There exists a certain consensus among scholars and French diplomats that the golden era of the exceptionally close and amicable relations between France and its former sub-Saharan colonies is over. Nevertheless, the conclusions that these researchers arrive at regarding the current state of France’s African policy are rather different. The aim of the thesis is to determine which of the three paradigms concerning France’s African policy – the incremental adaptation, normalisation or confusion – best describes the French response to the crisis in Côte d’Ivoire under the Gbagbo regime. The contribution of the thesis is the analysis of continuities and changes of this specific Franco-African relationship, also known as Françafrique, within the framework of international relations regime theory. The thesis argues that France’s diplomacy towards the Ivorian crisis and her role in the multilateral conflict resolution strategy, reveal her growing inability to defend the constitutive principle of the Françafrique regime: grandeur. Her pursuit of middle power status through maintaining hegemonic relations to her favourite former colony was considerably challenged by various domestic and systemic factors, among which the Ivorian power struggles and Gbagbo’s duplicitous politics played a considerable part. Moreover, the thesis also points to the persistence of some old rules and decision-making procedures of the Françafrique regime, especially the resilience of informal networks. These old practices collide with France’s growing desire to make her African policy more transparent, coherent and efficient. It is therefore concluded that the coexistence of these opposite tendencies in France’s response to the Ivorian crisis under Gbagbo, as well as the inconsistent resort to the Françafrique principle, rules and decision-making procedures are best explained by the confusion paradigm of France’s African policy.

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of I aw University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Johannesburg 1978 / lae evolution of the treaty-making power in the Republic has been heavily influenced by the fact that South Africa, as one of the 'older’ British Dominions, acquired independent through a slow but orderly constitutional process. In ■i c first two chapters of this thesis I have ^ therefore attempted to sketch briefly the force at work in South Africa ’“'J n 'tt{ earliest f orm.iti ve years. This ha.-: stalled m examination of c ‘ 1 ; onstitutit i.i 1 ;aw I ssue:. ( nc lud i n fh pr- rogatlve powers of the Crown in relation to treat!c >• and declarai i i.s of war) as well as U problems of internal! nai law. My resear it in th s field led re. to won don and 1111 wva. : of mcttr - il lodged in the various Comr'onweal th mm libraries. In the i i.ir.i and fourth chapters I have concentrated on more immediate matters, namely, th. ■gotiation and conclusion, ratification and implementation of treaties in present-day South Af.lea. The dearth of published in! ormation on th * topic ha necessitated the construction of an overall """* pi.ture by in- in!-tv avii o information obtained fret, the Department ° • ^ Affairs with the views of the International Law Commission as tJ xpr< ssed in the 1969 Vienna C nventiort on the Law of Treaties. It should ^ be i t d that. , ilthough South Africa has not yet ratified the Convention, it recognizes its international validity and attempts, whenever possible, to give effect to its provisions. Chapter five covers th constitutional limitations on the treatyweei making power as well as the inter-relaiionship f international law with "1 municipal law. In both these relat. i ar- as South African practice has be cm moulded n British lines. A a result I have been led to compare — I the law (: -th precedent and principle) in South Xi rica v. . th that of Britain. «J I have attempted to show, too, that the Blacks tone doctrine that 1internation ! law 1 part of the 1 iw o! the land' is not applicable to treaties. ^ A number of States have acquired indepvnd nee in recent years or are in the proce s of doing .o af the present time. With this in mind, an r*t international i • t- rence was convened in Vienna in April, 1977, to discuss succession of State to treaties, and a dtaft convention was formulated. I have included a chapter on the South African approach to succession of *** States to treaties not only because the problem is topical but also fl because it affects the Republic personally'. South Af ri an courts have M been approached on several occasions to decide whether treaties have

This thesis provides a history of squeeze making in the discipline of Egyptology from its beginnings in the mid-nineteenth century to the continued use of tin squeezes in modern archaeological practice. The difference in approach to squeezes between the Egyptological and the Mediterranean disciplines will also be discussed. The analysis of the on-going value of squeezes produced more than a century ago highlights their importance for conservation and archival work as well as historical interpretation of the monuments of ancient Egypt. Using squeezes from seven archival collections in the UK as case studies, the accompanying catalogue and discussion highlights the information that can be obtained from the study of paper squeezes taken of Egyptian monuments in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The squeezes studied highlight a number of inscriptions which have disappeared or have been extremely damaged since the squeezes were taken, demonstrating the value of these documents in reconstructing the monuments of the past. The overall objective is to encourage scholars to identify the importance these squeezes hold for epigraphic, social and conservation disciplines which acknowledging the damage caused in their production should not define how they are studied (or indeed not studied) in the modern world.

The Eoan Group, founded in 1933 in Cape Town, was South Africa's first and only all-coloured opera, dance and theatre company. Its 1956 production of La Traviata was the first opera produced by non-white people in South Africa, and initiated an operatic career that spanned twelve opera seasons and ten operas. The group was under the administration of white directors and received funding from the apartheid government. In return, they agreed to honour the regime's racial laws by performing for segregated audiences. Their acquiescence to segregation and their complicity in the promotion of apartheid ideology caused political problems: they were ostracised by their own community and boycotted by members of the white and coloured racial groupings. After the group's operatic activities came to a permanent halt in 1980, their history sank into obscurity, despite their importance in the establishment of an operatic culture in the country. The memorialisation of South Africa's cultural-political past continues to maintain a binary of complicity and resistance, with those who are remembered grouped neatly into either of these categories. These labels, however, do not map tidily onto the Eoan Group, with its bewildering narrative of self-empowerment-through-collusion. Consequently, their story presents a problem for the writing of South African music history. Drawing extensively on material from the Eoan Group Archive, this dissertation considers the socio-political ambiguities of the Eoan narrative from musicological and post-colonial theoretical angles, to show how the group's operatic activities disrupted the cultural and material determinism of apartheid's racialised ideology. It calls for a disavowal of the Manichean ethics by which subaltern agency is measured, and proposes instead a turn to Njabulo S. Ndebele's 'politics of the ordinary'. From the sonic and material residue of the Eoan Group's productions, this project forges a newly conceived decolonial writing of apartheid operatic history.

This thesis explores the argument that the need for governments to raise tax revenue, as opposed to relying on resource rents or other sources of non-tax revenue, may increase the likelihood that they will be responsive and accountable to their citizens. It employs a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, first testing the relationship between tax reliance and accountability econometrically using cross-country data and then turning to detailed case studies from Ghana, Kenya and Ethiopia. The econometric results conclude that while existing data is consistent with the argument that tax reliance contributes to greater responsiveness and accountability, it is not possible to establish causality due to a combination of data limitations and the complexity of the underlying causal processes. This ambiguous finding provides motivation for the detailed case studies that follow. The causal model developed here proposes that the need for governments to rely on taxation may strengthen taxpayer demands for responsiveness and accountability, owing to the possibility of tax resistance and the role of taxation as a catalyst for collective action. Consistent with this model, the case study chapters present detailed historical narratives that capture significant examples from each of the three countries in which the need for taxation has contributed significantly to the expansion of responsiveness and accountability. As importantly, the case study evidence provides a nuanced understanding of the nature of the connections between taxation, responsiveness and accountability, highlighting three distinct types of causal processes at work, as well as the most significant social, political and economic contextual factors that shape the potential for tax bargaining. These lessons point toward important policy implications for foreign aid and tax reform more broadly.

Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.

No description available.

This thesis is an exploration of student and youth politics in the Northern Transvaal (now Limpopo Province) from the height of apartheid in 1967 through the first decade of the ANC’s rule until 2003. It analyses three major trends over this period: the elite-led protest politics of the Black Consciousness era in the late 1960s and 1970s, the turn to mass-mobilized protest of the 1980s, and the consolidation of student and youth movements around the reconstituted ANC Youth League in 1990. It is primarily concerned with exploring the intersection of education and political protest in Limpopo, and the effect of mobilizing ideologies such as radical Christianity, Africanism, and non-racialism, on student and youth activists. It argues that across decades, organisations, and ideologies, this region has produced generations of influential young political leaders. It provides an institutional history of the University of the North and situates that university in a broader narrative of South African political history: from its contribution to the roots of Black Consciousness in student Christian movements, and the role of local university politics in influencing national protests, to the geography of the university itself as a place of political education (for students and nonstudent youth alike) and as a battleground between students and police. It considers the introduction of violence into student protests, the regional expansion of school and then youth politics beyond the crucible of the university, and the refashioning of social structures (like arbitrating in witchcraft accusations and domestic disputes) in homeland villages by politicized youth. It further contributes new insights into the formation and emergence of the ANC Youth League in the 1990s, and suggests that understanding student organisations and events during the 1970s and 1980s, in particular, sheds light on the shape of South African youth politics today.

Comparison of poliovirus strains was carried out to determine the origin of the virus in two isolates obtained during the 1982 outbreak of poliomyelitis in Gazankulu. Comparisons of the outbreak isolates with vaccine and wild-type strains of the same poliovirus type were carried out using four biochemical techniques. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and reversed-phase high-performance liquid-chromatography (RP-HPLC) were used for comparing viral capsid proteins. Comparison of poliovirus strains at a genetic level was carried out using two-dimensional oligonucleotide mapping of viral RNA. Results showed the type 1 poliovirus isolate, 5061, to be a novel wild-type poliovirus. The type 2 isolate, 5068, was closely related to the poliovirus type 2 Sabin vaccine strain, P712. It was concluded that the intrinsic variability of poliovirus strains was responsible for the appearance of isolate 5068

AFRIKAANS: Hierdie verhandeling is ‘n studie van hartbees- of dakhuise, wat van 1652 tot in die 20ste eeu in Suid-Afrika voorgekom het. Jan van Rie¬beeck en sy gesin het aanvanklik (1652) in ‘n tydelike dakhuis in Tafelbaai gewoon. Dakhuise is deur die vee- en Trekboere, asook die Voortrekkers na die uithoeke van die land versprei. Die gevolgtrekking waartoe deur die studie gekom word is, dat die begrip hartbeeshuis dakhuise, ontwikkelde dakhuise en (lang)muurhuise vir tydelike bewoning insluit. Die dakraamwerk van die bootvormige dakhuis het uit ‘n vurkondersteunde-nokpaalkonstruksie bestaan. Drie dakraamtipes het by die wigvormige dakhuis voorgekom, naamlik die gaffelsuilondersteunde-nokpaalkonstruksie, vurkondersteunde-nokpaalkonstruksie en die kapstylraamwerk. Geen bewyse ter ondersteuning van die bestaande teorie oor die oor¬sprong van die term hartbeeshuis kon gevind word nie. Tydgenootlike getuienis het tot die gevolgtrekking gelei dat die oorsprong van die term hartbeeshuis met die vorm van die inheemse boksoort, die hartbees verband hou. Die Suid-Afrikaanse dakhuise toon direkte ooreenkomste met die millennia-oue Wes-Europese dakhuistradisie, waarvan die vorm en konstruksie ten spyte van geografiese verskille min of geensins verander het nie. Die lande van oorsprong en die prototipes word aangewys, waarna die Suid-Afrikaanse eweknie ten opsigte van die vorm, materiaal en konstruksie - met in beg rip van streekverskille - beskryf word. In die slotbeskouing word die betekenis van die dakhuis as Westerse woning, asook die bewaring daarvan kortliks in oënskou geneem. ENGLISH: The study focuses on the history of the South African hartbeeshuis or roof dwelling dating from 1652 well into the 20th century. For the first few months in Table Bay, Jan van Riebeeck and his family had to reside in a temporary roof dwelling. Roof dwellings were distributed through South Africa by the migrating stock-and cattle-farmers and eventually by the Voortrekkers. The conclusion of the study is that the concept hartbeeshuis refers to roof dwellings, developed roof dwellings and the temporary long walled house. The roof structure of the boat-shaped roof house consisted of a primary tong-support. The framework of the wedge-shaped roof dwelling takes one of three forms: it may consist of two forked uprights carrying a ridge tree against which the sides lean; it may consist of two pairs of sloping poles which cross at the apex to carry the ridge tree; or it may consist of a series of paired couples. No evidence could be found to support any of the existing theories regarding the origin of the term hartbeeshuis. Contemporary evidence confirms that the term is associated with the shape of the indigenous antelope, the hartbees. The South African roof dwelling correlate with the oldest building traditions in Western Europe. In South Africa, the basic shape and construction of the roof have only experienced little changes on a regional level. The various prototypes and the countries of origin are highlighted. The South African counterparts are described according to their shape, construction materials and technique. The study concludes with the significance of the roof dwelling as a Western dwelling type and the conservation thereof. / Dissertation (MA (Cultural History))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted