No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:15:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 henriques_ab_me_assis.pdf: 2471520 bytes, checksum: a3c0b7b7adfaaad3514c1ba7dde5ab84 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta pesquisa se insere dentro da bibliografia especializada sobre a agricultura no Brasil, especialmente no Estado de São Paulo, a partir da segunda metade do século XIX, início do século XX. Um de seus objetivos é ressaltar as propostas de modificação ou modernização da agricultura em São Paulo dentro deste período, em contraposição, ou substituição aos métodos e técnicas agrícolas considerados tradicionais e efetuados historicamente na agricultura brasileira. É dentro da Revista Agrícola paulista (1895-1907) que essas propostas foram suscitadas por dezenas de pessoas, escritores, agrônomos, grandes fazendeiros, políticos, e outros. As propostas de modificação agrícola giravam em torno de diferentes assuntos, mas sempre interligados, como: diversificação da agricultura, adubação química e natural, cultura intensiva do solo, mão-de-obra, povoamento e colonização, instalação de núcleos coloniais dentro dos moldes da moderna agricultura então desejada, instrução agrícola por meio de campos de experiências e demonstração, ensino agrícola para diferentes graus, a mecanização da lavoura, o que era chamado na época de Moderna Agricultura, em substituição ao que era considerado como agricultura rotineira ou atrasada, praticada deste o início da agricultura no Brasil / This research inserts itself into the historical analyses upon agriculture in Brazil, especially in the State of São Paulo, from around late XIX century and beginning of the XX century on. One of its goals is to stand out the agricultural modification proposals in São Paulo during that period, in opposition or substitution for the agricultural methods and techniques considered to be traditional, and historically effectuated in Brazilian agriculture. It was within the publication Revista Agrícola (São Paulo, 1895-1907) that such proposals were raised by dozens of people, publicists, agronomists, major farmers, politicians, among others. The agricultural modification proposals turned around different subjects, but always holding a connection, such as: agriculture diversification, natural or chemical manuring, intensive soil culture, labor, population and colonization, installation of colonial areas attending the desired patterns of modern agriculture by then, agricultural instruction through experience and demonstration fields, agricultural education for different levels, farming mechanization, which was called Modern Agriculture by that time, in substitution for what was considered to be routine and outdated agriculture, practiced since the beginning of agriculture in Brazil

Over the past decade, historians and archaeologists have become increasingly aware that the Mid Saxon period in England (7th-9th centuries AD) witnessed a transformation in agricultural practices. According to the emergent consensus, in contrast to the heavily pastoral, broadly subsistence-based mode of agriculture characteristic of the Early Saxon period (5th-7th centuries), Mid Saxon agriculture was geared towards higher levels of surplus production and placed a greater emphasis upon arable farming. The increased cultivation of bread wheat and the specialist production of sheep’s wool have been identified as particularly important innovations of this period. This thesis represents the first attempt to explore agricultural development in Mid Saxon England on a systematic archaeological basis. It considers settlement, zooarchaeological, and archaeobotanical evidence in detail, with a special emphasis on charred plant remains. The analyses utilize data gathered from excavation reports, published and unpublished, covering two case study regions: (i) the Upper/Middle Thames valley and environs, and (ii) East Anglia and Essex. In addition, a sub-assemblage of charred plant remains from a Mid Saxon monastic site at Lyminge (Kent) is studied at first hand. In this way, a series of agricultural innovations is identified in the archaeological record, including in particular: specialized pastoralism, an increased emphasis on sheep in some regions, an expansion of arable production, growth in fibre production, growth in cereal surpluses, a consequent investment in specialist storage and processing facilities, and a general diversification of crop spectra. These innovations were contingent upon, and adapted to, local environmental factors. The process of agricultural development is thought to have begun in the 7th century and continued through the 8th and 9th centuries, facilitated and stimulated by newly consolidated élite landholdings and, probably, a growing population.

Through agriculture, humans have an intimate relationship to the land. Agriculture provides people with a link to the fertility of the earth in the production of resources for food, clothing and shelter. However, despite the fundamental dependence of humans on the earth’s fertility, people throughout history have transformed and degraded the natural landscapes of their agricultural lands. Continuation of this degradation will threaten the land’s ability to sustain the world’s increasing human populations. / This thesis investigates how agriculturalists might use the land without degrading it. The investigation focuses on the nature of the human-land relationship and begins with an examination of myth as an expression of the human relationship to the cosmos, including to the gods and the earth. Jungian psychology is examined for its explanation of symbolic perception and psychological attitude. Theological views on the human relationship to God are examined. These examinations of myth, psychology and theology identify two fundamental motifs in human thought about relationship to the cosmos: the Eros motif which derives from an egocentric attitude, and is associated with domination of nature; and the Agape motif which derives from the physically reintegrated attitude, and is associated with creativity through the development of fertility. The examination of background theory is followed by motif-analysis of theories of the human-land relationship, and of two case studies - the historical development of agriculture in Australia, and a comparative study of soil conservation and keyline farming. The analyses indicate that most theory and practice of agriculture is conducted with the Eros motif which leads to land degradation and responsive attempts at remedial actions. In contrast, keyline farming is indicative of the Agape motif in its development of the natural fertility of the land. / The thesis concludes that the humanised landscapes of the world follow symbolic patterns generated by psychological attitudes. The egocentric attitude leads to human domination of the land and its degradation through the transformation and simplification of the land’s ecological structure, and the superimposition of centralised settlement patterns which are often incompatible with the natural systems. Alternatively, people with the reintegrated attitude would nurture the land’s natural fertility through the integration of land utilisation and settlement patterns with the landscapes’ natural configurations and processes. Western thought is dominated by the Eros motif, inherited through religious mythology and perpetuated through Western education based on rationalism, reductionism and induction. This ethos tends to divorce humans from psychical and physical nature, and leads to a fragmentary and distorted view of the world. Education is necessary to bring the Agape motif into the consciousness of people and societies. People might then recognise and experience their direct relationship to the world and to have a creative relationship to the land.

The application of rural land-use planning is seen by many in developing countries as a panacea for minimising land-use conflicts and for increasing the productivity of natural resources in African rangelands. However, this assumption has not been thoroughly tested in the context of wildlife corridors in African rangelands. The focus of the research work for this thesis was to evaluate both "conventional" and "participatory" approaches to land-use planning in an African rangeland setting, and to assess the impact of these land-use plans in mitigating conflict and enhancing conservation of important wildlife migratory routes. Nine villages were selected for study in Northeastern Tanzanian rangelands, within the Tarangire-Manyara, Greater Serengeti and MkomaziTsavo ecosystems. Several methods were used to provide an indication of the performance of the plans, against their stated objectives of minimising land-use conflict and conserving wildlife migratory routes. Eight hundred and fifty two households, 13 "expert witnesses" and 4 representatives of planning agencies were interviewed. Several field assessment visits and focus group discussions were also carried out. Review and analysis was conducted on archive data, land-use plans technical reports and general management plans for neighbouring Parks. The results of the research presented in this thesis revealed five major findings: (1) involvement of land-use stakeholders in land use preparation was low; (2) different types of conflicts and encroachments increased after the plans were implemented; (3) Park management failed to involve adjacent villages in the preparation and implementation of Park GMPs; (4) the amount of conflict around villages where plans were in place was comparable to that around villages with no plans, suggesting that the plans made no difference to conflict; (5) overall, both participatory and conventional plans failed to achieve their objectives of mitigating conflicts and enhancing conservation of wildlife corridors and dispersal areas. The major causes of weakness and failure of the plans to achieve their desired objectives were: (l) insufficient participation oflocal communities in the planning process; (2) lack of robust of robust, transparent and accountable implementation strategies for the plans; (3) inadequately qualified rural planners; (4) lack of a comprehensive vision - "holistic approach" - to the planning process. Taking these findings into account, the author has made recommendations for an improved Buffer Zone Land-use Planning framework (BUZLUP) that could contribute to progress in mitigating conflicts and enhancing both conservation and development in Northeastern Tanzania. It is concluded, however, that high quality plans in themselves cannot ensure the successful establishment and maintenance of effective wildlife corridors. In addition to improved planning strategies such as the proposed BUZLUP framework, other broader socio-economic issues need to be addressed, including strengthened conservation education, better protection for rural people's natural resources and support for their livelihoods, equitable benefit sharing from conservation and tourism activities, and more devolution of decision-making powers to the grass-roots level in communities neighbouring conservation areas.

Orientador: Paulo Henrique Martinez / Banca: Áureo Busetto / Banca: Ely Bergo de Carvalho / Resumo: Esta pesquisa se insere dentro da bibliografia especializada sobre a agricultura no Brasil, especialmente no Estado de São Paulo, a partir da segunda metade do século XIX, início do século XX. Um de seus objetivos é ressaltar as propostas de modificação ou modernização da agricultura em São Paulo dentro deste período, em contraposição, ou substituição aos métodos e técnicas agrícolas considerados tradicionais e efetuados historicamente na agricultura brasileira. É dentro da Revista Agrícola paulista (1895-1907) que essas propostas foram suscitadas por dezenas de pessoas, escritores, agrônomos, grandes fazendeiros, políticos, e outros. As propostas de modificação agrícola giravam em torno de diferentes assuntos, mas sempre interligados, como: diversificação da agricultura, adubação química e natural, cultura intensiva do solo, mão-de-obra, povoamento e colonização, instalação de núcleos coloniais dentro dos moldes da moderna agricultura então desejada, instrução agrícola por meio de campos de experiências e demonstração, ensino agrícola para diferentes graus, a mecanização da lavoura, o que era chamado na época de Moderna Agricultura, em substituição ao que era considerado como agricultura rotineira ou atrasada, praticada deste o início da agricultura no Brasil / Abstract: This research inserts itself into the historical analyses upon agriculture in Brazil, especially in the State of São Paulo, from around late XIX century and beginning of the XX century on. One of its goals is to stand out the agricultural modification proposals in São Paulo during that period, in opposition or substitution for the agricultural methods and techniques considered to be traditional, and historically effectuated in Brazilian agriculture. It was within the publication Revista Agrícola (São Paulo, 1895-1907) that such proposals were raised by dozens of people, publicists, agronomists, major farmers, politicians, among others. The agricultural modification proposals turned around different subjects, but always holding a connection, such as: agriculture diversification, natural or chemical manuring, intensive soil culture, labor, population and colonization, installation of colonial areas attending the desired patterns of modern agriculture by then, agricultural instruction through experience and demonstration fields, agricultural education for different levels, farming mechanization, which was called Modern Agriculture by that time, in substitution for what was considered to be routine and outdated agriculture, practiced since the beginning of agriculture in Brazil / Mestre

This thesis looks at concepts of progress and agricultural deveIopment in the Cape Colony in the aftermath of the South African War (1899-1902). The first decade of the twentieth century was one of economic crisis. War was followed by a severe depression exacerbated by a slump in the diamond industry, which prompted doubts about the longevity of the country’s mineral resources. It was also a period of recurrent drought which aroused concerns about food security and criticisms about the Colony’s reliance on imported victuals and primary products such as timber. In this context, self-professed ‘progressive’ politicians and commercial farmers looked to the land as the most viable source of national wealth. Politically this period was dominated by Leander Starr Jameson’s Progressive Party, which held office from February 1904 until February 1908. The thesis analyses how this Party, usually associated with mining capital and Rhodes’s legacy, deliberately promoted itself as the progenitor of agricultural progressivism in terms of its rhetoric and the policies it pursued. Agricultural amelioration was linked to conservation. Scientific methods and systematic land management strategies were advocated to protect and enhance scarce water resources, soil fertility and pastures on which the rural economy depended. The state positioned itself as the provider of scientific expertise and introduced legislation to promote and regulate the agricultural economy and environment. The Cape was influenced in part by conservationist developments, which occurred contemporaneously in Australia and, in particular, in the United States. Historians of American history have identified the early twentieth century there as the ‘Progressive Era’. This thesis explores the scientific links that emerged between the governments of these two countries and argues that the Cape too self-consciously promoted itself as a progressive state with agricultural development and conservation constructed as two of the principal pillars of progress.

Under 1700- och 1800-talet genomgick jordbruket omfattande förändringar som bottnade i ett behov av att utöka odlingsmarker men framför allt effektivisera jordbruket. Utvecklingen kom att betyda ett minskat behov av ängsmarker. Enligt tidigare forskning av Skåne var utvecklingen långsammare i de skånska skogsbygderna där ängsbruket vidhölls längre än de andra bygdetyperna.   Studien syftar således till att kartlägga de faktorer som varit särskilt betydande för ängsarealens utveckling i norra Skåne under den industriella revolutionen men även under den agrara revolutionen. För möjligheten att bedriva en övergripande undersökning har ett nedslag i tid gjorts – år 1910. Socknar som endast utgörs av höglänt landskap valdes ut att ingå i undersökningen. Med hjälp av tidigare forskning togs variablerna åker, vallodling, djurhållning och skiftesreform fram. Jordbruksstatistik från varje undersökningsområde i form av sockenareal, ängsareal, åkerareal, skörd från vallodling och antal djur hämtades från BiSOS (Bidrag till Sveriges officiella jordbruksstatistik). Statistik över skiftade byar hämtades från Lantmäteriets söktjänst Historiska kartor. Diverse uträkningar gjordes utifrån statistiken för att jämföra variablernas betydelse för ängens utbredning inom varje undersökningsområde.   I resultatet framgick att åkerarealen haft direkt påverkan på ängsarealens utbredning. Vallodling och djurhållning påverkades av åkerarealens utbredning och var därmed mer indirekt påverkande. Undersökningen av skiftesreformernas påverkan på ängsarealen visade att det inte finns ett samband mellan genomförd skiftesreform och ängsareal inom det höglänta landskapet. Med det inte sagt att skiftesreformerna inte hade betydelse för minskningen av äng. Vidare bekräftade resultatet att laga skiftet varit den dominerande skiftesreformen och att flest skiften genomfördes mellan årtalen 1827–1869. / Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries agriculture encountered an extensive conversion due to urgent expansion of croplands. The conversion was essential in establishing an efficient way in land cultivation additionally leading to decrease of meadowland farming.   Recent research of Scania showed that woodlands had a continuance of meadowland farming compared to other regions of landscapes. This study intent to map out reasons contributing to the decrease of meadowland in the north of Scania during the industrial revolution but also the agricultural revolution. An impact in time was chosen to accomplish a study covering a widely spread area – the year 1910. Study sites were defined to parishes exclusively including highland lands. Based on previous research the variables cropland, grassland, livestock and enclosure of farmlands were selected. Statistics of agriculture was collected from BiSOS (Contribution to Sweden’s official agricultural statistics) in distinction to each studied parish. Statistics of enclosure was collected from the search service Historic maps by The Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority. Several calculations based on the statistics were accomplished to show how the variables affected the acres of meadowland.   According to the result croplands were the main affecting variable. Grassland and livestock had a secondary affect due to their depending on the extent of cropland. Furthermore, there was no indication that enclosure directly altered the meadowland farming within the highlands of Scania and not generally for Scania. Additionally, enclosure by law was the dominating form and most were achieved during the years of 1827-1869.

Shetland boasts exceptionally well-preserved, but largely overlooked, field systems spanning a period of approximately 4000 years (Neolithic/Bronze Age – Viking/Norse). These have the potential to vastly increase our understanding of past agricultural practices and life styles. This study uses topographical survey, Shape Analysis, GIS, soil survey and micromorphology to answer questions relating to their location, form and function/management, pioneering the use of new tools and testing current models. An holistic landscape approach to the field systems is developed and tested against a multi-period site. Previously unknown types and periods of field systems are identified through survey and shape analysis, tools demonstrated to be valuable in refining the emerging model of field classification. GIS has illuminated pre-, during and post- construction factors influencing boundary form. New insights into location arise from the survey and GIS. Soils work has demonstrated that existing models of soil management over-simplify a complex situation, that thin acidic soils retain cultural information and that accretion was important to the sustainability of these peaty soils. While soils were sustainable over extended periods, the cultural inheritance of managed land appears to be limited. This thesis therefore presents the most holistic and comprehensive understanding of Shetland field systems which has so far been attempted.

La ricerca analizza l’evoluzione della vitivinicoltura nell’Oltrepò Pavese quale elemento caratterizzante il paesaggio di questo territorio. Tale settore produttivo risulta essere una delle principali attività svolte nell’area in esame e ne caratterizza l’economia, il paesaggio collinare, le tradizioni e le forme identitarie, specialmente nellla zona centro-orientale, ossia nei territori che gravitano sui centri urbani di Casteggio, Broni e Stradella. Il lavoro si propone di approfondire anzitutto la valorizzazione della tipicità e del locale, riassunti e rappresentati nel termine terroir, che indica l’insieme degli elementi geomorfologici, climatici, antropici e culturali che rendono unico un prodotto (in questo caso il vino), mettendo così il locale al centro di un’analisi che si può estendere poi a riflessioni di ordine generale. L’indagine geografica ha studiato gli aspetti ambientali e quelli antropici, nonché le loro relazioni. Si è fatto riferimento ai fattori geologici, pedologici e climatici, che altresì sono gli elementi imprescindibili degli studi di «zonazione» che si occupano proprio dell’interazione tra viticoltura e ambiente. L’indagine geostorica-territoriale si è rivolta soprattutto ai seguenti temi: il paesaggio vitivinicolo; i tipi di vitigni impiantati e i relativi sistemi di coltivazione; le produzioni e la commercializzazione del prodotto; la rappresentazione delle proprietà e del territorio attraverso i catasti. Inoltre si approfondiscono i temi geoeconomici sia a scala globale sia a scala locale, grazie alla rielaborazione delle informazioni relative al settore produttivo. Il contesto locale pertanto è confrontato con quello regionale, nazionale e globale, al fine di comprenderne i legami, soprattutto in relazione alle attuali sfide geoeconomiche. / In this thesis we analyse the evolution of grape growing and wine making as two of the elements which have contributed to the shaping of the landscape in the Oltrepò Pavese and represent two of the main economic activities of this geographic area, with is often identified with them – particularly in the mid-western part, i.e., the areas around the towns of Casteggio, Broni and Stradella. My main goal is to investigate the ways in which the values of locality and typicity – represented by the term terroir – are promoted. “Terroir” stands for, and comprises, a number of elements such as geo-morphological and climatic features, as well as human and cultural factors, all of which contribute to the uniqueness of a product like wine. My research thus starts from, and gives prominence to, the local level, in order to formulate a set of observations from which more general conclusions may then be drawn. The geographical investigation focusses on the environmental and human factors as well as their interrelationships. In its course, we refer to factors such as geology, pedology and climate, the crucial elements of all studies of «zoning», which describe precisely the complex interaction between grape growing and the environment. The geo-historical analysis concentrates especially on thematic areas such as the landscape; the varieties of grape that are planted and the respective growing techniques; the production and marketing of the produce; the ways in which property boundaries and the territory have been represented in land registries. The geo-economic factors, at both the local and global levels, are investigated through the analysis of the data from the production sector. The local context is thus compared to the regional, national and global ones in order to better understand the nature of their interactions and provide useful insights in relation to the challenges posed by the current geo-economic scenarios.