Dialogue is a written text representing an oral exchange between two or more persons; it also includes catechisms and rhetorically formulated series of queries and responses presenting an argument. The purpose of my thesis is to identify the main non-dramatic dialogues published in France and Italy between 1800 and 1914 and--through their discursive analysis--to provide an assessment of their signification and their impact on modern social discourse. / The first part focuses on the general discourse elements of modern dialogue, such as narrativity, rhetorical devices, character definition and function, paratextual structures, etc. / The second part includes a series of text analyses that proposes a study of ideological tendencies of modern social discourse through the most representative dialogues of the age. / Finally, the third part concentrates on the literary value and the build-up of dialogue as an aesthetic structure towards the end of the XIXth century and at the turn of the XXth century.

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We show, by internal analysis of the texts and references to other contemporary texts, that from 1470 to 1550 the French polyphonic chanson reveals more than ever before a strong tendency to pertain to the "popular" and its related categories, the "carnavalesque" and the "grotesque". From a corpus of close to a thousand popular chansons selected according to the courtly and "good life" "registers", we can assert that, in spite of the essentially learned dimension of polyphonic music, it is the textual component that seems to be popular. This is what indicates the study of their carnavalesque images and the analysis of the grotesque structures of the "cris", the combinative chansons, the "caquets" and the "fricassees", the latter proving to be real crossroads where chansons of the time parade. Our theoretical reflections on the notion of "popular", necessary to justify the use of the concept in a corpus whose texts are usually anonymous, prompts us to both avoid source studies and issues of production and reception, by defining the "popular" as an aesthetic category based on stylistic and rhetorical conventions. In this perspective, the principal characteristic of these chansons consists in the omnipresence of the imperative calls to the participation in the "good life", all of which belong to a popular version of the carpe diem. While a type of carnavalesque chanson accumulates the motifs "dansons", "chansons" and "buvons", many constitute often obscene variants of "baisez-moi", and others multiply military orders. The occurrences of these imperative motifs, usually appearing in direct discourse, confirm, with partially imperative imprecations, a vocabulary of the public place, onomatopeia and plays on words, the orality of the register and its belonging to a popular level of discourse corresponding to a less elevated style than the low style of rhetoric.

This study explores the literary representations of the post-colonial margin, and develops this site as a place of possibility to transform self identity and acquire power. This exploration of Caribbean-Canadian literature, from writers born in the Caribbean who emigrated to Canada indicates the potential for power in the margins without idealizing this space. / Close readings of fiction by Neil Bissoondath, Dionne Brand and Marlene Nourbese Philip illustrate various struggles within the margin based on race, gender, economics, and education. Despite vast ideological differences regarding identity, all three authors concur in their characterizations of the margin. In each work, the margin is not a monolithic entity, but rather a diverse space which allows for the constitution of various identities. / This textual analysis in conjunction with critical analysis also addresses issues of language appropriation and cultural ghettoization, by critiquing the right of one group to speak for another in a racially mixed society such as Canada, as well as by critiquing the homogeneity of identity within one racial group. Ultimately, by illuminating these textual and critical trends, this study looks toward possible future directions for Caribbean-Canadian literature.

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