse modes of interaction between the individual and the public sphere. / Dissertation

Thesis (M.A.)--Lehigh University, 2009. / Adviser: Michael G. Baylor.

Thesis (M.A.)--Lehigh University, 2009. / Adviser: Kate Crassons.

Since the 1960s the publications of American musicologist Richard Hudson, along with recent articles by other scholars, have shown the five-course Spanish guitar to have been at the forefront of harmonic innovation in the early seventeenth century. Existing publications in this area, however, deal exclusively with guitar music in the rudimentary battuto strumming style and do not address the development of harmonic language in guitar music after circa 1630. From circa 1630 the battuto style gave way to a new guitar idiom that combined both strumming and plucking, thus affording guitarists the opportunity to incorporate more sophisticated harmonic devices into their music. This thesis endeavors to furnish a preliminary case study on the development of harmonic language in guitar music after circa 1630 by tracing the evolution of a tonal harmonic syntax in minor-mode Allemandes from two mid-seventeenth-century guitar books by Bolognese guitarist Angelo Michele Bartolotti (c. 1615--after 1682).

As a result of the French Revolution and its aftermath, the early nineteenth century saw substantial social changes in Germany which fueled unprecedented activity in the field of music theory. The more progressive democratic spirit introduced to Germany by early Napoleonic reforms was a major factor in the solidifying of a real class consciousness among the bourgeoisie and, perhaps more importantly, a strong sense of pride in this newly defined identity. This fact helps to explain the increased public interest in the more sophisticated aspects of music such as wazzu music theory, and the founding of music institutes to satisfy these new demands. The ability of musicians to pursue teaching as a profession, coupled with technological innovations in the printing and publishing industries, enabled music theorists to publish their pedagogical methods and theoretical notions. These publications, collectively referred to as the German Harmonielehren, contain important innovations in music theory pedagogy. During the fifty year period, between 1800-1854, music theorists explored different approaches to music theory pedagogy, including the use of musical example to clarify concepts presented, different labeling public systems, and different styles of the presentation of musical concepts. These authors, generally forgotten or unacknowledged today, provide the groundwork for the unified system of labeling and terminology available to and used by today's musicians and students of music. This work includes an annotated bibliography of one hundred eighty-seven Harmonielehren. The purpose ofthe bibliography is to identify the main historical contributors to this field, and, to highlight their individual innovations and most important works. The books are briefly summarized according to content and purpose, stylistic approach, use of musical examples, chord labeling systems and library location.

The vast contributions made by Louis XV at Versailles are some of the finest examples of painting, sculpture, architecture and decorative arts produced during the 18th century. Oddly, the Appartement Prive, the Petit Appartements, and the Opera, among other examples, have been the most overlooked, criticized, and for a time denigrated and condemned achievements made at Versailles. This state of affairs prompted a historiographical examination of 18th-century Versailles to understand, odd and erroneous interpretations. In the process of analyzing and categorizing the literature and scholarship on 18th-century Versailles, certain patterns of interpretation, many of them contradictory and inconsistent, appeared. The thrust of this thesis is to map-out these patterns--particularly from the period of 1870-1930 when a remarkable scholarly and physical renewal was taking place at Versailles--and to discover and understand the underlying ideological motivations for these shifting patterns of interpretation.

This thesis examines the way in which the traumas of World War II and its aftermath in the former Yugoslavia are dealt with in the work of the post-punk group Laibach. The Laibach project challenges traditional memories by combining seemingly incompatible images of Nazism, Stalinism, Hitler, etc. The result is a forced reworking of the traumas of the totalitarian past. The renewed focus on past traumas encourages critical awareness and active participation in the process of memory for the individual. Laibach's work encourages awareness not only of the past, but also of existing state systems. By complicating the desire to forget the past, Laibach fosters an understanding of the interrelatedness of history and the present. Beyond exploring Laibach's provocations, this thesis also discusses similar aspects of projects in German artistic and intellectual culture to examine how these individuals continue to work through the problematic past of World War II.

This dissertation is a study of the shifting presence of religious groups in nineteenth-century British public life. It concentrates on Unitarians, a denomination little studied by historians but who were one of the key groups enfranchised in the period around 1830, and examines how religious leaders made sense of both increasing political opportunities and increasing religious sectarianism. Its focus is James Martineau and the generation of denominational leaders who came of age after 1830 and their use of Romanticism to transform the traditional Nonconformist principle of religious liberty into a call for free theological inquiry. Making use of letters, diaries, newspapers, pamphlets and magazine articles, this dissertation shows how Martineau and his allies moved beyond the theological legacy of Joseph Priestley, transformed congregational life, reformed the denomination and reached out to other religious liberals in mid-Victorian Britain. They were among the first religious thinkers to endorse developmental science and German Biblical scholarship. In sharp contrast to many evangelical Nonconformists who radicalized religious liberty into a campaign for the abolition of Established Churches, Martineau and his followers hoped that the government would guarantee free theological inquiry. Martineau hoped to reform the Church of England into a non-dogmatic national religious community, but the growth of agnostic science and the Liberal embrace of popular politics undermined Martineau's vision. Although Martineau's career ended in failure, the demise of a vision of public life grounded in Nonconformist principles underscores the paradoxically conservative nature of religious change in nineteenth-century Britain. Martineau and his allies played a crucial role in broadening British religious and intellectual life, but the Anglican Church and its associated educational institutions proved much more successful representatives of that culture.

A leader of the student movements in 1968, a pioneer of homosexual liberation in the 1970s, and a lifelong critic and polemist of French society, Guy Hocquenghem published some twenty books and literally hundreds of articles before his premature death in 1988. This dissertation is a biography of Guy Hocquenghem. However, although it makes ample use of personal interviews and other biographical information, its chief aim is not to psychologize but to contextualize. Its primary orientation is that of the history of ideas, an approach that is more concerned with the relationship between ideas and society than with the logical consistency of the ideas themselves. The present work endeavors, first of all, to explain the evolution of Hocquenghem's ideas and assess his impact as both a philosopher and a militant on French society after 1968. In addition, because Hocquenghem's career is, in many respects, emblematic of the journeys of the French '68ers, it uses his intellectual and political trajectory to describe general patterns that he shared with his generation. More specifically, it relies on Hocquenghem's career to illuminate a critical but often overlooked and misunderstood dimension of the May '68 revolt and its legacies: the eruption of "everyday life" into French politics. Finally, this dissertation aims to contribute to the rehabilitation of Hocquenghem's reputation as key militant, significant philosopher, and consummate polemist of the French '68 generation. In doing so, it is not Hocquenghem's ideas themselves that it seeks to redeem so much as his unique utopian perspective.

This dissertation examines the role of the Royal Prerogative of Mercy--the pardoning and mitigating powers of the Crown--in the Victorian criminal justice system. Its principal source has been the hitherto confidential collection of files in the Home Office 144 and 45 Series at the British Public Record Office. These files not only review the process of trial and conviction in homicide cases but also contain the correspondence between the judges and the Home Office on their degree of culpability. The study has had useful results in three poorly interrelated fields of historiography, 19th century legal history, institutional history and Victorian cultural history. In the field of legal history it traces the progressive, if piecemeal, centralization and specialization of the criminal justice system as a whole. These were trends which served to strengthen the forces of law and order at the expense of those were prosecuted. The trend was reinforced by a parallel development in legal doctrine where a stricter construction of the concept of 'mens rea' occurred. The development of a professional Home Office bureaucracy and the gradual limitations which it imposed on ministerial power is an important theme in the history of government that is illustrated from the files. In the close relations which this bureaucracy developed with the legal profession it is also possible to observe an emergent legal and bureaucratic establishment in whose hands the new 'national' criminal justice system was used, and used effectively, to constrain the traditional violence of pre-industrial and pre-urban England. The privileged correspondence between judges and civil servants reflects the attitudes and preconceptions of this establishment. It is complemented, however, by petitions from the public, appeals from prisoners and by contemporary press comment. This dialogue as a whole makes an important contribution to some much debated aspects of 19th century social and cultural history. These topics include Victorian attitudes to normal and deviant behavior, to the definition and treatment of insanity and towards women and children, as offenders or victims. The Prerogative of Mercy survived as the only official mechanism of mitigation in the criminal justice system. Its exercise laid upon the civil servants of the Home Office the responsibility of adapting an absolute law to shifting community ideas about justice. This study suggests that, as the century drew towards its close, the gap between establishment values and those of the community at large was narrowing. The mass of 'respectable' Victorian England had come increasingly to share the morality of its civil service.